Abstract
In other sections of this book you will learn that if you are male and live long enough you are very likely to develop BPH. Your only sure safeguard from this fate is to become a contratenor prepuberally. From this it follows that the presence of androgen in a concentration characteristic of males is a prerequisite for, if not the precipitating cause of, benign hyperplastic growth of the prostate. An aberrant genome, e.g., Klinefelter’s disease, offers little protection if sufficient male hormone is available.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barron ESG, Huggins C: The metabolism of isolated prostatic tissue. J Urol 51: 630–634, 1944
Bolton NJ, Lahtonen R, Hammond GL, Vihko R: Distribution and concentrations of androgen in epithelial and stromal compartments of the human benign hypertrophic prostate. J Endocrinol 90: 125–131, 1981
Bordin S, Petra PH: Immunocytochemical localization of the sex steroid-binding protein of plasma in tissues of the adult monkey Macaca nemestrina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 5678–5682, 1980
Brandes D, Kirchheim D, and Scott WW: Ultra- structure of the human prostate: normal and neoplastic. Lab Invest 13: 1541–1560, 1964
Bruchovsky N: Androgen metabolism in stroma and epithelium of prostate and epididymis. In Murphy GP, Sandberg AA, Karr JP (eds.): The Prostate Cell: Structure and Function, Part A. Liss, New York, 1981, pp 161–175
Chaisiri N, Valotaire Y, Evans BAJ, Pierrepoint CG: Demonstration of a cytoplasmic receptor protein for oestrogen in the canine prostate gland. J Endocrinol 78: 131–139, 1978
Cowan RA, Cowan SK, Giles CA, Grant JK: Prostatic distribution of sex hormone-binding globulin and cortisol-binding globulin in benign hyperplasia. J Endocrinol 71: 121–131, 1976
Cowan RA, Cowan SK, Grant JK, Elder HY: Biochemical investigation of separated epithelium and stroma from benign hyperplastic prostatic tissue. J Endocrinol 74: 111–120, 1977
Cunha GR, Lung B: Experimental analysis of male accessory sex gland development. In Spring-Mills E, Hafez ESE (eds.): Male Accessory Sex Glands. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980, pp 39–59
Dube JY, Frenette G, Tremblay RR: Effect of endocrine manipulations on the levels of cytosolic and nuclear receptors for androgens in dog prostate. Invest Urol 18: 418–421, 1981
Ekman P, Snochowski M, Dahlberg E, Bression D, Hogberg B, Gustafsson J-A: Steroid receptor content in cytosol from normal and hyperplastic human prostates. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab 49: 205–215, 1979
Farnsworth WE: A direct effect of estrogens on prostatic metabolism of testosterone. Invest Urol 6: 423–427, 1969
Farnsworth WE: Functional biochemistry of the prostate. In Spring-Mills E, Hafez ESE (eds.): Male Accessory Sex Glands. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, 1980, pp 155–182
Farnsworth WE, Brown JR: Metabolism of testosterone by the human prostate. JAMA 183:436— 439, 1963
Farnsworth WE, Montes M: Derivation and determination of a human prostatic epithelial index. Arch Androl 2: 85–88, 1979
Farnsworth WE, Slaunwhite WR Jr, Sharma M, Oseko F, Brown JR, Gonder MJ, Cartagena R: Interaction of prolactin and testosterone in the human prostate. Urol Res 9: 79–88, 1981
Farnsworth WE, Wilks J: Prostaglandin F2a and human prostatic affinity for testosterone. Prostaglandins 9: 67–74, 1977
Fingerhut B, Veenema RJ: Histology and radio-autography of induced benign enlargement of the mouse prostate. Invest Urol 4: 112–124, 1966
Fisher ER, Jeffrey W: Ultrastructure of human normal and neoplastic prostate: with comments relative to prostatic effects of hormonal stimulation in the rabbit. Am J Clin Pathol 44: 119–134, 1965
Geller J, Albert J, Geller S, Niwayama G: Comparison of androgen metabolites in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and normal prostate. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab 43: 686–688, 1976
Ishimaru T, Edmiston WA, Pages L, Horton R: Splanchnic extraction and conversion of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 528–533, 1978
Kirchheim D, Bacon RR: Ultrastructural studies of carcinoma of the human prostate in man. Invest Urol 6: 611–630, 1969
Krieg M, Bartsch W, Herzer S, Becker H, Voigt KD: Quantification of androgen binding, androgen tissue levels, and sex hormone binding globulin in prostate, muscle and plasma of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 86: 200–215, 1977
Kreig M, Klötzl G, Kaufmann J, Voigt KD: Stroma of human benign prostatic hyperplasia: preferential tissue for androgen metabolism and oestrogen binding. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 96: 422–432, 1981
Lacassagne A: Metaplasie epidermoide de la prostate provoquee chez la souris par des injections repetees de fortes doses de folliculine. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 113: 590–592, 1933
Lasnitzki I: Human benign prostatic hyperplasia in cell and organ culture. In Grayhack JT, Wilson JD, Sherbenske MJ (eds.): Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH)76-1113, US Gov’t Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1976, pp 235–248
Moore RJ, Gazak JM, Quebbman JF, Wilson JD: Concentration of dihydrotestosterone and 3a-an-drostanediol in naturally occurring and androgen-induced prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. J Clin Invest 64: 1003–1019, 1979
Moore RJ, Gazak JM, Wilson JD: Regulation of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone binding in dog prostate by 17/3-estradiol. J Clin Invest 63: 351–357, 1979
Morfin RF, DiStefano S, Bercovici JP, Flock HH: Comparison of testosterone, 5a-dihydrotestoster-one and 5a-androstane-3ß,17ß-diol metabolism in human normal and hyperplastic prostates. J Steroid Biochem 9: 245–252, 1978
Morimoto I, Edmiston A, Hawks D, Horton R: Studies on the origin of androstanediol and andro-stanediol glucuronide in young and elderly men. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab 52: 772–778, 1981
Murphy JD, Emmott RC, Hicks LL, Walsh TC: Estrogen receptors in the human prostate, seminal vesicle, epididymis, testis, and genital skin: a marker for estrogen-responsive tissues? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 938–948, 1980
Nilsson T, Schueller E, Staubitz W: β-Glucuroni-dase activity of the epithelial cells and stroma cells in prostatic hyperplasia. Invest Urol 11: 145–148, 1973
Ofner P, Vena RL, Leav I, Hamilton DW. Metabolism of Cig-radiosteroids by expiants of canine prostate and epididymis with disposition as hydroxy lated products: a possible mechanism for an¬drogen inactivation. J Steroid Biochem 11: 1367–1379, 1979
Price D, Williams-Ashman HG: The accessory reproductive glands of mammals. In Young WC (ed.): Sex and Internal Secretions, 3rd ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1962, pp 366–448
Rubens R, Dhont M, Vermeulen A: Further studies on Leydig cell function in old age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 40–45, 1974
Schaeffer AJ, Wendel EF, Dunn JK, Grayhack JT: Prevalence and significance of prostatic inflammation. J Urol 125: 215–219, 1981
Shain SA, Boesel RW, Lamm DL, Radwin HM: Characterization of unoccupied (R) and occupied (RA) androgen binding components of the hyper-plastic human prostate. Steroids 31: 541–556, 1978
Shimazaki J, Kurihara H, Yoshikazu I, Shida K: Testosterone metabolism in prostate: formation of androstane-17/3-ol-3-one and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, and inhibiting effects of natural and synthetic estrogens. Gunma J Med Sei 14: 313–325, 1965
Siiteri PK, Wilson JD: Dihydrotestosterone in prostatic hypertrophy. I. The formation and content of dihydrotestosterone in the hypertrophic prostate of man. J Clin Invest 49: 1737–1745, 1970
Sinowatz F, Weber P, Gasser G, Mossig H, Skolek-Winnisch R: A histochemical study of glycosidases in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma in the human. Urol Res 6: 103–107, 1978
Tilley WD, Keightley DD, Mardhall VR: Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in benign prostatic hyperplasia in humans. J Steroid Biochem 13:395- 399, 1981
Tunn U, Senge TH, Schenck B, Neumann F: Biochemical and histologic studies on prostates of castrated dogs after treatment with androstanediol, oestradiol and cyproterone acetate. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 91: 373–384, 1979
Vermeulen A: Testicular hormonal secretion and aging in males. In: Grayhack JT, Wilson JD, Sherbenske MJ (eds.): Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH)76-1113, US Gov’t Print¬ing Office, Washington, DC, 1976, pp 177–182
Wilkin RP, Bruchovsky N, Shnitka TK, Rennie PS, Comeau TL: Stromal 5a-reductase activity is elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 94: 284–288, 1980
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Farnsworth, W.E. (1983). Possible Causative Factors. In: Hinman, F., Boyarsky, S. (eds) Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5476-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5476-8_14
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5478-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5476-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive