Skip to main content

Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium

  • Chapter
The Menopause

Abstract

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract, with an estimated 39,000 new cases of invasive carcinoma of the endometrium and 3000 deaths in 1982.1 During the three decades before 1970 the incidence of cancer of the uterine corpus in the United States had been stable. Weiss et al.2 examined the incidence rates of endometrial cancer from eight areas in the United States served by population-based cancer reporting systems and concluded that the incidence of endometrial cancer had risen sharply in the 1970s. The use of estrogen preparations by postmenopausal women is presumed to be responsible for this increasing incidence of endometrial cancer. More recently, a trend in decreasing incidence of endometrial carcinoma has been noted. This is speculated to be due to an increased number of hysterectomies being performed and a decreasing use of estrogen preparations by postmenopausal women.3

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures. 1982:16.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Weiss NS, Szekely DR, Austin DF. Increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1976; 294:1259–1262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ziel HK. Estrogen’s role in endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 60:509–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Morrow CP, Townsend DE. Cancer of the uterine corpus. In: Morrow CP, Townsend DE, eds. Synopsis of gynecologic oncology. New York: Wiley, 1981:133–155.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wynder EL, Escher GC, Mantal N. An epide-miologic investigation of cancer of the endo-metrium. Cancer. 1966; 19:489–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Armstrong B, Doll R. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference of dietary practices. Int J Cancer. 1975; 15:617–665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gusberg SB, Frick HC. Cancer of the endome-trium: diagnosis and histogenesis. In: Gusberg SB, Frick HC, eds. Corscaden’s gynecologic cancer. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1970:363.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Silverberg SG, Makowski EL, Endometrial carcinoma in young women taking oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 1975; 46:503–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Smith DC, Prentice R, Thompson DJ, et al. Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med. 1975; 293:1164–1167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ziel HK, Finkle WD. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med. 1975; 293:1167–1170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mack TM, Pike MC, Henderson BE, et al. Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community. N Engl J Med. 1976; 294:1262–1267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. McDonald TW, Annegers JF, O’Fallon WM, et al. Exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma: case control and incidence study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 127:572–580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Antunes CMF, Stolley PD, et al. Endometrial cancer and estrogen use. Report of a large case control study. N Engl J Med. 1979; 300:9–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Christian L: Oestrogens and endometrial cancer: A point of view. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 4:145–167.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gordon J, Reagan JW, Finkle WD, et al. Estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. An independent pathology review supporting original risk estimate. N Engl J Med. 1977; 297:570–571.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Smith DC, Prentice RL, Bauermeister DE. Endometrial carcinoma: Histopathology, survival, and exogenus estrogens. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1981; 12:169–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jick HJ, Watkins RN, Hunter JR, et al. Replacement estrogens and endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med. 1979; 300:218–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Koss LG, Schreiber K, Oberlander SG, et al. Screening of asymptomatic women for endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 57:681–691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Anderson DG, Eaton CJ, Galinkin LJ, et al. The cytologic diagnosis of endometrial adeno-carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976; 125:376–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hathcock EW Jr, Williams GA, Engelhardt S. Office aspiration curettage of the endome-trium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 120:205–213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hofmeister FJ. Endometrial biopsy: Another look. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 118:773–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hendrickson MR, Kempson RL. Epithelial neoplasms: Endometrial carcinoma. In: Hen-drichson MR, Kempson RL, eds. Surgical pathology of the uterine corpus. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1980:333–388.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ng AB, Reagan JW, Storaasli JP, et al. Mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endome-trium. Am J Clin Pathol. 1973; 59:765–781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Silverberg SG, Bolin MG, DeGiorgi LS. Ade-noacanthoma and mixed adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium. A clinicopatholo-gic study. Cancer. 1972; 30:1307–1314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Christopherson WM, Alberhasky RC, Connelly PJ. Carcinoma of the endometrium. I. A clinicopathologic study of clear-cell carcinoma and secretory carcinoma. Cancer. 1982; 49:1511–1523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kurman RJ, Scully RE. Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. An analysis of 21 cases. Cancer. 1976; 37:872–882.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Christopherson WM, Alberhasky RC, Connelly PJ. Carcinoma of the endometrium. II. Papillary adenocarcinoma. A clinical pathological study of 46 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1982; 77:534–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Roberts JA, Lifshitz S. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with psammoma bodies. J Iowa Med Soc. 1982; 72:196–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fluhmann CF. Squamous epithelium in the endometrium in benign and malignant conditions. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1928; 46:309–316.

    Google Scholar 

  30. White AJ, Buchsbaum HJ, Macasaet MA. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol. 1973; 41:912–919.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lifshitz S, Schauberger CW, Platz CA, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium. J Reprod Med. 1981; 26:25–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Baggish MS, Woodruff TD. The occurrence of squamous epithelium in the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1966; 22:69–115.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Voet RL, Waisman J, Ballon SC. Intraepithe-lial epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix, endometrium, and a fallopian tube. Gynecol Oncol. 1979; 8:349–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kottmeier H, Kolstad P, eds. Annual report on the results of treatment in carcinoma of the uterus, vagina and ovary, Vol. 16. Stockholm: FIGO, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jones HW. Treatment of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1975; 30:147–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cheon HK. Prognosis of endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1969; 34:680–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lewis B, Stallworthy JA, Cowdell R. Adenocarcinoma of the body of the uterus. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1970; 77:343–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shah CA, Green TH. Evaluation of current management of endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1972; 39:500–509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nahhas WA, Lund CJ, Rudolph JH. Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. Obstet Gynecol. 1971; 38:564–570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wade ME, Kohorn EI, Morris JMc. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: evaluation of preoperative irradiation and factors influencing prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967; 99:869–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Malkasian GD. Carcinoma of the endometrium. Effect of stage and grade on survival. Cancer. 1978; 41:996–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Austin JH, MacMahon B. Indicators of prognosis in carcinoma of the corpus uteri. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1969; 128:1247–1252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Creasman WT. Surgical treatment of endometrial carcinoma. In: Buchsbaum HJ, ed. Gyne-cology and obstetrics, Vol. 4. Hagerstown, Md.: Harper & Row, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Javert C, Renning E. Treatment of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Am J Roentgenol. 1956; 75:508–514.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Surwit EA, Fowler WC, Rogoff EE, et al. Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1979; 5:323–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ng AB, Reagan JW. Incidence and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma by histologic grade and extent. Obstet Gynecol. 1970; 35:437–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lewis GC, Bundy B. Surgery for endometrial cancer. Cancer. 1981; 48:568–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lutz MH, Underwood PB, Kreatner A, et al. Endometrial carcinoma. A new method of classification of therapeutic and prognostic significance. Gynecol Oncol. 1978; 6:83–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Morrow CP, DiSaia PJ, Townsend DE. Current management of endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1973; 43:399–406.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Stallworthy JA. Surgery for endometrial cancer in the bonney tradition. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1971; 48:293–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Creasman WT, Rutledge FR. The prognostic value of peritoneal cytology in gynecologic malignant diseases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971; 110:773–781.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Keettel WC, Pixley EE, Buchsbaum HJ. Experience with peritoneal cytology in the management of gynecologic malignancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 120:174–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Szpak CA, Creasman WT, Vollmer RT, et al. Prognostic value of cytologic examination of peritoneal washings in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Acta Cytol. 1981; 25:640–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Heyman J. Radiological or operative treatment of cancer of the uterus. Acta Radiol. 1927; 8:363–366.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bickenbach W, Lockmuller H, Dirlich G, et al. Factor analysis of endometrial carcinoma in relation to treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 1967; 29:632–636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Pratt JH, Symmonds RE, Welch JS. Vaginal hysterectomy for carcinoma of fundus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964; 88:1063–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Park RC, Patow WE, Petty WM, et al. Treatment of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1974; 2:60–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rutledge F. The role of radical hysterectomy in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1974; 2:331–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Joelsson I, Sandri A, Kottmeier HL. Carcinoma of the uterine corpus. A retrospective survey of individualized therapy. Acta Radiol. (Suppl.) 1973; 334:3–63.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Keller D, Kempson RL, Levine G, et al. Management of the patient with early endometrial carcinoma. Cancer. 1974; 33:1108–1116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Homesley HD, Boronow RC, Lewis JL. Treatment of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium at Memorial-James Ewing Hospitals, 1949-1965. Obstet Gynecol. 1976; 47:100–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lewis GC, Mortel R, Nelson HS. Endometrial cancer. Therapeutic decision and the staging process in “early” disease. Cancer. 1977; 39:959–966.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Bean HA, Bryant AJ, Carmichael JA, et al. Carcinoma of the endometrium in Saskatchewan, 1966 to 1971. Gynecol Oncol. 1978; 6:503–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Prem KA, Adcock LL, Okagaki T, et al. The evaluation of a treatment program for adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979; 133:803–813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Piver MS, Yazigi R, Blumenson L, et al. A prospective trial comparing hysterectomy, hysterectomy plus vaginal radium, and uterine radium plus hysterectomy in stage I endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1979; 54:85–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Frick HC II, Munnell EW, Richart RM, et al. Carcinoma of the endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973; 115:663–676.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wharam MD, Phillips TL, Bagshaw MA. The role of radiation therapy in clinical stage I carcinoma of the endometrium. Int J Radiol Oncol Biol Phys. 1976; 1:1081–1089.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Salazar OM, Feldstein ML, DePapp EW, et al. The management of clinical stage I endometrial carcinoma. Cancer. 1978; 41:1016–1026.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Truskett ID, Constable WC. Management of carcinoma of the corpus uteri. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968; 101:689–694.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Underwood PB, Lutz MH, Kreutner A, et al. Carcinoma of the endometrium: Radiation followed immediately by operation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 128:86–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Aalders J, Abeler V, Kolstad P, et al. Postoperative external irradiation and prognostic parameters in stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 56:419–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Burrell MO, Franklin EW, Powell JL. Endometrial cancer. Evaluation of spread and follow-up in 189 patients with stage I or stage II disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 144:181–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Paterson E, Spratt D. Tomkiewicz Z, et al. Management of stage I carcinoma of the uterus. Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 59:755–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Creasman WT, DiSaia PJ, Blessing J, et al. Prognostic significance of peritoneal cytology in patients with endometrial cancer and preliminary data concerning therapy with intra-peritoneal radiopharmaceuticals. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 141:921–929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bruckman JE, Goodman RL, Murthy A, et al. Combined irradiation and surgery in treatment of stage II carcinoma of endometrium. Cancer. 1978; 42:1146–1151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Cox JD, Komaki R, Wilson JF, et al. Locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Results of irradiation with and without subsequent hysterectomy. Cancer. 1980; 45:715–719.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Marcial VA, Tome JM, Ubinas J. The combination of external irradiation and curiether-apy used preoperatively in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1969; 105:586–595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Beiler DD, Schmutz DA, O’Rourke TL. Carcinoma of the endometrium: Radiation and surgery versus surgery alone. Radiology. 1972; 102:159–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kottmeier HL. Corpus et colli. What is this disease? What is the treatment? Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1973; 16:276–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Homesley HD, Boronow RC, Lewis JL. Stage II endometrial adenocarcinoma. Memorial Hospital for Cancer, 1949-1965. Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 49:604–608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Antoniades J, Brady LW, Lewis GC. The management of stage III carcinoma of the endometrium. Cancer. 1976; 38:1838–1842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bruckman JE, Bloomer WD, Marck A, et al. Stage III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Two prognostic groups. Gynecol Oncol. 1980; 9:12–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pratt JH. Surgical treatment of recurrent endometrial carcinoma. In: Lewis GC, ed. New concepts in gynecology oncology. Philadelphia: Davis, 1966:261.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kelly RM, Baker WH. Progestational agents in the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium. N Engl J Med. 1961; 264:216–222.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Kohorn EJ. Gestogens and endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1976; 4:398–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Deppe G. Chemotherapeutic treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 25:93–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ehrlich CE, Young PC, Cleary RE. Cytoplas-mic progesterone and estradiol receptors in normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous en-dometria. Therapeutic implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 141:539–546.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Pollow K, Robel P, Vihko R. Steroid receptors and the human endometrium. In: Richardson GS, MacLaughlin DT, eds. Hormonal biology of endometrial cancer. VICC Technical Report. Geneva: 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Creasman WT, McCarty KS Jr, McCarty KS Jr. Clinical correlation of estrogen, progesterone binding proteins in human endometrial adenocarcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 55:363–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Martin PM, Rolland P, Gammette M, et al. Estradiol and progesterone receptors in normal and neoplastic endometrium. Correlations between receptors, histopathologic examina-tions, and clinical responses under progestin therapy. Int J Cancer. 1979; 23:321–329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gurpide E. Hormones and gynecologic cancer. Cancer. 1976; 38:503–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Swenerton KD. Treatment of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with tamoxifen. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980; 64:805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bonte J, Ide P, Billiet G, et al. Tamoxifen as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1981; 11:140–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Donovan JF. Nonhormonal chemotherapy of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1974; 34:1587–1592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Thigpen JT, Buchsbaum HJ, Mangan C, et al. Phase II trial of adriamycin in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer Treat Rep. 1979; 63:21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Seski JC, Edwards CL, Herron J, et al. Cis-platin chemotherapy for disseminated endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 59:225–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Thigpen T, Shingleton H, Homesley H, et al. Cisplatin in the treatment of advanced or recurrent cervix and uterine cancer. In: Prestayko AW, Crooke ST, Coster SK, eds. Cisplatin: current status and new developments. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Deppe G, Cohen CJ, Bruckner HW. Treatment of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with cisdichlorodiamine platinum (II) after intensive prior therapy. Gynecol Oncol. 1980; 10:51–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Muggia FM, Chia G, Reed LJ, et al. Doxorubi-cin-cyclophosphamide. Effective chemotherapy for advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 128:314–319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Koretz MM, Ballon S, Friedman MA, et al. Platinum, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide in advanced endometrial carcinoma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1980; 21:784.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Bruckner HW, Deppe G. Combination chemotherapy of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyproges-terone acetate. Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 50:10s–12s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Cohen CJ, Deppe G, Bruckner HW. Treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with melphalan, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate. A preliminary study. Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 50:415–417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Deppe G, Jacobs AJ, Bruckner HW, et al. Che-motherapy of advanced and recurrent endo-metrial carcinoma with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and megestrol acetate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 140:313–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Piver MS, Lele S, Barlow JJ. Melphalan, 5-fluorouracil, and medroxyprogesterone acetate in metastatic or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 56:370–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Horton J, Elson P, Gordon P, et al. A comparison of combination therapies for advanced endometrial cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1981; 22:664.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lifshitz, S., Bernstein, S.G. (1983). Adenocarcinoma of the Endometrium. In: Buchsbaum, H.J. (eds) The Menopause. Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5525-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5525-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5527-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5525-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics