Skip to main content

DDT: Health aspects in relation to man and risk/benefit assessment based thereupon

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 90))

Abstract

Every chemical substance with biocidal and pharmacological activity has two sides: it produces desirable and undesirable effects and these have to be weighed one against the other. This is true not only of drugs but also of pesticides and DDT is no exception. It was Dr. Paul Müller, a chemist working on a purely synthetic plant protection agent in Basle just on the outbreak of World War II, who discovered the insecticidal activity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in 1939. When tested on files, Colorado beetles, and other insects, DDT proved to be exceptionally active (Müller 1946, 1949).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agthe, C., H. Garcia, P. Shubik, L. Tomatis, and E. Wenyon: Study of the potential carcinogenicity of DDT in the Syrian Golden Hamster. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 134, 113 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Althouse, R., J. Huff, L. Tomatis, and J. Wilbourn: An evaluation of chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in humans based on human and animal data: IARC Monographs Vol. 1 to 20. Cancer Res. 40, 1 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, M. H.: Poly chlorinated and other persistent compounds. Presented 14th Ann. Meeting Swiss Soc. for Experimental Biol. (SGEB) (USSBE), Interlaken, Apr. 1–2(1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Borlaug, N. E.: In defense of DDT and other pesticides. Pesticides 8 (No. 5), 14 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buxtorf, A.: Die Anwendung von Dichlordiphenyltrichloraethan als Insektizid in der Human- und Veterinärhygiene. In Müller, P., R. Domenjoz, R. Wiesmann, and A. Buxtorf (eds.): Dichlordiphenyltrichloraethan als Insektizid und seine Bedeutung für die Human- und Veterinaerhygiene. Ergebn. Hyg. Bakt. Immunitätsforsch, exper. Therap. 26, 61 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabral, J. R. P., R. K. Hall, and P. Shubik: Effects of long-term DDT intake in rats. Abstr. 20th Congress European Soc. Toxicol., West-Berlin, June 25–28 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Rossie, S. A. Bronczyk, and P. Shubik: Comparative chronic toxicity of DDT in rats and hamsters. Abst. Soc. Toxicol., 19th Ann. Meeting, Washington, D.C. (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack of carcinogenicity of DDT in hamsters. Tumori 68,5 (1982 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Effects of long-term intake of DDT on rats. Tumori 68,11 (1982 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. E., L. A. Richardson, and M. L. Schäfer: Insecticide residues in the human diet. Arch. Environ. Health 10, 831 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. J.: Abstr. 140th Meeting Amer. Chem. Soc., Chicago, 111., p. 21 A (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemmesen, J., and S. Hjalgrim-Jensen: A follow-up for cancer through 1943–1972 among 8078 epileptics admitted for anticonvulsant therapy 1933–1962. Proc. 1st Internat. Congr. Toxicol., ed. by Gabriel L. Plan and W. A. M. Duncan. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues: Information on pesticide residue intake results of national studies: Canada, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, USA. CX/PR 79/5 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Information on pesticide residue intake results of national studies: Canada, United Kingdom, USA. CX/PR 80/9 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, D. M., L. A. Cavanagh, J. E. De Vries, and B. Walther: Microcoulometric gas chromatography of pesticides. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 399 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deichman, W. B.: The debate on DDT. Arch. Toxikol. 29, 1 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deichman, W. B. and W. E. MacDonald: Liver cancer deaths in the continental USA from 1930 to 1972. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Ass. J. 37, 495 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: Rückstände in Frauenmilch-Situation und Bewertung. Kommission zur Prüfung von Rückständen in Lebensmitteln. Mitteilung V. Harald Boldt Verlag 30 pp., Boppard (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Domenjoz, R.: Experimentelle Erfahrungen mit einem neuen Insektizid (Neocid-Geigy), ein Beitrag zur Theorie der Kontaktgift Wirkung. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 74, 952(1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, R. E.: Residues in food and feed. Pesticide residue levels in food in the United States from July 1, 1963 to June 30, 1967. Pest. Monit. J. 2, 2 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, R. E., and P. E. Corneliussen: Dietary intake of pesticide chemicals in the United States (III), June 1968–April 1970. Pest. Monit. J. 5, 331 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, W. F., J. F. Armstrong, and G. E. Quinby: DDT and DDE content of complete prepared meals. Arch. Environ. Health 11, 641 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO: Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in food: Report of a Joint Meeting of the FAO Committee on Pesticides in Agriculture and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues, FAO Meeting Report No. PL/1963/13; WHO Food Addit. Ser., 23, 55 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO: Evaluation of the toxicity of pesticide residues in food, FAO Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/1; WHO Food Addit. Ser. 27.65, p. 63 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO: Evaluation of some pesticide residues in food. 1966. FAO, PL:CP/15; WHO Food Addit. 67. 32, p. 49 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO: 1967 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. FAO/PL/1967/M/1; WHO Food Addit. 68. 30, p. 62 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO: 1969 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food. The Monographs. FAO/PL/1969/M/17/1; WHO Food Addit. Ser. 70. 38, p. 61 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO: Pesticide residues in food-1979 Evaluations. The Monographs. Data and recommendations of the joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues. FAO, Rome (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzhugh, O. G., and A. A. Nelson: The chronic oral toxicity of DDT (2,2-bis-p- chlorophenyl-l,l,l-trichloroethane). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 89, 18 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, R. E.: House spraying with residual insecticides with special reference to malaria control. World Health Organization WHO/VBC/78.704; WHO/ MAL/78.904 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: A rapid method for the quantitative estimation of DDT and of DDT spray- or dust-deposits. Univ. of Calif. CES mimeo June (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, W. J. Jr., W. F. Durham, and C. Cueto Jr.: The effect of known repeated oral doses of chlorophenothane (DDT) in man. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 162, 890 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, W. J. Jr., W. F. Durham, and C. Cueto Jr.: Pharmacology and toxicology of DDT. In Müller, P. (ed.): DDT: The insec-ticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its significance. DDT Human and Veterinary Medicine, ed. by Simmons, S. W. vol. 2, pp. 9–247. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel und Stuttgart (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, W. J. Jr., W. F. Durham, and C. Cueto Jr., W. E. Dale, and C. I. Pirkle: Evidence of safety of long-term, high, oral doses of DDT for man. Arch. Environ. Health 22, 119 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, W. J. Jr., W. F. Durham, and C. Cueto Jr.: Toxicology of pesticides. Williams and Williams Co., Baltimore, 580 pp. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, G. L., and D. E. Woolley: Tissue concentrations of DDT: Correlation with neurotoxicity in young and adult rats. Proc. Wt. Pharmacol. Soc. 12, 58 (1969); cited according to WHO Environmental Health Criteria 9: DDT and its derivatives. World Health Organization, Geneva (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, G. L., and D. E. Woolley: Mechanisms of neurotoxic action of l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) in immature and adult rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 175,60(1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, D. G., H. M. Worth, J. L. Emmerson, and R. C. Anderson: Stimulation of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by chlorophenothane (DDT); the relationship to liver enlargement and hepatoxicity in the rat. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 16, 171 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, W. S., H. Adler, W. I. Funkbein, and F. C. Bauer: Relation of pesticide concentrations in fat to pathological changes in tissues. Arch. Environ. Health 15, 758 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huff, J. E.: DDT and cancer. Clin. Toxicol. 16, 389 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer.: IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: Some organochlorine pesticides. DDT and associated substances. Lyon. Vol. 5, 241 pp. (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jukes, T. H.: Insecticides in health, agriculture and the environment. Naturwis-senschaften 61, 6 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jukes, T. H.: DDT and cancer. Clin. Toxicol. 14, 461 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laws, E. R. Jr., A. Curley, and F. J. Biros: Men with intensive occupational exposure to DDT. A clinical and chemical study. Arch. Environ. Health 15, 766 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laws, E. R. Jr., A. Curley, and F. J. Biros, W. C. Maddrey, F. J. Biros, and V. W. Burse: Long-term occupational exposure to DDT. Effect on the human liver. Arch. Environ. Health 27, 318 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepes, T.: Review of research on malaria. Bull. World Health Org. 50, 151 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, F. C., D. C. Jessup, and A. Lavallee: Toxicity of pesticides to young versus adult rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 3, 591 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubitz, J. A., L. Freeman, and R. Okun: Mitotane use in inoperable adrenal cortical carcinoma. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 223, 1109 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, J. A., and R. L. Dixon: Gonadal function in mice exposed prenatally to p,p-DDT. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 22, 327 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Metealf, R. L.: A century of DDT. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 511 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooser, H.: Die Bedeutung des Neocid-Geigy für die Verhütung und Bekämpfung der durch Insekten übertragenen Krankheiten. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 74, 947 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. P., and C. C. Roan: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residue in human tissues. Arch. Environ. Health 20, 452 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. P., and C. C. Roan: Absorption, storage, and metabolic conversion of ingested DDT and DDT metabolites in man. Arch. Environ. Health, 22, 301 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. P., and C. C. Roan: Loss of DDT from storage in human body fat. Nature 238, 221, (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, P.: Ueber Zusammenhänge zwischen Konstitution und insektizider Wirkung. I. Dichlordiphenyl-trichloraethan-Derivate und verwandte Verbindungen. Helv. Chim. Acta 29, 1560 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, P.: Dichlordiphenyltrichloräthan und neuere Insektizide. Les Prix Nobel en 1948. Stockholm. Kungl. Boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt amp; Söner (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D. A.: WHO, Malaria Action Programme: Personal communication (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottoboni, A., G. D. BisseU, and A. C. Hexter: Effects of DDT on reproduction in multiple generations of Beagle dogs. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6, 83 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pesendorfer, H.: Ruckstande von Organochlorpestiziden (DDT u. a.) und polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB’s) in der Muttermilch. Wien. klin. Wschr. 87, 732(1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poland, A., D. Smith, R. Kuntzman, M. Jacobson, and A. H. Conney: Effect of intensive occupational exposure to DDT on phenylbutazone and Cortisol metabolism in human subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 724 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, L. M.: Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB’s) and their interference with pesticide residue analysis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 4, 128 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roan, C., D. Morgan, and E. H. Paschal: Urinary excretion of DDA following ingestion of DDT and DDT metabolites in man. Arch. Environ. Health 22, 309(1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, G.: Fortschritte in der Bekämpfung des Läuse-Fleckfiebers und der Malaria. Acta Trop. 1, 193 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, L., M. Ravera, G. Repetti, and L. Santi: Long-term administration of DDT or phenobarbital-Na in Wistar rats. Internat. J. Cancer 19, 179 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sethunathan, N., R. Siddaramappa, T. K. Siddarame Gowda, and K. P. Rajaram: Pesticide residue problems in flooded rice ecosystems. FAO, Rome, pp. 51–60(1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, S. W.: The use of DDT insecticides in human medicine. In Müller, P. (ed.): DDT: The insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its significance. Human and veterinary medicine, ed. by Simmons, S. W., vol. 2, pp. 251–502. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Stuttgart, 570 pp. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M. S., S. B. Soloway, R. A. Mayes, and H. L. Haller: Colorimetric determination of DDT. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. ed. 17, 704 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlatter, Ch.: Toxikologie der chädlingsbekämpfungsmittel. Schweiz. Rund-schau Med. (Praxis) 66, 470 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schüpbach, M. R., and H. Egli: Organochlorpestizide und polychlorierte Biphenyle in der Muttermilch. Mitt. Gebiete Lebensm. Hyg. 70, 451 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schüpbach, M. R., and H. Egli: Die DDT-Anreicherung in der Nahrungskette, ein Modellfall und was wir daraus lernen sollten. Helvetas Partnershaft 21 (No. 84), 16 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Talekar, N. S., J. S. Chen, and H. T. Kao: Persistence of certain insecticides in subtropical soil. Abstr. 182nd Meeting Amer. Chem. Soc., New York (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terracini, B., M. C. Testa, J. R. Cabral, and N. Day: The effects of long-term feeding of DDT to BALB/c mice. Internat. J. Cancer 11, 747 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. P. H., C. W. T. Pilcher, J. Robinson, G. M. Stathers, A. E. M. McLean, and R. Williams: Treatment of unconjugated jaundice with dico- phane. Lancet 2, 4 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomatis, L., V. Turusov, N. Day, and R. T. Charles: The effect of long-term exposure to DDT on CF-1 mice. Internat. J. Cancer 10, 489 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomatis, L., V. Turusov, N. Day, and R. T. Charles: Studies on the carcinogenicity of DDT. GANN Monograph on Cancer Research 17, 219 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tönz, O.: Pestizide in der Muttermilch. Schweiz. Aerztezeitung 62, 2437 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vettorazzi, G.: Handbook of international food regulatory toxicology. Vol. 1: Evaluations. New York, London: Spectrum Publications (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vettorazzi, G.: International regulatory aspects for pesticide chemicals. Vol. I: Toxicity profiles. Boca Raton, FL: CRS Press (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vettorazzi, G. and B. M. Radaelli-Benvenuti: International regulatory aspects for pesticide chemicals. Vol. II: Table and bibliography. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K. C., M. B. Goette, and G. S. Batchelor: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloro- ethane and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene content of prepared meals. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2, 1034 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesmann, R.: Neue Versuche mit Arsenersatzstoffen im Obstbau. Schweiz. Z. Obst-u. Weinbau 51,155 (1942a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesmann, R.: Die Verwendung der Arsenersatzstoffe im Gemüsebau. Forschungsergeb-nisse aus dem Gebiete des Gartenbaus 2, 29 (1942b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, M., M. Thomas, S. Wernick, S. Levin, and M. T. Farvar: Analysis of pesticide residues in 290 samples of Guatemalan mother’s milk. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16, 652 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: The place of DDT in operations against malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Off. Ree. of WHO, Geneva No. 190, App. 14, pp. 176–182 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Safe use of pesticides. WHO Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 513, 54 pp. (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of disease to pesticides. WHO Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 585, 88 pp. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Environmental health criteria 9: DDT and its derivatives. World Health Organization, Geneva, 194 pp. (1979 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: WHO Expert Committee on malaria. 17th Report. WHO Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 640, 71 pp. (1979 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Report of the second meeting of the scientific working group on applied field research in malaria. Annex III: Long-term effects of DDT. TDR/ FIELDMAL-SWG (2)/79.3 (1979 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Information on the world malaria situation, January-December 1977. Re-printed from WHO Wkly. Epidem. Ree. Nos. 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, and 22 (1979 d).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Synopsis of the world malaria situation, 1978. WHO Wkly. Epidem. Ree. 55, No. 26, 193 (1980a).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: World malaria situation causes concern. Press Release WHO/3, Jan. 23, (1980 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides. WHO Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 655,82 pp. (1980 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization: Malaria control and national health goals. WHO Tech. Rept. Ser. No. 680, 68 pp. (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerli, B., and B. Marek: Die Belastung der schweizerischen Bevölkerung mit Pestiziden. Mitt. Gebiete Lebensm. Hyg. 64, 459 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkernagel, R., and R. Gasser: Ueber Getreidekonservierung, Insektenbekampfung mit insektiziden Staubenmitteln. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 19, 653(1946).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Spindler, M. (1983). DDT: Health aspects in relation to man and risk/benefit assessment based thereupon. In: Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (eds) Residue Reviews. Residue Reviews, vol 90. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5606-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5606-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5608-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5606-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics