Abstract
Intracrystalline distribution in silicates has been a subject of interest among geochemists since the classical work of Goldschmidt (1954).1 The phenomenon of strong Fe2+ -Mg ordering in two of the common rock-forming ferromagnesian silicates, pyroxenes and amphiboles, was discovered in the early sixties through single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Soon thereafter, the possibility of rapid determination of intracrystalline Fe2+-Mg distributions through the newly discovered technique of Mössbauer resonance spectroscopy attracted the attention of a number of mineralogists and petrologists, because such distributions are related to the thermodynamic mixing properties of the Fe2+ and Mg-end member components, which are necessary for phase equilibrium calculations, and also to the cooling history of rocks. The purpose of this work (Parts I and II) is to critically review and synthesize the various contributions made in this field in the last two decades. We also include some of our own results, which are presented here for the first time. The crystal-chemical details, which are necessary to understand the atomic forces governing the Fe2+-Mg distribution in ferromagnesian silicates, as well as the experimental techniques commonly utilized to determine Fe2+ -Mg distribution, are reviewed in Part I (Ghose). Part II (Ganguly) deals with the thermodynamics and kinetics of Fe2+-Mg order-disorder and their application to geologic problems. Hopefully, this review will stimulate further interest in the subject and provide directions for future work.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, J. B. (1974) Visible and near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of pyroxenes as applied to remote sensing of solid objects in the solar system, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 4829–4836.
Bancroft, G. M., Burns, R. G. and Maddock, A. G. (1967) Determination of cation distribution in the cummingtonite-grunerite series by Mössbauer spectra, Amer. Mineral. 52, 1009–1026.
Bancroft, G. M., Maddock, A. G., Burns, R. G., and Strens, R. G. J. (1966) Cation distribution in anthophyllite from Mössbauer and infra-red spectroscopy, Nature 212, 913–915.
Bancroft, G. M., and Burns, R. G. (1967) Interpretation of the electronic spectra of pyroxenes, Amer. Mineral. 52, 1278–1287.
Bancroft, G. M. (1974) Mössbauer Spectroscopy: An Introduction for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists. Academic Press, New York.
Birle, J. D., Gibbs, G. V., Moore, P. and Smith, J. V. (1968) Crystal structures of natural olivines, Amer. Mineral. 53, 807–824.
Brown, G. E. (1980) Olivines and the silicate spinels. Reviews in Mineralogy, 5, Orthosilicates. Mineral. Soc. America, 275-381.
Brown, G. E., Prewitt, Papike, J. J., and Sueno, S. (1972) A comparison of the structures of low and high pigeonite, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5778–5789.
Brown, G. E. and Prewitt, C.T. (1973) High temperature crystal chemistry of hortonolite. Amer. Mineral. 58, 577–587.
Brown, M. G. and Gay, P. (1957) Observations on pigeonite. Acta Crystallogr. 10, 440–441.
Brown, W. L., Morimoto, N., and Smith, J. V. (1961) A structural explanation of the polymorphism and transitions of MgSiO3. J. Geol. 69, 609–616.
Burnham, C. W. (1966) Ferrosilite, Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 65, 285–290.
Burnham, C. W., Ohashi, Y., Hafner, S. S., and Virgo, D. (1971) Cation distribution and atomic thermal vibrations in an iron rich orthopyroxene. Amer. Mineral. 56, 850.
Burns, R. G. (1970) Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Burns, R. G. and Strens, R. J. G. (1966) Infrared study of the hydroxyl bands in clinoamphiboles. Science 153, 890–892.
Buseck, P. R., and Iijima, S. (1975) High resolution electron microscopy of enstatite. II. Geological application. Amer. Mineral. 60, 771–784.
Cameron, M. and Papike, J. J. (1981) Structural and chemical variations in pyroxenes. Amer. Mineral. 66, 1–50.
Dowty, E., Ross, M., and Cuttita, F. (1972) Fe2+, Mg distribution in Apollo 12021 clinopyroxenes: Evidence for bias in Mössbauer measurements, and relation of ordering to exsolution, Proceedings 3rd Lunar Science Conf., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1, 481–492.
Dowty, E., and Lindsley, D. H. (1973) Mössbauer study of synthetic hedenbergite-ferrosilite pyroxenes, Amer. Mineral. 58, 850–868.
Duffy, J. (1977) Phase equilibria in the system MgO-MgF2-SiO2-H2O, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
Eibschutz, M. and Ganiel, U. (1967) Mössbauer studies of Fe2+ in paramagnetic fayalite (Fe2SiO4). Solid State Commun. 5, 267–270.
Evans, B. J., Ghose, S., and Hafner, S. (1967) Hyperfine splitting of Fe57 and Mg-Fe order-disorder in orthopyroxenes (MgSiO3 solid solution). J. Geol. 75, 306–322.
Evans, B. W., Ghose, S., Rice, J. M., and Trommsdorff, V. (1974) Cummingtonite-anthophyllite phase transformation in metamorphosed ultramafic rocks, Ticino, Switzerland. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 55, 469.
Finger, L. W. (1969) The crystal structure and cation distribution of a grunerite. Mineral. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. No. 2, 95–100.
Finger, L. W. (1969) Determination of cation distribution by least squares refinement of single crystal x-ray data. Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book 67, 216–217.
Finger, L. W. (1970a) Refinement of the crystal structure of an anthophyllite. Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book 68, 283–288.
Finger, L. W. (1970b) Fe/Mg ordering in olivines. Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 69, 302–305.
Finger, L. W. and Virgo, D. (1971) Confirmation of Fe/Mg ordering in olivines. Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book 70, 221–225.
Forsyth, J. B. (1980) The Chemical Interpretation of Magnetization Density Distributions in Electron and Magnetization Densities in Molecules and Crystals, edited by P. Becker, pp. 791–821. Plenum, New York.
Francis, C. A. and Ribbe, P. H. (1980) The forsterite-tephroite series. I. Crystal structure refinements. Amer. Mineral. 65, 1263–1269.
Ghose, S. (1960) Fe-Mg ordering in some ferromagnesian minerals (abstract). Program and Abstracts. American Crystallographic Assoc. Washington Meeting, p. 19.
Ghose, S. (1961) The crystal structure of a cummingtonite. Acta Crystallogr. 14, 622–627.
Ghose, S. (1962) The nature of Mg2+-Fe2+ distribution in some ferromagnesian silicate minerals, Amer. Mineral. 41, 388–394.
Ghose, S. (1965a) Mg2+-Fe2+ order in an orthopyroxene, Mg0.93Fe1.07Si2O6. Z. Kristallogr. 122, 81–99.
Ghose, S. (1965b) A scheme of cation distribution in the amphiboles. Mineral. Mag. 35, 46–54.
Ghose, S. (1970) Book review: “Mineralogical Application of Crystal Field Theory,” Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 51, 613.
Ghose, S., McCallum, I. S., and Tidy, E. (1973) Luna 20 pyroxenes: exsolution and phase transformation as indicators of petrologic history. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 831–839.
Ghose, S. and Wan, C. (1974) Strong site preference of Co2+ in olivine, Co1.10Mg0.90SiO4. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 47, 131–140.
Ghose, S., Wan, C, and McCallum, I. S. (1976) Fe2+-Mg2+ order in an olivine from the lunar anorthosite 67075 and the significance of cation order in lunar and terrestrial olivines. Indiana J. Earth Sci. 3, 1–8.
Ghose, S., Wan, C, Okamura, F. P., Ohashi, H., and Weidner, J. R. (1975) Site preference and crystal chemistry of transition metal ions in pyroxenes and olivines (abstract). Acta Crystallogr. 31A, 576.
Ghose, S. and Wan, (1982) Crystal chemistry of magnesium rich primitive cummingtonites (In press).
Ghose, S. and Weidner, J. R. (1972) Mg2+-Fe2+ order-disorder in cummingtonite (Mg, Fe)7Si8-O22(OH)2: A new geothermometer. Earth Planet. Sci. Letts. 16, 346–354.
Ghose, S. and Weidner, J. R. (1974) Site preference of transition metal ions in olivine (abstr.) Geol. Soc. Amer. 6, 751.
Gibbs, G. V. (1969) Crystal structure of protoamphibole. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. No. 2, 101–10
Gibbs, G. V., and Ribbe, P. H. (1969) The crystal structures of the humite minerals. I. Norbergite, Amer. Mineral. 54, 376–390.
Gibbs, G. V., Ribbe, P. H., and Anderson, W. (1970) The crystal structures of the humite minerals. II. Chondrodite, Amer. Mineral. 55, 1182–1194.
Goldman, D. S., and Rossman, G. R. (1977) The spectra of iron in orthopyroxene revisited: the splitting of the ground state, Amer. Mineral. 62, 151–157.
Goldman, D. S., and Rossman, G. R. (1979) Determination of quantitative cation distribution in orthopyroxenes from electronic absorption spectra, Phys. Chem. Minerals. 4, 43–53.
Gütlich, P., Link, R., and Trautwein, A. (1978) Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Transition Metal Chemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Hafner, S. S., and Ghose, S. (1971) Iron and magnesium distribution in cum-mingtonites, Z. Kristallogr. 133, 301–326.
Iijima, S., and Buseck, P. R. (1975) High resolution electron microscopy of enstatite. I. Twinning, polymorphism and polytypistn, Amer. Mineral. 60, 758–770.
Jones, N. W., Ribbe, P. H., and Gibbs, G. V. (1969) Crystal chemistry of the humite minerals, Amer. Mineral. 54, 391–411.
Khristoforov, K. K., Nikitina, L. P., Krizhansky, L. M., and Yekimov, S. P. (1974) Kinetics of disordering of distribution of Fe2+ in orthopyroxene structures, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 214, 909–912.
Kockman, V., and Rucklidge, J. (1973) The crystal structure of a titaniferous clinohumite, Can. Mineral. 12, 39–45.
Malysheva, T. V., Kurash, V. V., and Ermakov, A. N. (1969) Study of the isomorphic replacement of magnesium and iron (II) in olivines by Mössbauer resonance spectroscopy, Geokhimiya 11, 1405–1408.
Morimoto, N. (1956) The existence of monoclinic pyroxenes with the space group C 5 2h-P21/c, Japan. Acad. 32, 750–752.
Morimoto, N., Appleman, D. E., and Evans, H. T., Jr. (1960) The crystal structure of clinoenstatite and pigeonite, Z. Kristallogr. 114, 120–147.
Mueller, R. F. (1973) System CaO-MgO-FeO-SiO2-C-H2-O2; some considerations from nature and experiment. Amer. J. Sci. 273, 152–170.
Nover, G., and Will, G. (1981) Structure refinements of seven natural olivine crystals and the influence of the oxygen partial pressure on the cation distribution. Z. Kristallogr. 155, 27–45.
Ohashi, Y., and Finger, L. W. (1976) The effects of Ca substitution on the structure of clinoenstatite. Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book 75, 743–746.
O’Nions, R. K. and Smith, D. G. W. (1973) Bonding in silicates: an assessment of bonding in orthopyroxene. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 249–257.
Papike, J. J., and Cameron, M. M. (1976) Crystal chemistry of silicate minerals of geophysical interest. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 14, 37–80.
Papike, J. J., Prewitt, Sueno, S., and Cameron, M. (1973) Pyroxenes: comparisons of real and ideal structural topologies. Z. Kristallogr. 138, 254–273.
Papike, J. J., and Ross, M. (1970) Gedrites: crystal structures and intracrystalline cation distributions Amer. Mineral. 55, 1945–1972.
Papike, J. J., Ross, M., and Clark, J. R. (1969) Crystal chemical characterization of clinoamphiboles based on five new structure refinements. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. No. 2, 117–13
Pauling, L. (1960) The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 3rd. Ed.
Prewitt, Papike, J. J., and Ross, M. (1970) Cummingtonite: a reversible nonquenchable transition from P21/m to C2/m symmetry. Earth Planet Sci. Letters, 8, 448–450.
Prewitt, Brown, G. E., and Papike, J. J. (1971) Apollo 12 clinopyroxenes: high temperature x-ray diffraction studies. Proc. 2nd Lunar Sci. Conf. 1, 59–68.
Rabbit, J. C. (1948) A new study of the anthophyllite series. Amer. Mineral. 33, 263–275.
Rajamani, V., Brown, G. E., and Prewitt, (1975) Cation ordering in Ni-Mg olivine. Amer. Mineral. 60, 292–299.
Ribbe, P. H., and Gibbs, G. V. (1971) Crystal structures of the humite minerals. III. Mg/Fe ordering in humite and its relation to other ferromagnesian silicates. Amer. Mineral. 56, 1155–1173.
Rice, J. M., Evans, W., and Trommsdorff, V. (1974) Widespread occurrence of magnesiocummingtonite in ultramafic schists, Cima di Gagnone, Ticino, Switzerland, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol 43, 245–251.
Robinson, K., Gibbs, G. V., and Ribbe, P. H. (1973) The crystal structures of the humite minerals. IV. Clinohumite and titanoclinohumite, Amer. Mineral. 58, 43–49.
Ross, M., Papike, J. J., and Shaw, H. R. (1969) Exsolution textures in amphiboles as indicators of sub-solidus thermal histories. Mineral Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 2, 275–299.
Rossman, G. R. (1979) Structural information from quantitative infra-red spectra of minerals. Trans. Amer. Crystallographic Assoc. 15, 77–91.
Sadanaga, R., Okamura, F. P., and Takeda, H. (1969) X-ray study of the phase transformation of enstatite. Mineral. J. (Japan) 6, 110–130.
Saxena, S. K., and Ghose, S. (1971) Mg2+-Fe2+ order-disorder and the thermodynamics of the orthopyroxene crystalline solution. Amer. Mineral. 56, 532–559.
Seifert, F. and Virgo, D. (1974) Temperature dependence of intra-cyrstalline Fe2+-Mg distribution in a natural anthophyllite. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Book, 73, 405–411.
Shannon, R. D. and Prewitt, C. T. (1970) Revised values of effective ionic radii. Acta Crystallogr. B26, 1046–1048.
Shinno, I. (1974) Mössbauer studies of olivine—the relation between Fe2+ site occupancy number T Mi and interplanar distance d 130. Mem. Geol. Soc. Japan 1, 11–17.
Shinno, I., Hyashi, M., and Kuroda, Y. (1974) Mössbauer studies of natural olivines, Mineral. J. Japan 7, 344–358.
Smyth, J. R. (1971) Protoenstatite: a crystal structure refinement at 1100°C. Z. Kristallogr. 134, 262–274.
Smyth, J. R. (1973) An orthopyroxene structure up to 850° Amer. Mineral. 58, 636–648.
Smyth, J. R. (1974) The high temperature crystal chemistry of clinohypersthene. Amer. Mineral. 59, 1069–1082.
Smyth, J. R. (1975) High temperature crystal chemistry of fayalite. Amer. Mineral. 60, 1092–1097.
Smyth, J. R. and Burnham, C. W. (1972) The crystal structures of high and low clinohypersthene. Earth Planet Sci. Letts. 14, 183–189.
Smyth, J. R., and Hazen, R. M. (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900°C. Amer. Mineral. 58, 588–593.
Smyth, J. R., and Ito, J. (1977) The synthesis and crystal structure of a magnesium-lithium-scandium protopyroxene, Amer. Mineral. 62, 1252–1257.
Stephenson, D. A., Sclar, and Smith, J. V. (1966) Unit cell volumes of synthetic orthoenstatite and low clinoenstatite, Mineral. Mag. 35, 838–846.
Sueno, S., Cameron, M., and Prewitt, (1976) Orthoferrosilite: high temperature crystal chemistry, Amer. Mineral. 61, 38–53.
Sueno, S., Papike, J. J., Prewitt, and Brown, G. E. (1972) Crystal structure of high cummingtonite, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5767–5777.
Tofield, (1975) The study of covalency by magnetic neutron scattering, in Structure and Bonding, Vol. 21, pp. 1–87. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975.
Tofield, (1976) Covalency effects in magnetic interactions, in Application of the Mössbauer effect. J. de Physique C-6 539–570.
Thompson, J. Jr. (1970) Geometrical possibilities for amphibole structures: model biopyriboles, Amer. Mineral. 55, 292–293.
Thompson, j. Jr. (1978). Biopyriboles and polysomatic series, Amer. Mineral. 63, 239–249.
Van Valkenburg, A. (1961) Synthesis of the humites, Mg2SiO4 ∙ Mg (F, OH)2, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards, A. Phys. Chem. 65, 415–428.
Varret, F. (1976) Crystal field effects on high-spin ferrous ion. J. de Physique. 37, C6437–C6456.
Veblen, D. R., and Burnham, W. (1978a) New biopyriboles from Chester, Vermont: I. Descriptive mineralogy, Amer. Mineral. 63, 1000–1009.
Veblen, D. R., and Burnham, C. W. (1978b) New biopyriboles from Chester, Vermont. II. The crystal chemistry of jimthompsonite, clinojimthompsonite, and chesterite, and the amphibole-mica reaction, Amer. Mineral. 63, 1053–1073.
Veblen, D. R., Buseck, P. R., and Burnham, W. (1977) Asbestiform chain silicates: new minerals and structural groups, Science 198, 359–365.
Virgo, D., and Hafner, S. (1969) Fe2+, Mg order-disorder in heated orthopyroxenes, Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. No. 2, 67–81.
Virgo, D., and Hafner, S. S. (1972) Temperature-dependent Mg, Fe distribution in a lunar olivine, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 14, 305–312.
Viswanathan, K., and Ghose, S. (1965) The effect of Mg2+-Fe2+ substitution on the cell dimension of cummingtonites, Amer. Mineral. 50, 1106–1112.
Walsh, D., Donnay, G., and Donnay, J. D. H. (1974) Jahn-Teller effects in ferromag-nesian minerals: pyroxenes and olivines, Bull. Soc. fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 97, 170–183.
Wenk, H. R., and Raymond, K. N. (1973) Four new structure refinements of olivine, Z. Kristallogr. 137, 86–105.
Wertheim, G. K. (1964) Mössbauer Effect: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, New York.
Will, G. and Nover, K. (1979) Influence of oxygen partial pressure on the Mg/Fe distribution in olivines. Phys. Chem. Minerals 4, 199–208.
Woolf son, M. M. (1970) An introduction to X-ray crystallography. Cambridge Univ. Press, 380 pp.
Yamamoto, K. and Akimoto, S. (1974) High pressure and high temperature investigations in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O. J. Solid State Chem. 9, 187–195.
Yamamoto, K., and Akimoto, S. (1977) The system MgO-H2O-SiO2 at high pressures and temperatures-stability field for hydroxyl-chondrodite, hydroxyl-clinohumite and 10 Å-phase. Amer. J. Sci. 277, 288–312.
References
Besancon, J. R. (1981a) Rate of cation ordering in orthopyroxenes, Amer. Mineral. 66, 965–973.
Besancon, J. R. (1981b) Cooling rate of orthopyroxene-bearing rocks estimated from magnesium-iron intersite distribution, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union EOS 62, 437.
Bonnischen, (1969) Metamorphic pyroxenes and amphiboles in the Biwabik Iron Formation, Dunka River Area, Minnesota. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 2, 217–239.
Boyd, F. R. (1973) A pyroxene geotherm, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 2533–2546.
Bradley, R. S. (1962) Thermodynamic calculations of phase equilibria involving fused salts. Part 1. General theory and application to equilibria involving calcium carbonate at high pressure, Amer. J. Sci. 260, 374–382.
Bragg, W. L., and Williams, E. J. (1934) The effect of thermal agitation on atomic arrangement in alloys, Proc. Roy. Soc. London 151A, 540–566.
Butler, P. (1969) Mineral compositions and equilibria in the metamorphosed iron formation of the Gagnon Region, Quebec, Canada, J. Petrology 10, 56–101.
Darken, L. S., and Gurry, R. W. (1953) Physical Chemistry of Metals. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Dienes, G. J. (1955) Kinetics of order-disorder transformation, Acta Metall. 3, 549–557.
Dodson, M. H. (1976) Kinetic processes and thermal history of slowly cooling solids, Nature 259, 551–553.
Flood, H., Forland, T., and Grjotheim, K. (1954) Uber den Zusammenhang zwischen konzentration and aktivitäten in geschmolzenen salzmischungen, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 276, 290–315.
Ganguly, J. (1976) Energetics of natural garnet solid solutions. II. Mixing of the calciumsilicate end-members, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 55, 81–90.
Ghose, S. (1982) Order-disorder in ferromagnesian silicates. I. Crystal-chemistry, in Advances in Physical Geochemistry, 2, edited by S. K. Saxena, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
Ghose, S., and Weidner, J. R. (1972) Mg2+-Fe2+ order-disorder in cummingtonite, (Mg, Fe)7Si8O22(0H)2: A new geothermometer, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 16, 346–354.
Glasstone, S. Laidler, J., and Eyring, H. (1941) The Theory of Rate Processes. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Grover, J. (1974) On calculating activity coefficients and other excess functions from the intracrystalline exchange properties of a double-site phase, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 1527–1548.
Grover, J., and Orville, P. (1970) Partitioning of cations in coexisting single-and multi-site phases: A reply with incidental corrections, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 1361–1364.
Hafner, S. S., and Ghose, S. (1971) Iron and magnesium distribution in cum-mingtonites (Fe, Mg)7Si8O22(OH)2, Z Kristallogr. 133, 301–326.
Hafner, S. S., Virgo, D., and Warburton, D. (1971) Cation distribution and cooling history of clinopyroxenes from Oceanus Procellarum, Proc. Second Lunar Sci. Conf. 1, 91–108.
Kerrick, D. M., and Darken, L. S. (1975) Statistical thermodynamic models of ideal oxide and silicate solid solutions, with application to plagioclase, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 1431–1442.
Khristoforov, K. K., Nikitina, L. P., Krizhanskiy, L. M., and Yekimov, S. P. (1974) Kinetics of disordering of distribution of Fe2+ in orthopyroxene structures, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 214, 909–912 (transi. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 214, 165-167 (1975).
Kishina, N. R. (1978) Decomposition structures and Fe2+-Mg ordering in pyroxenes as indicators of subsolidus cooling rates, Geochem. Int. 15, 65–78.
Kretz, R. (1978) Distribution of Mg, Fe2+ and Mn in some calcic pyroxene horn-blende-biotite-garnet gneisses and amphibolites from the Grenville Province, J. Geology 86, 599–619.
Lane, D. L., and Ganguly, J. (1980) A12O3 solubility in orthopyroxene in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2: A réévaluation and mantle geotherm, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 6963–6972.
Matsui, Y., and Banno, S. (1965) Intracrystalline exchange equilibrium in silicate solid solutions, Proc. Japan Acad. 41, 461–466.
McCallister, R. H., Finger, L. W., and Oshashi, Y. (1976) Intracrystalline Fe2+-Mg equilibria in three natural Ca-rich clinopyroxenes, Amer. Mineral. 61, 671–676.
McFadden, P. L. (1977) A paleomagnetic determination of emplacement temperature of some South African kimberlites, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 50, 587–604.
Mueller, R. F. (1960) Compositional characteristics and equilibrium relations in mineral assemblages of a metamorphosed iron formation, Amer. J. Sci. 258, 449–497.
Mueller, R. F. (1961) Analysis of relations among Mg, Fe and Mn in certain metamorphic minerals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ada 25, 267–296.
Mueller, R. F. (1962) Energetics of certain silicate solid solutions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 26, 581–598.
Mueller, R. F. (1967) Model for order-disorder kinetics in certain quasi-binary crystals of continuously variable composition, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28, 2239–2243.
Mueller, R. F. (1969) Kinetics and thermodynamics of intracrystalline distribution, Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. No. 2, 83–93.
Mueller, R. F. (1970) Two-step mechanism for order-disorder kinetics in silicates, Amer. Mineral. 55, 1210–1218.
Mueller, R. F. (1973) System CaO-MgO-FeO-SiO2-C-H2-O2: Some correlations from nature and experiment, Amer. J. Sci. 273, 152–170.
Mueller, R. F., Ghose, S., and Saxena, S. K. (1970) Partitioning of cations between coexisting single-and multi-site phases: A discussion, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34, 1356–1360.
Navrotsky, A. (1971) The intracrystalline cation distribution and the thermodynamics of solid solution formation in the system FeSiO3-MgSiO3, Amer. Mineral. 56, 201–211.
Nix, F. C, and Shockley, W. (1938) Order-disorder transformation in alloys, Rev. Mod. Phys. 10, 1–67.
Powell, R. (1976) Activity-composition relationships for crystalline solutions, in Thermodynamics in Geology, edited by D. G. Fraser, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Papike, J. J., and Ross, M. (1970) Gedrites: crystal structures and intracrystalline cation distributions, Amer. Mineral. 55, 1945–1972.
Rabbitt, J. C. (1948) A new study of the anthophyllite series, Amer. Mineral. 33, 263–323.
Ramberg, H., and DeVore, G. W. (1951) The distribution of Fe2+ and Mg2+ in coexisting olivines and pyroxenes, J. Geology 59, 193–210.
Sack, R. O. (1980) Some constraints on the thermodynamic mixing properties of Fe-Mg orthopyroxenes and olivines, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol 71, 257–269.
Saxena, S. K. (1973) Thermodynamics of Rock-Forming Crystalline Solutions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York.
Saxena, S. K., and Ghose, S. (1971) Mg2+-Fe2+ order-disorder and the thermodynamics of the orthopyroxene crystalline solution, Amer. Mineral. 56, 532–559.
Saxena, S. K., Ghose, S., Turnock, A. C. (1974) Cation distribution in low-calcium pyroxenes: dependence on temperature and calcium content and the thermal history of lunar and terrestrial pigeonites, Earth and Plant. Sci. Lett. 21, 194–200.
Seifert, F. (1975) Equilibrium Mg2+-Fe2+ cation distribution in anthophyllite, Amer. J. Sci. 278, 1323–1333.
Seifert, F., and Virgo, D. (1974) Temperature dependence of intracrystalline Fe2+-Mg distribution in a natural anthophyllite, Carnegie Inst. Washington Yearbook 73, 405–411.
Seifert, F., and Virgo, D. (1975) Kinetics of Fe2+-Mg order-disorder reaction in anthophyllites: Quantitative cooling rates, Science 188, 1107–1109.
Snellenburg, J. W. (1975) Computer simulation of the distribution of octahedral cations in orthopyroxenes, Amer. Mineral. 60, 441–447.
Stout, J. H. (1972) Phase petrology and mineral chemistry of coexisting amphiboles from Telemark, Norway, J. Petrology 13, 99–145.
Temkin, M. (1945) Mixtures of fused salts as ionic solutions, Acta Physicochim. URSS 20, 411–420.
Thompson, J. B. (1969) Chemical reactions in crystals, Amer. Mineral. 54, 341–375.
Virgo, D., and Hafner, S. S. (1969) Order-disorder in heated orthopyroxenes, Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. No. 2, 67–81.
Virgo, D., and Hafner, S. S. (1970) Fe2+-Mg order-disorder in natural orthopyroxenes, Amer. Mineral. 55, 210–223.
Wood, B. J., and Nicholls, J. (1978) The thermodynamic properties of reciprocal solid solutions, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 66, 389–400.
Yund, R. A., and Tullis, J. (1980) The effect of water, pressure, and strain on Al/Si order-disorder kinetics in feldspar, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 72, 297–302.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghose, S., Ganguly, J. (1982). Mg-Fe Order-Disorder in Ferromagnesian Silicates. In: Saxena, S.K. (eds) Advances in Physical Geochemistry. Advances in Physical Geochemistry, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5683-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5683-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5685-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5683-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive