Skip to main content

Constructing an EXPERT Knowledge Base for Thyroid Consultation Using Generalized Artificial Intelligence Techniques

  • Chapter
Computer-Assisted Medical Decision Making

Part of the book series: Computers and Medicine ((C+M))

Abstract

A generalized scheme for building consultation systems based on techniques of artificial intelligence (A.I.) was used to construct a sequence of thyroid consultation models. This scheme, called EXPERT [30], provided a language in which the decision making elements and rules of the clinical expert were defined, compiled, and tested against a data base of cases. In the present paper we report on the incremental process of refining the original model through repeated cycles of empirical testing, re-definition, and re-testing. This process was facilitated by the development of programs that interfaced the EXPERT system with the independent thyroid data base, and analyzed performance, thus enabling a rapid assessment of the effect of changes in the decision making rules.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aikins, J., “Prototypes and Production Rules: An Approach to Knowledge Representation for Hypothesis Formation,” Proceedings 6th IJAI, Tokyo; pp. 1–3, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Blum, R.L. and Wiederhold, G., “Inferring Knowledge from Clinical Data Banks Utilizing Techniques from Artificial Intelligence,” Proceedings 3rd Annual Symposium on Computer Applic. in Med. Care, Washington, pp. 303–307, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Catanzarite, V.A., and Greenburg, A.G., “Neurologist: A Computer Program for Diagnosis in Neurology”, Proceedings 3rd Annual Symposium on Computers in Health Care, Washington, pp. 64 – 71, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chandrasekharan, B., Gomez, F., Mittal, S., and Smith, J., “An Approach to Medical Diagnosis Based on Conceptual Schemes,” Proceedings 6th IJAI, Tokyo, pp. 134 – 142, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Crooks, J., Murray, L.P.C., and Wayne, E.J., “Statistical Methods Applied to the Clinical Diagnosis of Thyrotoxicosis”, Quart. J. of Med., v. 110, pp. 211 – 234, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Elstein, A.S., Shulman, L.S., and Sprafka, S.A., Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning, Cambridge, Ma., Harvard Univ. Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fagan, L.M., Kunz, J.C., Feigenbaum, E.A. and Osborn, J.J., “Representation of Dynamic Clinical Knowledge: Measurement Interpretation in the Intensive Care Unit” Proceedings 6th IJCAI, Tokyo, pp. 260 – 262, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Feigenbaum, E.A., “The Art of Artificial Intelligence Themes and Case Studies of Knowledge Engineering,” Proceedings National Computer Conference, AFIPS Press, p. 221, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kulikowski, C.A., “Pattern Recognition Approach to Medical Diagnosis,” IEEE-Transactions on SSC V. 6, pp. 85 – 89, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lusted, L. Introduction to Medical Decision-Making, C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Newell, A. and Simon, H.A. Human Problem Solving, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, N.J., 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Nii, H.P. and N. Aiello, “AGE (Attempt to Generalize): A Knowledge-based Program for Building Knowledge Based Programs,” Proceedings of the 6th IJCAI pp. 645–655, Tokyo, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Nilsson, N., Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Tioga Publishing Co., Palo Alto, Ca. 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nordyke, R., Kulikowski, C.A., and Kulikowski, C.W., “A Comparison of Methods for the Automated Diagnosis of Thyroid Dysfunction”, Computers in Biomedical Research, v. 4, pp. 374 – 389, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Overall, J.E., and Williams, C.M., “Conditional Probability Program for the Diagnosis of Thyroid Function”, J. Amer. Med. Assoc., v. 183, pp. 307 – 313, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Patrick, E.A., et. al., “Review of Pattern Recognition in Medical Diagnosis and Consulting Relative to a New System Model,” IEEE-Trans. SMC v. 4, pp. 1 – 16, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pauker, S.G., G.A. Gorry, J.P. Kassirer and W.B. Schwartz, “Towards the Simulation of Clinical Cognition: Taking a Present Illness by Computer,” Amer. J. Med.V. 60, pp. 981 – 996. 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pople, H., J. Myers and R. Miller, “DIALOG: A Model of Diagnostic Logic for Internal Medicine,” Proceedings 4th IJCAI, Tbilisi; p. 841, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pople, H., “The Formation of Composite Hypotheses in Diagnostic Problem Solving,” Proceedings 5th IJCAI, Boston; pp. 1030 – 1037, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Reggia, J.A., “A Production Rule System for Neurological Localization,” Proceedings 2nd Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, Washington, pp. 254 – 260, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Shortliffe, E.H., et al., “An Artificial Intelligence Program to Advise Physicians Regarding Antimicrobial Therapy,” Computers in Biomedical Researchv. 6; pp. 544 – 560, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Shortliffe, E.H. and B. Buchanan, “A Model of Inexact Reasoning in Medicine,” Mathematical Biosciences, v. 23, pp. 351 – 379, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Shortliffe, E.H., Computer-based Medical Consultations: MYCIN, Elsevier, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Szolovitz, P. and S.G. Pauker, “Categorical and Probabilistic Reasoning in Medical Diagnosis,” Artificial Intelligence, v. 11, pp. 115 – 144, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. vanMelle, W., “A Domain Independent Production-Rule System for Consultation Programs,” Proc. of the 6th IJCAI; pp. 923–925, Tokyo, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Warner, H.R., “Knowledge Sectors for Logical Processing of Patient Data in the HELP System,” Proceedings 2nd Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, Washington, pp. 401 – 404, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wechsler, H., “A Fuzzy Approach to Medical Diagnosis,” Internat. J. Biomed. Comp., v. 7, pp. 191 – 203, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Weiss, S., C. Kulikowski, S. Amarel, and A. Safir, “A Model-Based Method for Computer-Aided Medical Decision-Making,” Artificial Intelligencev. 11, pp. 145 – 172, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Weiss, S., C.A. Kulikowski and A. Safir, “Glaucoma Consultation by Computer,” Comp. Biol. Med. v. 8, pp. 24 – 40, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Weiss, S. and C. Kulikowski, “EXPERT: A System for Developing Consultation Models,” Proceedings of the 6th IJCAI, Tokyo; pp. 942 – 950, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Woodbury, M. and Clive, J., “Data Based Definitions of Disease: Suggestions for a solution of the formal diagnostic problem,” Proceedings 13th HICSS, Honolulu, pp. 590 – 600, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wortman, P.M. “Medical Diagnosis: An Information Processing Approach,” Computer Biomed. Res. V. 5, pp. 315–328, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kulikowski, C.A., Ostroff, J.H. (1980). Constructing an EXPERT Knowledge Base for Thyroid Consultation Using Generalized Artificial Intelligence Techniques. In: Reggia, J.A., Tuhrim, S. (eds) Computer-Assisted Medical Decision Making. Computers and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5108-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5108-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9567-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5108-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics