Summary
Formal services are provided by agencies explicitly developed and organized to do so. The elderly benefit from a variety of formal services that function for socialization, treatment and rehabilitation, and coordination of care. Their forms can be ordered on a continuum from least to most restrictive, as well as trichotomized into community-based, home-based, and congregate-residential. Utilization of formal services often depends upon the availability of informal supports, whereas political support for their increase rests on showing that families who are providing home care will use formal services to supplement, rather than substitute for, their care. In the future, mechanisms for allocating resources among community services, hospitals, and nursing homes will be required. Likely trends include increased services to maintain impaired elderly in the community for as long as possible, but only minimal care for confused and regressed elderly in nursing homes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brody, S.T., and Masciocchi, C.: Data for long-term care planning by health system agencies.Am. J. Public Health 70, 1194–1198 (1980).
Callahan, J.J., and Wallach, S.S. (Eds.): Reforming the Long-Term Care System. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1981
Dobroff, R., and Litwak, E.: Maintenance of Family Ties of Long-Term Care Patients, Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1978
Eggert, G.M., Bowlyow, J.E., and Nichols, C.W.: Gaining control of the long-term care systems: First returns from the ACCESS experiment.Gerontologist 20, 356–363 (1980).
Estes, C .: The Aging Enterprise: A Critical Examination of Social Policies and Services for the Aged. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979
Fries, J.R., and Crapo, L.M.: Vitality and Aging. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1981.
Hochschild, A.R .: Unexpected Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973
Kahn, A.J .: Social Policy and Social Services. New York: Random House, 1973
Kutza, E.A.: The Benefits of Old Age: Social Welfare Policy for the Elderly. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Neugarten, B.L .: Age or Need: Public Policies for Older People. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983
Sager, A.: A proposal for promoting more adequate long-term care for the elderly.Gerontologist 23 (1), 13–17 (1983).
Sherwood, S., Green, D.S., Morris, J.N., Mor, V., and Associates: An Alternative to Institutionalization: The Highland Heights Experiment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1981.
Somers, A.R.: Long-term care for the elderly and disabled: A new health priority.New Eng. J. Med. 307, 221–226 (1982).
Tobin, S.S.: Social and health services for the future aged.Gerontologist 15, 32–37 (1975).
Tobin, S.S.: The mystique of deinstitutionalization.Transactions/Society 15, 73–75 (1978).
Tobin, S.S., Davidson, S.M., and Sack, A.: Effective Social Services for Older Americans. Institute of Gerontology: The University of Michigan-Wayne State University, 1976.
Tobin, S.S., Ellor, J.W., and Anderson-Ray, S.: Serving the Elderly: Church and Synagogue Within the Service System. Indianapolis: Interfaith Ministry in Aging, 1983.
Tobin, S.S., and Lieberman, M.A.: A Last Home for the Aged: Critical Implications of Institutionalization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976
Tobin, S.S., and Toseland, R.: Models of services for the elderly. In Monk, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Gerontological Services. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983
Vladek, B.C.: Unloving Care: The Nursing Home Tragedy. New York: Basic Books, 1980.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Tobin, S.S. (1985). The Function, Form, and Future of Formal Services. In: Gaitz, C.M., Niederehe, G., Wilson, N.L. (eds) Aging 2000: Our Health Care Destiny. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5062-3_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5062-3_16
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9546-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5062-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive