Abstract
The underlying theme of this chapter is to illustrate how the idea of the effects of oxygen on life, both beneficial and dangerous, was developed.
Keywords
- Nitric Oxide
- Nitrous Oxide
- Oxygen Therapy
- Barometric Pressure
- Oxygen Toxicity
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abel, E. L. (1973). Ancient Views on the Origins of Life. Rutherford, N. J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Acosta, I. de (1590a). Historia Natvrall y Moral de las Indias, En qve se Tratan las Cosas Notables del Cielo, y Elementos, Metales, Plantas, y Animales Delias: y los Ritos, y Ceremonias, Leyes, y Gouierno, y Guerras de los Indios. Seuilla: luan de Leon.
Acosta, I. (1590b). Histoire Natvrelle et Moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu’Occidentalles. Oú il est traicté des choses remarquables du Ciel, des Elemens, Métaux, Plantes & Animaux qui sont Propres de ces Pais. Ensemble des Moeurs, Ceremonies, Loix, Gouuernemens & Gouuernemes des mesmes Indiens (Translated from Spanish into French by R. R Cauxois). Paris: Marc Orry. 1598.
Acosta, I. (1590c). Histoire Natvrelle et Moralle des Indes, tant Orientalles qu’Occidentalles. Où il est traitté des choses remarquables du Ciel, des Elemens, Metaux, Plantes & Animaux qui sont Propres de ce Pais. Ensemble des Moeurs, Ceremonies, Loix, Gouuernemens, & Guerres des mesmes Indiens (Translated from Spanish into French by R. R Cauxois. Revised Edition). Paris: Marc Orry. 1606.
Acosta, J. (1590d). The Natvrall and Morali Histoire of the East and West Indies. Intreating of the Remarkeable Things of Heaven, of the Elements, Mettalls, Plants and Beasts which are proper to that Country: Together with the Manners, Ceremonies, Lawes, Governements, and Warres of the Indians (Translated from Spanish into English by E[dward] G[rimstone]). London: Edward Blount. 1604.
Acosta, G. di (1590e). Historia Natvralle, e Morale della Indie; Nellaquale si trattano le cose notabili del Cieolo, & de gli Elementi, Metalli, Piante, & Animali di quelle: i suoiriti, & Ceremonie: Leggi, & Gouerni, & Guerre degli Indiani. Venice: Bernardo Basa. 1606.
Acosta, I. de (1590f). Historia Natvral y Moral de las Indias, en qve se Tratan las Cosa Notables del Cielo, y Elementos, Metales, Plantas, y Animales dellas: y los Ritos, y Ceremonias, Leyes, y Gouierno, y Guerras de los Indio. Madrid: Alonso Martin. 1608.
Aristotle (1953). The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. W. D. Ross (Ed.) Vol. 7. Problemata by E. S. Forster. New York: Oxford University Press.
Aristotle (1955). The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. W. D. Ross (Ed.) Vol. 3. Parva Naturalia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Basham, A. L. (1959). The Wonder That Was India. A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-continent before the Coming of the Muslims. New York: Grove Press.
Bayliss, W. M. (1915). Principles of General Physiology. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Bean, J. W. (1945). Effects of oxygen at increased pressure. Physiol. Rev. 25: 1–147.
Beddoes, T. (1793a). A Letter to Erasmus Darwin, M. D. on a New Method of Treating Pulmonary Consumption and some other Diseases hitherto found Incurable. London: J. Murray.
Beddoes, T. (1793b). Observations on the Nature and Cure of Calculus, Sea Scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Fever: Together with Conjectures upon Several Other Subjects of Physiology and Pathology. London: J. Murray.
Beddoes, T. (1794). Part I. A familiar exploration of the principles on which benefit may be expected from factitious airs in various diseases. In: Beddoes, T., and Watt, J. Considerations on the Medicinal Use of Factitious Airs, and on the Manner of Obtaining them in Large Quantities. Part I. Part II. London: J. Johnson, pp. 1–48.
Beddoes (1797). Letters to Dr. Rollo. In: Rollo, J. An Account of Two Cases of the Diabetes Mellitus: with Remarks as They Arose During the Progress of the Cure. To Which are Added, A General View of the Nature of the Disease and its Appropriate Treatment, Including Observations on Some Diseases Depending on Stomach Affection; and a Detail of the Communications Received on the Subject Since the Dispersion of the Notes on the First Case. With the Results of the Trials of Various Acids and Other Substances in the Treatment of the Lues Venerea; and some Observations on the Nature of Sugar, &c. By William Cruickshank. In Two Volumes. Vol. II. London: C. Dilly, pp. 6–8.
Beddoes, T. (1799). Notice of some Observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution. London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees.
Beddoes, T., and Watt, J. (1796a). Considerations on the Medicinal Use and on the Production of Factitious Airs. 3rd Ed. Part I. Experiments, Cautions, and Cases, tending to illustrate the Medicinal Use of Factious airs, and of other Substances, of which the Application to Medicine has been Suggested by Modern Philosophical Discoveries. By T. Beddoes. Part I I. Description of a Pneumatic Apparatus, with directions for Procuring the Factitious Airs. By J. Watt. Addenda. Cases and Observations in Elucidation of the Medicinal Effects of Factitious Airs and their Production. London: J. Johnson.
Beddoes, T., and Watt, J. (1796b). Considerations on the Medicinal Use and Production of Factitious Airs. 2nd Ed. Part I II. London: J. Johnson.
Beddoes, T., and Watt, J. (1796c). Medical Cases and Speculations; Including Parts IV and V of Considerations of the Medicinal Powers, and the Production of Factitious Airs. Part IV. Part V. Supplement to the description of a Pneumatic Apparatus, for preparing Factitious Airs; Containing a Description of a Simplified Apparatus, and of a Portable Apparatus. By J. Watt. London: J. Johnson.
Ben-Yehuda, E., and Weinstein, D. (1961). Ben-Yehuda’s Pocket English-Hebrew Hebrew- English Dictionary. New York: Pocket Books.
Bernal, J. D. (1974). Science in History. Vol. I: The Emergence of Science. 3rd Ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press.
Bernard, C. (1878). Leçons sur les Phénomènes de la Vie Communs aux Animaux et aux végétaux. (1st Ed. 1878. 2nd Ed. conforme à la Première Ed. 1885). vol. I. Paris: Baillière.
Bert, P. (1871a). Recherches expérimentales sur l’influence que les changements dans la pression barométrique exercent sur les phénomènes de la vie. Note. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 73: 213–216.
Bert, P. (1871b). Recherches expérimentales sur l’influence que les changements dans la pression barométrique exercent sur les phénomènes de la vie. 2e note. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 73: 503–507.
Bert, P. (1878). Barometric Pressure. Researches in Experimental Physiology. Translated by M. A. Hitchcock and F. A. Hitchcock. Columbus, Ohio: College Book Co. 1943.
Birch, S. B. (1857). On the Therapeutic Action of Oxygen, with Cases proving its singular Efficacy in various Intractable Diseases. London: H. Baillière.
Birch, S. B. (1869). Some remarks on the exhibition of oxygen as a therapeutic in connexion with a new, aggreeable, and easy form of administration by the stomach. Lancet 1: 492–493.
Birch, T. (1756). The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge, from its First Rise in Which the Most Considerable of those Papers Communicated to the Society, Which have Hitherto not been Published, are Inserted in their Proper Order, as a Supplement to The Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 1. London: A. Millar. Brussels: Culture et Civilisation, 1968.
Black, J. (1755). The Discovery of Carbonic Acid Gas. From Experiments upon Magnesia, Quicklime, and some other Alkaline Substances. In: Knickerbocker, W. S. (Ed.). Classics of Modern Science (Copernicus to Pasteur). Boston: Beacon Press, 1962, pp. 89–95.
Bodmer, F. (1944). The Loom of Language. Ed. by L. Hogben. New York: Norton and Co.
Book Review (1857). Birch, S. B. On the therapeutic value of oxygen; with cases proving its singular efficacy in various intractable diseases. Baillière, London. Lancet 2: 553.
Bouchardat (1851). Emploi du gaz oxygène dans la glucosurie. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci.33: 543–544.
Boussingault (1841). Sur la composition de l’air qui se trouve dans les pores de la neige. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 3 1: 354–360.
Boyle, R. (1670). The continuation of the experiments concerning respiration. Phil. Trans. 5: 2036–2056.
Brasted, R C. (1961). Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 8. Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium, and Oxygen. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co.
Broughton, S. D. (1829). An experimental inquiry into the physiological effects of oxygen gas upon the animal system. Paper read Mar. 26 Proc. Roy. Soc. In: Phil. Mag. Ser. 2 5: 383.
Broughton (1830). On the poisonous effects of oxygen and some other gases on the animal body. Quart. J. Sci., Literature, and Art, April 1830. Cited in: &Am. J. Med. Sci. Ser&. 1 7:547–548.
Caillens (1783). Observations sur un nouveau moyen de remédier à la phthisie pulmonaire. Gazette de Santé, p. 38.
Campbell, A., and Poulton, E. P. (1934). Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Therapy. London: Oxford University Press.
Cartwright, F. T. (1952). The English Pioneers of Anesthesia (Beddoes, Davy, and Hickman). London: Simpk in Marshall.
Cattell, T. (1847). On oxygen, as a corrective of the secondary effects of ether in surgical operations. Lancet 1: 422.
Caughey, W. S. (Ed) (1979). Biochemical and Clinical Aspects of Oxygen. New York: Academic Press.
Cavendish, H. (1766). Three papers, containing experiments on factitious air. Phil. Trans. 56: 141–184.
Cavendish (1783). An account of a new eudiometer. &Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc&. 73: 106–135.
Chance, B., and Boveris, A. (1978). Hyperoxia and hydroperoxide metabolism. In: Robin,E. D. (Ed.). Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Respiratory Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 185–237.
Chaptal (1790). Lettre de M. Chaptal, à M. Berthollet. Ann. Chim.4: 21–24.
Chaussier (1780-1781). Sur les moyens propres à déterminer la respiration dans les enfans qui naissent sans donner aucun signe de vie, & à rétablir cette fonction dans les asphyxiés; & sur les effets de l’air vital ou déphlogistiqué employé pour produire ces avantages. &Hist. Soc. Roy. Méd&. 4:346–354 (printed 1785 ).
Clark, J. M. (1974). The toxicity of oxygen. Am Rev. Respir. Dis. 110 (Suppl.): 40–50.
Clements, F. E. (1921). Aeration and Air-Content. The Role of Oxygen in Root Activity. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 315. Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington.
Cohen, J. S. (1876). Inhalation in the Treatment of Disease: Its Therapeutics and Practice. A Treatise on the inhalation of gases, vapors, fumes, compressed and rarified air, nebulized fluids, and powders. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston.
Commercial Press (1961). Latin-English-Chinese Dictionary of Medical Terms. Hong Kong: Commercial Press Ltd.
Comroe, J. H., Jr., and Dripps, R D. (1953). The Physiological Basis for Oxygen Therapy. 2nd Print. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
Conant, J. B. (1970). The overthrow of the phlogiston theory. The chemical revolution of 1775–1789. In: Conant, J. B. and Nash, L. K. (Eds.), Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science. Cambridge, Massachussets: Harvard University Press, pp. 65–115.
Contenau, G. (1938). La Médecine en Assyrie et en Babylonie. Paris: Librairie Maloine.
Cowan, J. M. (Ed.) (1971). Hans Wehr. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. 3rd Ed. Ithaca, New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc.
Dalton, J. (1805). Experimental enquiry into the proportion of the several gases or elastic fluids, constituting the atmosphere. Mem. Literary Phil. Soc. Manchester, Second Ser. 1:244–258. In: Alembic Club Reprints. No. 2. Foundations of the Atomic Theory comprising Papers and Extracts by John Dalton, William Hyde Wollaston, and Thomas Thomson (1802–1808). Edinburgh: E. and S. Livingston, 1948, pp. 5–15.
Darwin, C. (1860). The Voyage of the Beagle (Edited by L. Engel ). Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., 1962.
Darwin, E. (1796). Zoonomia; or, the Laws of Organic Life. Vol. 2. London: J. Johnson.
Davis, J. C., and Hunt, T. K. (Eds.). (1977). Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Bethesda, Maryland: Undersea Medical Society.
Davy, H. (1800). Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide, or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air, and its Respiration. London: J. Johnson.
Davy (1801). An account of a new eudiometer. J. Roy. Inst., G. Brit. Vol. I. In: Phil. Mag. 10: 56–58.
de Lapasse (1846). De l’action de l’oxygène sur les organes de l’homme, et des moyens de diriger convenablement cette action. &Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci.& 22: 1055–1056.
Delury, G. E. (1978). The World Almanac & Book of Facts. 1979. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association.
Demarquay, J. N. (1866). Essay on medical pneumatology: A physiological, clinical, and therapeutic investigation of the gases. Trans, by Wallian, S. S. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1889.
Demarquay and Leconte (1864). Des indications et des contre-indications à l’emploi de l’oxygène. (Troisième Mémoire.) Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 58: 463–465.
De Vries, L. (1959). German-English Science Dictionary for Students in Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Agriculture, and Related Sciences. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dickens, F., and Neil, E. (Eds.) (1964). Oxygen in the Animal Organism. New York: Pergamon Press, Macmillan Co.
Divry, G. C. (1974). Divry’s Modern English- Greek and Greek-English Desk Dictionary. New York: D. C. Divry, Inc.
Dixon, M. (1970). The history of enzymes and of biological oxidations. In: Needham, J. (Ed.). The Chemistry of Life. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–37.
Dufraisse, C. (1935). L’Absorption chimique réversible de l’oxygène libre par les corps organiques. In: Institute International de Chimie Solvay. Cinquième Conseil de Chimie tenu a L’Université de Bruxelles deu 3 au 8 Octobre 1934. Rapports et Discussions relatifs a L’Oxygène. Ses Réactions Chimiques et Biologiques. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, pp. 205–254.
Duncum, B. M. (1947). The Development of Inhalation Therapy with Special Reference to the Years 1846–1900. New York: Oxford University Press.
Eliade, M. (1974). Gods, Goddesses, and Myths of Creation. A Thematic Source Book of the History of Religions. Part 1 of From Primitive to Zen. New York: Harper and Row.
Espasa, H. de J. (1920). Enciclopedia Vniversal Ilvstrada Evropeo-Americana. Vol. 42. Pare-Peke. Barcelona: Espasa.
Farley, J. (1977). The Spontaneous Generation Controversy from Descartes to Oparin. Balitmore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Farley, J., and Geison, G. L. (1974). Science, politics, and spontaneous generation in nineteenth-century France: The Pasteur- Pouchet debate. Bull. Hist. Med.48: 161–198.
Fenn, W. O. (1970). A study of aquatic life from the laboratory of Paul Bert. A review of “La Vie dans Les Eaux” by Paul Regnard, Paris 1891. Respir. Physiol. 9:95–107.
Filipović, R, Grgić, B., Cizelj, K., Mosković, V., Ratnik, V., Spalatin, L., Sovary, R., Tomljenović, B., and Urbany, M. (1963). English Croato-Serbian Dictionary. 3rd Ed. Zagreb: Zora.
Fitzsimons, D. W. (Ed.) (1979). Oxygen Free Radicals and Tissue Damage. Ciba Foundation Symposium 65 ( New Series). New York: Elsevier/North-Holland, Inc.
Florkin, M. (1972). A History of Biochemistry. Part I. Proto-Biochemistry. Part II. From Proto-Biochemistry to Biochemistry. Vol. 30. In: Florkin, M., and Stotz, E. H. (Eds.). Comprehensive Biochemistry. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co.
Florkin. M. (1975). A History of Biochemistry. Part III. History of the Identification of the Sources of Free Energy in Organisms. Vol. 31. In: Florkin, M., and Stotz, E. H. (Eds.). Comprehensive Biochemistry. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co. Florkin, M. (1977). A History of Biochemistry. Part IV. Early Studies on Biosynthesis. Vol. 32. In: Florkin, M., and Stotz, E. H. (Eds.). Comprehensive Biochemistry. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co.
Florkin, M. (1977). A History of Biochemistry. Part I. Proto-Biochemistry. Part II. From Proto-Biochemistry to Biochemistry. Vol. 30. In: Florkin, M., and Stotz, E. H. (Eds.). Comprehensive Biochemistry. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co.
Forman, H. J., and Fisher, A. B. (1981). Antioxidant defenses. This volume.
Foster, M. (1901). Lectures on the History of Physiology during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. New York: Dover Publishers, 1970.
Fourcroy (1790). Extrait d’un mémoire sur les propriétés médicinales de l’air vital. &Ann. Chim&. 4:83–93. Lu dans la séance publique de la Soc. &Roy. Méd.& 1789.
Fourcroy (1798a). Sur l’application de la chimie pneumatique à l’art de guérir, et sur les propriétés médicamenteuses des substances oxigénées. Ann. Chim. 28: 225–281.
Fourcroy (Year 6)[1798b]. Notes. In: Rollo, J. Traité du Diabète Sucré des Affections Gastriques et des Maladies qui en Dépendent,Suivi du Résultat des Essais des Acides et Autres Substances Oxigénées dans le Traitement de la Maladies Vénérienne; d’une Nouvelle Nosologie; d’un Traité de Quelques Poisons Morbifîques; de l’Analyse Chimique du Sucre, et de Plusiers Applications de la Chimie à la Médecine. Première Partie, Deuxième Partie. Paris: Moutardier, pp. 115–156 (in Part 2).
Franklin, B. (1750). The one fluid theory of electricity. June 1, 1747. From Phil. Trans. 45:98. In: Magie, W. F. (Ed.), A Source Book in Physics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963, pp. 401–402.
Fridovich, I. (1975). Oxygen: Boon and bane. Am. Sci. 63: 54–59.
Fridovich, I. (1976). Oxygen radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and oxygen toxicity. In: Pryor, W. (Ed.), Free Radicals in Biology. Vol. I. New York: Academic Press, pp. 239–277.
Fridovich, I. (1978). The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 201: 875–880.
Fruton, J. S. (1972). Molecules and Life. Historical Essays on the Interplay of Chemistry and Biology. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Fulton, J. F. (1932). Robert Boyle and his influence on thought in the Seventeenth Century. Isis 18: 77–102.
Galston, A. W., and Siegel, S. M. (1954). Antiperoxidative action of the cobaltous ion and its consequences for plant growth. Science 120: 1071–1072.
Ganzenmüller, W. (1943). Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. System-Nummer 3: Sauerstoff. Lieferung 1. Geschichtliches. Ed. 8. Berlin: Verlag Chemie.
Gardner, J. (1847). Ether-vapour and oxygen. Lancet 1: 395.
Gerschman, R. (1964). Biological effects of oxygen. In: Dickens, F., and Neil, E. (Eds.). Oxygen in the Animal Organism. New York: Pergamon Press, Macmillan Co., pp. 475–494.
Gerschman, R. (1981). Historical introduction to the “free radical theory” of oxygen toxicity. This volume.
Gerschman, R., Gilbert, D. L., Nye, S. W., Dwyer, P., and Fenn, W. O. (1954). Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: A mechanism in common. Science 119: 623–626.
Gerschman, R., Gilbert, D. L., and Caccamise, D. (1958). Effect of various substances on survival times of mice exposed to different high oxygen tensions. Am. J. Physiol. 192: 563–571.
Gilbert, D. L. (1960). Speculation on the relationship between organic and atmospheric evolution. Perspect. Biol. Med 4: 58–71.
Gilbert, D. L. (1972). Introduction: Oxygen and life. Anesthesiology 37: 100–111.
Gilbert, D. L. (1981a). Significance of oxygen on earth. This volume.
Gilbert, D. L. (1981b). Oxygen: An overall biological view. This volume.
Gmelin, J. F. (1799). Geschichte der Chemie seit dem Wiederaufleben der Wissenschaften bis an das Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. Vol. 3. Göttingen: Johann Georg Rosenbusch.
Godefroy, F. (1888). Dictionnaire de L’Ancienne Langue Française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe Siècle. Composé d’après le dépouillement de tous les plus importants documents, manuscrits ou imprimés qui se trouvent dans les grandes bibliothèques de la France et de l’Europe et dans les principales archives Departmentales, Municipales, Hospitalière ou Privées. Vol. 5. Liste-Parsomme. Paris: F. Vieweg.
Goolden, R. H. (1866). Treatment of disease by oxygen. Lancet 1: 270–271.
Gottlieb, S. F. (1965). Hyperbaric oxygenation. Adv. Clin. Chem. 8: 69–139.
Gottlieb, S. F. (1971). Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on microorganisms. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 25: 111–152.
Grad, A., Skerlj, R., and Vitorovic, N. (1967). English-Slovene Dictionary. Ljubljana: Drzavna Zalozba Slovenije.
Graham, J. D. P. (1962). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Poisoning. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hahn, L. (1899). L’Oxygène et son emploi médical depuis sa découverte. Janus 4:6–13, 57–63.
Haldane, J. B. S. (1947). Life at high pressures. Science News No. 4:9–29, July. PenguoIn Books
Hall, T. S. (1975a). History of General Physiology. 600 B.C. to A.D. 1900. Vol. 1. From Pre-Socratic Times to the Enlightenment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hall. T. S. (1975b). History of General Physiology. 600 B.C. to A.D. 1900. Vol. 2. From the Enlightenment to the End of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Haugaard, N. (1968). Cellular mechanisms of oxygen toxicity. Physiol. Rev. 48: 311–373.
Haugen, E. (1967). Norwegian English Dictionary. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wiscons in Press.
Hayaishi, O. (Ed.) (1974). Molecular Oxygen in Biology. Topics in Molecular Oxygen Research. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Co.
Hayaishi, O., and Asada, K. (Eds.) (1977). Biochemical and Medical Aspects of Active Oxygen. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Heath, D., and Williams, D. R (1977). Man at High Altitude. The Pathophysiology of Acclimatization and Adaptation. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Hemmeter, J. C. (1921). Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier. Janus 25:1–22, 57–86.
Henshaw, N. (1664). Aero-chalinos: or, a Register for the Air; in Five Chapters. Dublin: Samuel Dancer.
Herodotus (1928). With an English translation [from the Greek] by A. D. Godley. In 4 Volumes. Volume II (Books III and IV). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 225 (Paragraph 25, Book I V ).
Hill, D. (1800). Practical Observations on the Use of Oxygen, or Vital Air in the Cure of Diseases: To which are added a few Experiments on the Vegetation of Plants. Vol. I. London: F. and C. Rivington.
Hogben, L. (1951). Science for the Citizen. A Self-Educator based on the Social background of Scientific Discovery. 4th Ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
Holmyard, E. J. (1955). Alchemy in medieval Islam. Endeavour 14: 117–125.
Hook, R. (1665). Extracts from Micrographia: or Some Physiological descriptions of Minute bodies made by magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries thereupon. Alembic Club Reprints. No. 5. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, Ltd., 1944.
Hook. (1667). An experiment of preserving animals alive, by blowing through their lungs with bellows. Phil. Trans. 2: 539–540.
Hosack, A. (1797). An inaugural Essay on the Yellow Fever, as it Appeared in this City in 1795. New York: T. and J. Swords.
Humboldt, A. de (1838). Notice sur deux tentatives d’ascension du Chimborazo. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 2 69: 401–434.
Ihde, A. J. (1964). The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Harper and Row.
Ihde, A. J. (1980). Priestley and Lavoisier. In: Kieft, L. and Willeford, B. R. (Eds.). Joseph Priestley. Scientist, Theologian, and Meta-physician. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, Inc., pp. 62–91.
Ince, H. R. (1805). Communication from Mr. Ince, Surgeon, relative to pneumatic medicine. Phil. Mag. 21: 128.
Ingen-Housz, J. (1779). Experiments upon vegetables, discovering their great power of purifying the common air in the sunshine, and of injuring it in the shade and at night. To which is joined, a new method of examining the accurate degree of salubrity of the atmosphere. London: P. Elmaly. In: Reed, H. S. Jan Ingenhousz. Chron. Bot. 11:285–393, 1949.
Ingen Housz, J. (1780). On the degree of salubrity of the common air at sea, compared with that of the sea-shore, and that of places far removed from the sea. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 70: 354–377.
Jackson, C. T. (1847). Extrait d’une lettre de M. le docteur Charles T. Jackson à M Élie de Beaumont. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 24: 492–494.
Jacobson, J. H. II, Morsch, J. H. C., and Randall-Baker, L. (1965). The historical perspective of hyperbaric therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 117: 651–670.
Jaeger, E. C. (1944). A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms. Springield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
Jöbsis, F. J. (Ed.) (1977). Oxygen and Physiological Function. Dallas, Texas: Prof. Int. Library.
Jones, H. S., and McKenzie, R. (1940). A Greek- English Lexicon compiled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. Rev. Ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jourdanet, D. (1861). Les Altitudes de L’Améri¬que Tropicale Comparées au Niveau des Mers au Point de Vue de La Constitution Médicale. Paris: J.-B. Baillière et Fils.
Jurine (1789). Mémoire sur la question suivante proposée par la Société de Médecine: Déterminer quels avantages la Médecine peut retirer des découvertes modernes sur l’art de con-noître la pureté de l’air par les différens eudiomètres. Soc. Roy. Med. Paris. Mém. Soc. Med. 10: 19–99.
Keilin, D. (1925). On cytochrome C, a respiratory pigment, common to animals, yeast, and higher plants. Abridged from Proc. Roy. Soc. London 98B:312–329. In: Gabriel, M. L., and Fogel, S. (Eds.). Great Experiments in Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1962, pp. 31–38.
Keilin, D. (1966). The History of Cell Respiration and Cytochrome. Prepared for publication by J. Keilin. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kellogg, R. H. (1968). Altitude acclimatization, a historical introduction emphasizing the regulation of breathing. Physiologist 11: 37–57.
Kellogg, R. H. (1978). La Pression Barométrique: Paul Bert’s hypoxia theory and its critics. Respir. Physiol. 34: 1–28.
Kerr, J. (1779). A treatise on the various kinds of permanently elastic fluids or gases. 2nd Edition. In: Macquer. Additions to the Dictionary of Chemistry. Translated by J. Kerr. London: T. Cadell.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). Historical structure of scientific discovery. Science 136: 760–764.
Lambertsen, C. J. (1978). Effects of hyperoxia on organs and their tissues. In: Robin, E. D. (Ed.). Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Respiratory Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., pp. 239–303.
Langenscheidt (1961). Langenscheidt–s Universal Dictionary. English-Portuguese. Portuguese-English. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc.
Laugier (1863). Nouveaux faits concernant l’utilité des bains d’oxygène dans les cas de gangrène sénile. &Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci.& 56: 1011–1014.
Lavoisier (1775). Mémoire sur la nature du principe qui se combine avec les métaux pendant leur calcination et qui en augmente le poids. &Mém. Acad. Sci&. p. 520. In: Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Vol. II. Mémoires de Chimie et de Physique. Paris: Imp. Impériale, 1862, pp. 122–128.
Lavoisier (1777a). Expériences sur la respiration des animaux et sur les changements qui arrivent à l’air en passant par leur poumon. &Mém. Acad. Sci&. p. 185. In: Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Vol. II. Mémoires de Chimie et de Physique. Paris: Imp. Impériale, 1862, pp. 174–183.
Lavoisier (1777b). Mémoire sur la combustion en général. Mém. Acad. Sci. p. 592. In: Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Vol. II. Mémoires de Chimie et de Physique. Paris: Imp. Impériale, 1862, pp. 225–233.
Lavoisier (1778). Considérations générales sur la nature des acides et sur les principes dont ils sont composés. &Mém. Acad. Sci.&, pp. 535–547. (Received in 1777; Read in 1779.)
Lavoisier (1782-1783). Sur les altérations qui arrivent à l’air dans plusieurs circonstances où se trouvent les hommes réunis en société. Mémoires de Médecine. In: &Hist. Soc. Méd.& 5:569–582. (Read in 1785.)
Lavoisier (1789). Traité Elémentaire de Chimie. In: Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Vol. I. Paris: Imp. Impériale, 1864.
Lavoisier (1862). Vues générales sur la formation et la constitution de l’atmosphère de la terre. &Rec. Mém. Chim. de Lavoisier&. Vol. 2, p. 398. In: Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Vol. II. Mémoires de Chimie et de Physique. Paris: Imp. Impériale, pp. 804–811.
Le Grand, H. E. (1972). Lavoisier’s oxygen theory of acidity. Ann. Sci. 29: 1–18.
Leicester, H. M. (1956). The Historical Back-ground of Chemistry. New York: John Wiley.
Lenfant, C., and Sullivan K. (1971). Adaptation to high altitude. New England J. Med. 284: 1298–1309.
Leonard, O. A., and Pinckard, J. A. (1946). Effect of various oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations on cotton root development. Plant Physiol. 21: 18–36.
Liebig, J. (1842). Animal Chemistry or Organic Chemistry in Physiology and Pathology edited from the Author’s Manuscript by William Gregory. With Additions, Notes, and Corrections, by Dr. Gregory, and Others. By John W. Webster. 2nd Ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: John Owen, 1843.
Livy (1929). With an English translation [from the Latin] by B. O. Foster. In 13 Volumes. Volume V (Books XXI-XXII). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, p. 87 ( Chapter XXX, Book XXI ).
Loane (1800). A communication from Dr. Loane, relative to pneumatic medicine. A case of atonic gout cured by vital air. Phil. Mag. 6: 82–83.
Macedo Dianderas, J. (1961). Hipoxia de altitud: “ Aspectos fîsiologicos y clinicos.” Rev. Assoc. Med. Prov. Yauli 6: 63–70.
Macquer (1777a). Dictionnaire de Chymie, contenant la Théorie et la Pratique de cette Science, son Application à la Physique, à l’histoire naturelle, à la médecine, & aux arts dépandans de la chymie. 2nd Ed. 3 Vols. Paris: P. Fr. Didot jeune, Libraire de la Faculté de Médecine.
Macquer (1777b). Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chemistry. Translated from the French. 5th Ed. Edinburgh: Alex Donaldson.
Maguina, J. D. [ 1965 ]. Guide to Peru. Lima, Cuzco, Machu Picchu, Arequipa, Puno, Iquitos, and Callejon de Huaylas. Lima: Maguina.
Map of Peru (1775). Como y Olmedilla. Reprint- Barcelona, 1907. No. 1 [In Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.].
Map of Peru (1965). USAF Operational Navigation Chart. Scale 1,000,000. N-25. Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru. 1st Ed. Washington, D.C.: Coast and Geodetic Survey. U.S. Dept. of Commerce.
Map of Peru (1972a). Huarochiri. Carta Nacional. Scale 1:100,000. Sheet 25-k. 1st Ed. Lima: Instituto Geographico Militär.
Map of Peru (1972b). La Oroya. Carta Nacional. Scale 1:100,000. Sheet 24-1. 1st Ed. Lima: Instituto Geographico Militär.
Map of Peru (1973). Yauyos. Carta Nacional. Scale 1:100,000. Sheet 25-1. 1st Ed. Lima: Instituto Geographico Militär.
Map of Peru (1974). Singa. Carta Nacional. Scale 1:100,000. Sheet 19-j. 1st Ed. Lima: Instituto Geographico Militär.
Map of Peru (1979). Matucana. Carta Nacional. Scale 1:100,000. Sheet 24-k. 1st Ed. Lima: Instituto Geographico Militär.
Marx, R. E. (1971). The early history of diving. Oceans Mag. 4(4):66–74; (5):24–34. In: Pirie, R. G. (Ed.). Oceanography. Contemporary Readings in Ocean Sciences. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977, pp. 3–23.
Mason, S. F. (1953). Main Currents of Scientific Thought. A History of the Sciences. New York: Henry Schuman.
Mayow, J. (1674). On Respiration. In: Mayow, J. Medico-Physical Works. Being a Translation of Tractatus quinque medico-physici. Edinburgh: The Alembic Club, 1907, pp. 183–210. In: Faulconer, A., and Keys, T. C. (Eds.). Foundations of Anesthesiology. Vol. I. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1965, pp. 15–32.
McKenzie, A. E. E. (1960). The Major Achievements of Science. Vol. I. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McKie, D. (1952). Antoine Lavoisier. Scientist. Economist. Social Reformer. New York: Henry Schuman.
McKie, D. (1953). Fire and the Flamma Vitalis: Boyle, Hooke and Mayow. In: Underwood, E. A. (Ed.), Science Medicine and History. Essays on the Evolution of Scientific Thought and Medical Practice Written in Honour of Charles Singer. Vol. One. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 469–488.
Mellor, J. W. (1922). A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. I. H, O. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
Monge, C. (1948). Acclimatization in the Andes. Historical Confirmations of “Climatic Aggression” in the Development of Andean Man (translated by Donald F. Brown from Spanish). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Needham, J. (1965). Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 1. Introductory Orientations, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Needham, J. (1969). Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 2. History of Scientific Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Needham, J., Ping-Yü, Ho and Gwei-Djen, Lu (1976). Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part III: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Historical Survey, from Cinnabar Elixirs to Synthetic Insulin. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nisbet, W. (1801). The Clinical Guide, or, a concise view of the leading facts, on the history, nature, and cure of diseases; to which is subjoined, a practical pharmacopoeia; in three parts: viz. materia medica, classification, and extemporaneous prescription: intended as a memorandum-book for practitioners. 4th Ed. Edinburgh: James Watson.
Ogston, A. G. (1950). Oxidation reactions and the exchange of energy in animals. In: Institut International de Chimie Solvay. Huitième Conseil de Chimie tenu à l’Université de Bruxelles, du 10 au 15 Septembre 1950. Le Mécanisme de L’Oxydation. Rapports et Discussions. Brussels: R Stoops, pp. 369–400.
Oxford University Press (1971). The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Complete text reproduced micrographically. Vol. 1. A-O. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ozanam, C. (1860). Note sur l’oxygène employé comme antidote de l’éther et du chloroforme. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 51:59-60. Ozanam (1861). Sur la préparation et l’emploi en thérapeutique de l’eau oxygénatée. &Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci&. 53:791–792. Parkes, G. D. ( 1952 ). Mellor’s Modem Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Ozanam, C. (1861). Sur la préparation et l’emploi en thérapeutique de l’eau oxygénatée. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 53:791–792.
Parkes, G. D. (1952). Mellor’s Mosern Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Partington, J. R. (1961). A History of Chemistry. Vol. 2. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
J. R. (1962). A History of Chemistry.Vol. 3. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Partington, J. R. (1964). A History of Chemistry. Vol. 4. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Partington, J. R. (1965). A Short History of 40 Perspective on the History of Oxygen and Life
Parlington, J. R. (1965) A Short History of Chemistry. 3rd Ed. New York: Macmillan and Co.
Partington, J. R. (1970). A History of Chemistry. Vol. 1. Part 1: Theoretical Background. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Pasteur, L. (1861a). Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygène libre et déterminant des fermentations. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 52: 344–347.
Pasteur, L. (1861b). Expériences et vues nouvelles sur la nature des fermentations. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 52: 1260–1264.
Pasteur (1862). Mémoire sur les corpuscles organisés qui existent dans l’atmosphère. Examen de la doctrine des générations spontanées. &Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser&. 3 64:5–110. In: Vallery-Radot, P. (Ed.). Oeuvres de Pasteur. Vol. 2. Fermentations et Générations dites Spontanées. Paris: Masson, 1922.
Pasteur, L. (1863). Recherches sur la putréfaction. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 56: 1189–1194.
Patterson, T. S. (1931). John Mayow in contemporary setting. A contribution to the history of respiration and combustion. Isis 15: 47–96.
Payerne, M. (1851). Observations tendant à demontrer que, dans les ascensions sur les hautes montagnes, la lassitude et l’anhélation éprouvées par la plupart des explorateurs n–ont pas pour cause une insuffisance d’oxygène dans l’air respiré. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 33: 198–199.
Pearson, R. (1795). A Short Account of the nature and properties of different kinds of airs, so far as relates to their medicinal use, intended as an Introduction to the Pneumatic Method of treating diseases, with miscellaneous observations on certain remedies used in consumption. Birmingham: Thomas Pearson.
Pereira, J. (1836). Lectures on materia medica, or pharmacology, and general therapeutics. London Med. Gaz. 17: 785–793.
Perkins, J. F., Jr. (1964). Historical development of respiratory physiology. In: Fenn, W. O., and Rahn, H. (Eds.) Handbook of Physiology- Section 3: Respiration. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society, pp. 1–62.
Pino, E., and Wittermans, T. (1955). Kamus Inggeris. Part 1: English-Indonesian. Part 2: Indonesian-English. Djakarta: J. B. Walters.
Polistena, A. (1973). Moderne vedute sulla tossicità dell’ossigeno. Riv. Med. Aeronaut Spaz. 36: 205–243.
Polo, M. (1299?). The Travels of Marco Polo. Translated and with an Introduction by Ronald Latham. New York: Penguin Books, 1978.
Pouchet, F. (1858). Note sur des protoorganismes végétaux et animaux, nés spontanément dans de l’air artificiel et dans le gaz oxygène. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 47: 979–982.
Poule, A. (1785). Positiones chemico-medicae de aère vitali, feu dephlogisticato, tanquam novo sanitatis praesidio. (Thèses chimico- médicinales sur l’air vital déphlogistiqué, considéré comme un nouveau moyen de santé, soutenues à Montpellier par A. Poulie pour son baccalauréat.) Montpellier: J. F. Picot. In: J. Med. Chir. Pharm. 63: 247–248.
Priestley, J. (1772). Observations on different kinds of air. Phil. Trans. 62: 147–264.
Priestley, J. (1775a). An account of further discoveries in air. Phil. Trans. 65: 384–394.
Priestley, J. (1775b). Experiments and observations on different kinds of air. Vol. II, Sections III-V, pp. 29–103. In: Priestley, J. The Discovery of Oxygen. Part I. Edinburgh: The Alembic Club, 1923. In: Faulconer, A., and Keys, T. C. (Eds.), Foundations of Anesthesiology. Vol. 1. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1965, pp. 39–70.
Priestley, J. (1777). Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. Vol. III. London: J. Johnson.
Priestley, J. (1779). Experiments and Observations relating to various Branches of Natural Philosophy; with a Continuation of the Observations on Air. London: J. Johnson.
Priestley, J. (1781). Experiments and Observations relating to various Branches of Natural Philosophy; with a Continuation of the Observations on Air. Vol. Two. London: J. Johnson.
Priestley, J. (1795). Memoirs of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Priestley to the year 1795, written by himself. In: Brown, I. V. (Ed.) Joseph Priestley. Selections from his Writings. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962, pp. 1–75.
Raper, H. R. (1945). Man against Pain. The Epic of Anesthesia. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Regnard, P. (1891). Recherches Expérimentales sur les Conditions Physiques de la Vie Dans Les Eaux. Paris: Masson.
Regnault, V., and Reiset, J. (1849). Recherches chimiques sur la respiration des animaux des diverses classes. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 3 26: 299–519.
Reid, E. E. (1970). Chemistry Through the Language Barrier. How to Scan Chemical articles in Foreign Languages with emphasis on Russian and Japanese. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Reid, T. (1782). An Essay on the Nature and Cure of the Phthisis Pulmonalis. London: T. Cadell.
Rey, J. (1630). Essays of Jean Rey, Doctor of Medicine, On an Enquiry into the Cause Wherefore Tin and Lead Increase in Weight on Calcination. Alembic Club Reprints. No. 11. Edinburgh: E. and S. Livingston, 1953.
Riadore, J. E. (1845). On the Remedial Influence of Oxygen or vital air, nitrous oxide, and other gases, electricity and galvanism, in restoring the healthy functions of the principal organs of the body, and the nerves supplying the respiratory, digestive and muscular systems. London: J. Churchill.
Robinson, J. (1847). Ether-vapour and oxygen. Lancet 1: 422.
Roll-Hansen, N. (1979). Experimental method and spontaneous generation: The controversy between Pasteur and Pouchet, 1859–64. J. Hist. Med. 34: 273–292.
Rollo, J. (1797). An Account of Two Cases of the Diabetes Mellitus: with Remarks as They Arose During the Progress of the Cure. To Which are Added, A General View of the Nature of the Disease and its Appropriate Treatment, Including Observations on Some Diseases Depending on Stomach Affection; and a Detail of the Communications Received on the Subject Since the Dispersion of the Notes on the First Case. With the Results of the Trials of Various Acids and Other Substances in the Treatment of the Lues Venerea; and some Observations on the Nature of Sugar, &c. By William Cruickshank. In Two volumes. Vol. I. London: C. Dilly.
Rothschuh, K. E. (1973). History of Physiology. Translated by B. G. Risse. Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.
Sackner, M. A. (1974). Oxygen therapy. A history of oxygen usage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 110 (Suppl.): 25–34.
Sarasin (1802). Observations et expériences sur l’emploi de l’oxigène dans la cure du tétanos. Ann. Chim. 42: 43–50.
Savory, W. S. (1857). On the inhalation of oxygen. Lancet 2: 44–45.
Scheele, C. W. (1774). Letter to Lavoisier, Sept.30. Rev. Gen. Sci. Pure Appl. 1:1-2, 1890. In: Scheele, C. W. The Collected Papers of Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Translated by L. Dobbin. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1931. New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1971, pp. 350–351.
Scheele, C. W. (1777). Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer. Uppsala and Liepzig. Section 2. Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire. In: Scheele, C. W. The Collected Papers of Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Translated by L. Dobbs. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1931. New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1971, pp. 85–178.
Scheele, C. W. (1779). Experiments on the quantity of pure air which is present day by day in our atmosphere. Kongl. Vet Acad. Hand. 40:50–55. In: Scheele, C. W. The Collected Papers of Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Translated by L. Dobbs. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1931. New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1971, pp. 196–200.
Seguin and Lavoisier (1789). Premier mémoire sur la respiration des animaux. Mém. Acad. Sci, p. 185. In: Lavoisier, A.-L. Mémoires sur la Respiration et la Transpiration des Animaux. Paris: Gauthier-Villahs, 1920, pp. 31–51.
Sigerist, H. E. (1967). A History of Medicine. I. Primitive and Archaic Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Singer, C. (1962). A Short History of Scientific Ideas to 1900. New York: Oxford University Press.
Skinner, H. A. (1970). The Origin of Medical Terms. 2nd Ed. New York: Hafner Publishing Co.
Smeaton, W. A. (1962). Fourcroy. Chemist and Revolutionary. 1755–1809. Cambridge, England: W. Heffer and Sons Ltd.
Smith, A. H. (1870). Oyxgen Gas as a Remedy in Disease. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
Smith, C. U. M. (1976). The Problem of Life. An Essay in the Origins of Biological Thought. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Smith, G., and Shields, T. G. (1975). Oxygen toxicity. Pharmacol. Ther. B 1: 731–756.
Smith, J. L. (1899). The pathological effects due to increase of oxygen tension in the air breathed. J. Physiol. 24: 19–35.
Société de Philosophie expérimentale de Batavia à Rotterdam (1782). Verhandelingen van het Bataafsch Genootschap, etc. C’est-à-dire, Mémoires de la Société de philosophie expéri¬mentale de Batavia à Rotterdam, Vol. VI. In: J. Med. Chir. Pharm. 61:187–192, 1784.
Speiser, E. A. (1964). The Anchor Bible. Genesis. Introduction, translation, and notes. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc.
Sprat, T. (1667). The History of the Royal Society of London. St. Louis: Washington University Studies. 1959.
Stadie, W. C., Riggs, B. C., and Haugaard, N. (1944). Oxygen poisoning. Am J. Med. Sci. 207: 84–114.
Stahl, G. E. (1697). Zymotechnia fundamentalis. Trans. In: Leicester, H. M., and Klickstein, H. S. (Eds.) A Sourcebook in Chemistry., Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1952. In: Schwartz, G., and Bishop, P. W. (Eds.). Moments of Discovery. Vol. 1. The Origins of Science. New York: Basic Books, 1958, pp. 209–211.
Stanislawski, J. (1968). The Great English-Polish Dictionary. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna.
Stein, J. H. (1831). Treatment of cholera by inhalation of oxygen. Lancet 1: 364–365, 1831 /32.
Stock, J. E. (1811). Memoirs of the life of Thomas Beddoes, M. D. with an Analytical Account of his Writing. London: J. Murray.
Suttle, J. F. (1957). The alkali metals. In: Sneed, M. C., and Brasted, R. C. (Eds.). Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 6. The Alkali Metals. Hydrogen and Its Isotopes. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., pp. 1–182.
Tabarié (1840). Sur Taction thérapeutique de l’air comprimé. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 11: 26–28.
Tamin-Despalle (1875). Sur les effects thérapeutiques de l’oxygéne. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. 80: 1031–1032.
Tarn, W. W. (1956). Alexander the Great. Boston: Beacon Press.
Tauro, A. (1967). Diccionario Enciclopédico del Peru. Three Vols. [Lima]: Mejia Baca.
Thorndike, L. (1958). A History of Magic and Experimental Science. Vols. VII and VIII. The Seventeenth Century. Vol. VII. New York: Columbia University Press.
Thornton (1799). Communication from Dr. Thornton, Physician to the General Dispensary, relative to trials made with the different factitious gases. Phil. Mag. 2: 420.
Thornton, R. J. (1803). Tenth communication from Dr. Thornton. Phil. Mag. 17: 171–178.
Thornton (1805). Twenty-first communication from Dr. Thornton, relative to pneumatic medicine. Phil. Mag. 21: 126–128.
Thornton, R. J. (1806a). Twenty-sixth communi¬cation from Dr. Thornton, relative to pneumatic medicine. Phil. Mag. 24: 47–49.
Thornton, R. J. (1806b). Thirtieth communication from Dr. Thornton, relative to pneumatic medicine. A case of consumption cured by the inhalation of hydrogen gas. Phil. Mag. 25: 161–163.
Thornton (1806c). Thirty-third communication from Dr. Thornton, relative to pneumatic medicine. Suspended animation restored by vital air. Phil. Mag. 26: 257–264.
Thornton, R. J. (1807). Thirty-fourth communication from Dr. Thornton, relative to pneumatic medicine. Phil. Mag. 27: 234–236.
Thornton, R. J. (1813). The Philosophy of Medicine: Being Medical Extracts, on the nature and preservation of Health, and on the nature and removal of Disease. 5 th Ed. Vol. 1. London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones.
Thornton, R. J. (1821). On the cure of scrofula by means of vital air, and the use of the juice of sorrel. Phil. Mag. 57: 351–353.
Toulmin, S. E. (1957). Crucial experiments: Priestley and Lavoisier. J. Hist. Ideas 18:205–220. In: Wiener, P. P., and Noland, A. (Eds.). Roots of Scientific Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1957, pp. 481–496.
Townsend, J. (1802). Elements of Therapeutics; or a Guide to Health; being Cautions and Directions in the Treatment of Diseases. Designed Chiefly for the Use of Students. 1st Am. Ed. Boston: Thomas and Andrews.
Trotter, T. (1792). Observations on the Scurvy; with a Review of the Opinions Lately Advanced on that Disease, and a New Theory Defended, on the Approved Method of Cure, and the Induction of Pneumatic Chemistry: Being an Attempt to Investigate that Principle in Recent Vegetable Matter, Which, Alone, has Been Found Effectual in the Treatment of this Singular Disease; and from thence to Deduce More Certain Means of Prevention than have been Adopted Hitherto. Ed. 2. London: T. Longman.
Trotter, T. (1795). Medical and Chemical Essays. London: J. S. Jordan.
Turner, E. R., and Quartley, C. E. (1956). Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues. VIII. An inhibition of respiration in peas induced by “oxygen poisoning.” J. Exp. Bot. 7: 362–371.
U.S. Department of Commerce (1966). Vietnamese-English Dictionary. Vols. 1, 2. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Dept. Commerce.
U. S. Office of Geography (1955). NIS Gazetteer. Peru. Official Standard Names Approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names.
Verne, J. (1876). All around the moon. In: Verne, J. Space Novels. From the Earth to the Moon. All Around the Moon. Translated by E. Roth ( 1874–1900 ). New York: Dover Publishers Inc., pp. 215–470.
Ward, M. (1975). Mountain Medicine. A Clinical Study of Cold and High Altitude. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Watt, J. (1794). Part II. Description of an air apparatus; with hints respecting the use and properties of different elastic fluids. In: Beddoes, T., and Watt, J. Considerations on the Medicinal Use of Factitious Airs, and on the manner of Obtaining them in Large Quantities. Part I. Part II. London: J. Johnson, pp. 1–32.
Weeks, M. E. (1956). Discovery of the Elements.6th Ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: J. Chem. Educ.
Willeford, B. R. (1979). Das Portrait: Joseph Priestley (1733–1804). Chem. Unserer Zeit 13 (4): 111–117.
Wolff, J. R. (1865). Inhalation of oxygen in phthisis and anaemia. Med. Times Gaz., Nov. 25. In: Am. J. Med. Sci. New Ser. 51:249–250, 1866.
Woolley, L. (1965). History of Mankind. Cultural and Scientific Development. Vol. I, Part 2. The Beginnings of Civilization. New York: New American Library.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gilbert, D.L. (1981). Perspective on the History of Oxygen and Life. In: Gilbert, D.L. (eds) Oxygen and Living Processes. Topics in Environmental Physiology and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5890-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5890-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5892-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5890-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive