Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Concepts of Development in the Chinese Communist Party Prior to the Founding of the People’s Republic of China. Realization in the Reconstruction Phase, 1949–1952

  • Chapter
Economic Development and Social Change in the People’s Republic of China

  • 99 Accesses

Abstract

On October 1, 1949, Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the People’s Republic of China. Three decades after his conversion to Marxism he had at last gained control over China. Mao’s rise had been fought not only by opponents of the Communist Party but also by orthodox Marxists. More or less at the same time as Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (successor to the founder and chairman of the bourgeois Nationalist Party, Kuomintang (KMT), Sun Yat-sen) was conducting his “supression campaigns against the Mao Tse-tung bandits,” Li Li-san and Wang Ming, who in the early 1930s were the main leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), were attacking Mao as a “right opportunist” and as having a “conservative peasant consciousness.”1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Note

  1. Rue 1966, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cf. Snow 1968, p. 136; also Hsiao San 1949, p. 23f.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cited according to Schram 1969, p. 152f.

    Google Scholar 

  4. For this connection, see esp. Schwartz 1968, p. 237.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cited according to Zagoria 1962, p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mao Tse-tung, Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan (February 1927), cited according to Brandt/Schwartz/Fairbank 1952, p. 80ff. (esp. p. 88), since the corresponding passages in the Peking edition, Mao 1964–1977, have been considerably altered and the designation of the poor peasantry as “avantgarde” has been deleted.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ibid., p. 88f.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Snow 1962, p. 70.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brandt/Schwartz/Fairbank 1952, p. 79f.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Der zweite Kongress der Kommunistischen Internationale, p. 140ff.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ibid., p. 230.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Brandt/Schwartz/Fairbank 1952, p. 149f.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mao 1964–1977, III, p. 209.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ibid., II, p. 366f. It should, however, be remembered that despite this Mao has always referred to the leading role of the working class.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lenin 1966, Vol. 31, p. 241f.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Der zweite Kongress der Kommunistischen Internationale, p. 231.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ibid., p. 194.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Manifesto of the Third National Congress of the CCP (June 1923), cited according to Brandt/Schwartz/Fairbank 1952, p. 71.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cited according to Schram 1969, p. 423.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mao 1964–1977, II, pp. 311ff., 326f.; Schram 1969, p. 134f.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mao 1964–1977, IV, p. 207; cf. also Ibid., IV, p. 238.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ibid., II, p. 326f.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ibid., II, p. 350f.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lenin 1966, Vol. 31, p. 242ff. In any case, it was Lenin’s opinion that a liberation of the colonies could only be achieved following the proletarian revolution in the imperialist nations.

    Google Scholar 

  25. In the end, the Chinese thesis accorded a key role in the world revolution to the revolutionary movements in the Third World. Cf. the exchange of letters herein between the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the CCP in 1963 in: A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement, pp. 1ff and 63ff.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Cf. Fetcher 1972, pp. 220, 231, 242.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cited according to Schram 1969, p. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Konstantinow/Sladkowski 1973, p. 60ff.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mao 1964–1977, III, p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schram 1969, p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Snow 1968, p. 444.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Report to the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CCP (October 1938), in: Schram 1969, p. 172f.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Marx/Engels 1966–1976, Vol. 7, p. 222.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mao 1964–1977, III, p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Liu Shao-ch’i 1951, p. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  36. United States Relations with China, pp. 71f. and 92ff.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Feis 1953, p. 140f., esp. footnote 6.

    Google Scholar 

  38. United States Relations with China, pp. viii and 115.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Barnett 1967a, p. 257. Barnett bases this on the authorized Tito biography by Vladimir Dedijer and the therein cited talk between Stalin and a Yugoslavian delegation.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cited according to Schram 1974, p. 102f.

    Google Scholar 

  41. McLane 1958, p. 129ff.; Esherick 1974, p. 351; Bowden 1966, p. 55f.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Cf. McLane 1958, p. 177f.

    Google Scholar 

  43. United States Relations with China, p. 113f.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cf. the exchange of notes on the Friendship and Alliance Treaty between the USSR and the Republic of China on August 14, 1945, published in United States Relations with China, p. 587f.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Beloff 1953, p. 64. As late as May 11, 1949 the Sino-Soviet agreement on trade and on mining rights in Sinkiang was extended for a further 5 years. Cf. Gittings 1968a, p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Paloczi-Horvath 1966, p. 64.

    Google Scholar 

  47. United States Relations with China, p. viii.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Cf. Ibid., p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Esherick 1974, p. 297ff.

    Google Scholar 

  50. United States Relations with the People’s Republic of China, p. 183f.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cf. his reports on July 28 and October 2, 1944, on this, in: Esherick 1974, pp. 178ff. and 188ff.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Mao 1964–1977, IV, pp. 415, 423.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Political Consultative Conference 1949, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mao 1964–1977, II, p. 340.

    Google Scholar 

  56. For complete text, see Political Consultative Conference 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Mao 1964–1977, IV, p. 405f.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Political Consultative Conference 1949, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Mao 1964–1977, IV, p. 418. Mao’s thought here makes direct reference to the socialist conception of the Chinese reformist, K’ang Yu-wei, which itself goes back to the description of an ideal “communist” social order without social conflict by the classical Confucian thinker, Li-chi.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  61. This slogan had been coined by Sun Yat-sen. Cf. Sun Yatsen 1974, p. 329ff.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Mao 1964–1977, IV, p. 168.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Political Consultative Conference 1949, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Mao 1964–1977, III, p. 283, and IV, p. 168.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ibid., IV, pp. 169, 183, 203, 368.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Cf. Chen/Galenson 1969, p. 2; Liu/Yeh 1965, p. 66ff.; Kang Chao 1968, p. 557f.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Cf. Wilmanns 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Cf. Liu/Yeh 1965, p. 142f.; Hughes/Luard 1961, p. 15; John K. Chang 1969, p. 70ff.; Eck-stein/Galenson/Liu 1968, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Handke 1959, p. 133.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Simonis 1968, p. 37.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Cf. Grossmann 1960, p. 23f. Grossmann’s data are based on Buss 1955, p. 34. Also Rostow et al. 1957, p. 304f. Deviating estimates are to be found in Yuan-li Wu 1956, p. 119ff. The strong concentration of landed property in a few hands is still obvious. Cf. also the statistical data in Buck 1937 and Chao Kuo-chun 1960, p. 10lf.

    Google Scholar 

  72. China Committee 1952, p. 166.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rochlin/Hagemann 1971, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Der zweite Kongress der Kommunistischen Internationale, p. 175. Cf. also Whiting 1954, pp. 36f., 56.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Chen/Galenson 1969, p. 20; Cheng Yu-kwei 1956, p. 41; Yuan-li Wu 1956, p. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Grossmann 1960, p. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Yuan-li Wu 1956, p. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Cf. also the data on war damage done to the Chinese economy in the so-called “Wedemeyer Report” in: United States Relations with China, p. 780ff.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Cited according to United States Relations with China, p. 602.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Shun-hsin Chou 1971, p. 84.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Ibid. It was further stated in the Pauley Report: “They also circulated nearly ten billion Yuan in occupational currency, almost doubling the total Manchurian note issue. In addition to the removals, mentioned above, occupational currency was used to purchase factories and properties and some privately-owned merchandise and materials.”

    Google Scholar 

  82. See also John K. Chang 1969, p. 81f.

    Google Scholar 

  83. De Riencourt 1962, p. 327.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Beloff 1953, p. 38ff.; McLane 1958, pp. 207, 234ff.; Feis 1953, p. 320f. As early as October 17, 1945, the Soviet Union had proposed negotiations on the formation of mixed Sino-Soviet companies to the Nationalist government in Chungking, even though no detailed information had been made on the envisaged economic fields. Washington protested in Moscow against this procedure of the Soviet Union. In a note from the State Department to the Soviet government it was stated (February 9, 1946): “The Sino-Soviet Treaty and agreements signed August 14, 1945, provide for joint Sino-Soviet control over certain trunk railways in Manchuria, but these agreements exclude reference to any similar control over industrial enterprise in Manchuria.” United States Relations with China, p. 596.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Grossmann 1960, p. 42ff.; Yuan-li Wu 1956, p. 47ff.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Meijer 1971, p. 300.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Muller-Freienfels 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  89. C. K. Yang 1959, pp. 33, 36ff., 205f.; JMJP, September 29, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Muller-Freienfels 1969, p. 887.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Goode 1963, p. 317.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Müller-Freienfels 1969, p. 893.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Domes 1972, p. 46f.; C. K. Yang 1959, p. 77ff.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Mao 1964–1977, III, p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Cf. the major speech by Ma Yin-ch’u on this in: Fraser 1965, p. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Cf. Chi Tung-wei 1954, p. 2f.; Theodore Hsi-en Chen 1974, p. 29f.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Theodore Hsi-en Chen 1973, p. 700.

    Google Scholar 

  98. R. F. Price 1970, p. 191f.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Cf. Wittig 1972, p. 31; Priestley 1969, p. 59; Theodore Hsi-en Chen 1973, p. 700.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Cf. Eitner 1964, pp. 14, 35; David Kan 1971, p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  101. R. F. Price 1970, p. 32f.; Chu-yuan Cheng 1965, p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Eitner 1964, p. 33; David Kan 1971, p. 27; R. F. Price 1970, p. 165.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Chu-yuan Cheng 1965, p. 198; Borissow/Koloskow 1973, p. 61f.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Cf. Hu et al. 1960, p. 400; Horn 1975, p. 110; Bermann 1973, p. 127.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Tao-tai Hsia 1973, p. 129ff.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Sidel/Sidel 1975, p. 542.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Rifkin/Kaplinsky 1973, p. 222.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Bermann 1973, p. 124; R. Sidel 1973, p. 291; Tao-tai Hsia 1973, p. 118; Grashul 1957, p. 265.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Ibid.; Bol’šaja Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, Vol. XXI, p. 260; Horn 1975, p. 108ff.; Worth 1973, p. 660.

    Google Scholar 

  110. V. W. Sidel 1973, p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  111. PRe, 1975, No. 12 (March 21), p. 22.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Cf. Important Labour Laws, p. 11ff.; Kallgren 1969, p. 543f.; Dschai Bian 1975, p. 23f.; Chen/Galenson 1969, p. 190.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Cf. Tang/Maloney 1967, p. 241; Lethbridge 1965, p. 22; Tomson/Su 1972, p. 76.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Cf. the Law on Organizations of the Central People’s Government (September 27, 1949), in: Ch’ien Tuan-sheng 1950, p. 477ff.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Domes 1972, p. 32; cf. also Harrison 1972, p. 441.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Von Groeling 1971, p. 116f.; Schurmann 1968, p. 148.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Jen-min shou-ts’e 1956, p. 115ff.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Von Groeling 1971, p. 147; Tang/Maloney 1967, p. 204; Van Slyke 1967, p. 219ff.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Barnett 1964, p. 29f.; Townsend 1972, p. 145ff.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Martin/Bartke 1975, pp. 68, 76; Sjusin/Dshang 1957, p. 241; Barnett 1964, p. 31; cf. also Bol’šaja Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, Vol. XXI, p. 253.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Important Labour Laws, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Martin/Bartke 1975, p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Barnett 1964, p. 31f.; Townsend 1972, pp. 155, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Stscherbakow/Li 1957, p. 238f.; Martin/Bartke 1975, p. 35.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Chimatsch 1957, p. 245ff.; Croll 1974, p. 5f.; Bolšaja Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, Vol. XXI, p. 255.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Cf. the resolution on leadership methods of June 1, 1943, drawn up by Mao Tse-tung in the name of the Central Committee of the CCP in: Mao 1964–1977, III, p. 117ff.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Current Background, No. 39 (March 12, 1951).

    Google Scholar 

  128. China Committee 1952, p. 152. Cf. R. L. Walker 1956, p. 251; Rostow et al. 1957, p. 111ff.; Barnett 1964, p. 65f.; Whitacker/Shinn 1972, pp. 356, 579f.

    Google Scholar 

  129. China Committee 1952, p. 142.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Gardner 1969, p. 494; Townsend 1972, p. 87f.; Ho Kan-chih 1960, p. 571.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Gardner 1969, p. 519f.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Barnett 1964, p. 140f.

    Google Scholar 

  133. China Committee 1952, pp. 152f., 145.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Cf. Ibid., p. 81; Gardner 1969, p. 493.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Rostow et al. 1957, p. 316; Grossmann 1960, p. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Chin Szu-k’ai 1961, pp. 4, 22; Brahm 1969, p. 21; JMJP, February 3, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Chu-yuan Cheng 1964, p. 12ff.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Cf. Müller/Gross 1959, p. 75; Beloff 1953, pp. 75f., 266f.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Sovetsko-kitajskie otnošenija 1917–1957, p. 198ff.; Domes/Naeth 1972, pp. 39, 128, 197.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Sladkovskij 1968, p. 160f.; Müller/Gross 1959, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  141. The agreement was only made public in October 1954. Cf. Chin Szu-k’ai 1961, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Cf. also Müller/Gross 1959, p. 54ff.; Kapelinskij 1959, p. 440; Lysenko 1960, p. 47; Kambara 1974, p. 700f.; Chi-hua ching-chi, 1958, No. 9 (Sept.), p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Tung-pei jih-pao, January 2, 1953; Weiss 1975, p. 477.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Müller/Gross 1959, p. 3; Kapelinskij 1959, p. 440; Mayer 1962, p. 101f.; Chin Szu-k’ai 1961, p. 36f.; Pyn Min 1959, p. 279ff.; Klinkmüller/Ruban 1960, p. 240ff.; Sovetsko-kitajskie otnošenija 1917–1957, p. 227f.

    Google Scholar 

  145. The report of M. A. Suslov to the plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPSU on February 14, 1964, published in the April 3 edition of Pravda. Cf. Pommerening 1968, p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Cf. Eckstein 1966, p. 139f.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Mao 1964–1977, IV, p. 174.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Ibid., I, p. 137ff.

    Google Scholar 

  149. The Land Reform Law of the People’s Republic of China, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Chao Kuo-chun 1960, p. 125ff.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Cf. Hsüä/Su/Lin 1964, p. 90; Chao Kuo-chun 1957, p. 36; China Committee 1952, pp. 151f., 166f.; Rochlin/Hagemann 1971, p. 32f.; Mao 1968, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Grossmann 1960, p. 56; Rochlin/Hagemann 1971, p. 33; Schweizer 1972, p. 133; Chao Kuo-chun 1957, p. 158.

    Google Scholar 

  153. China Committee 1952, p. 156.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Ibid., p. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Grossmann 1960, p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Hsüä/Su/Lin 1964, p. 13. Cf. also Cheng Chu-yuan 1963, p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  157. China Committee 1952, p. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Cf. Donnithorne 1964, p. 111; 1967, p. 457ff.; Eckstein 1975, p. 204f.; Eckstein 1954–1955, p. 30; Yuan-li Wu 1956, p. 204ff.; Chao Kuo-chtin 1959–1960, Vol. 1, p. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Grossmann 1960, p. 108.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Cf. for a detailed exposition of the stabilization measures: Yuan-li Wu 1956, p. 63ff.

    Google Scholar 

  161. North Chinese Bank, Peihai Bank and the Farmers’ Bank of the Northwest. Cf. JMJP, December 6, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  162. The exchange is supposed to have been based on the going exchange rates. Starting on January 18, 1949, the branch office of the Chinese People’s Bank in Tientsin, the first larger “liberated city,” exchanged 1 yüan of the renminbi at the following rates (Miyashita 1966, p. 60f.)

    Google Scholar 

  163. Ibid., p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Ibid., pp. 60, 75.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Cf. the regulation of the State Administrative Council “On the Centralization of Financial and Economic Activity” from March 3, 1950 in: Cheng-wu-ytian, Ts’ai-cheng ching-chi wei-yüan hui 1950–1952, Vol. I, p. 26ff.

    Google Scholar 

  166. China Committee 1952, pp. 36, 40; cf. Ecklund 1966, p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  167. The program of the so-called “cash controls” was announced on April 7, 1950 by the State Administrative Council. Published in: Cheng-wu-yüan, Ts’ai-cheng ching-chi wei-yüan hui 1950–1952, Vol. I, p. 237f.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Maslennikov 1958, pp. 293, 324; Pru, 1965, No. 6 (Feb. 9), p. 12f.; Hsin Ying 1970, pp. 22, 64.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Harper 1964, p. 24; Chi Tung-wei 1954, p. 80.

    Google Scholar 

  170. China Committee 1952, p. 181.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Grossmann 1960, p. 49; Li Fu-dshun 1956, p. 4; China Committee 1952, p. 161.

    Google Scholar 

  172. State Statistical Bureau 1960, p. 130.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Grossmann 1960, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Gogol 1954, p. 90.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Ching-chi chou-pao, 1953, No. 4 (Jan. 29), p. 17f.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Li Fu-dshun 1956, p. 4; Ashbrook 1975, p. 42ff.; 1978, p. 204ff. Cf. also Richman 1969, p. 597ff.; Field 1967, p. 274; Lateef 1976, Vols. 1 and 2; Nai-Ruenn Chen 1967, p. 141.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Cited according to Esherick 1974, p. 314f.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung für Ostasienwissenschaften, Sektion Wirtschaft Ostasiens, Ruhr-University Bochum, Postfach 102148, D-4630, Bochum 1, Germany

    Professor Willy Kraus

Authors
  1. Professor Willy Kraus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kraus, W. (1982). Concepts of Development in the Chinese Communist Party Prior to the Founding of the People’s Republic of China. Realization in the Reconstruction Phase, 1949–1952. In: Economic Development and Social Change in the People’s Republic of China. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5728-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5728-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5730-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5728-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation