Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes pp 1–34Cite as

Introduction: The Journey of the Endocrine Signal: A Paradigm of Murphy’s Law

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Endocrinology and Metabolism ((EAM,volume 1))

Abstract

“The harmony of life,” wrote Claude Bernard in 1866 (1), depends on the integrity of two types of “organic elements,” one type represented by muscle and nerve fibers, which functions through direct anatomical connections, and one type represented by the “organs of internal secretion,” which influences distant structures through “peculiar substances” introduced into the blood. After more than a century, this concept continues to serve us well, even as we know that “peculiar substances” can be produced by neurons and that, as in paracrine and autocrine relationships, they need not be released into the circulation. Indeed, intercellular communication through chemical signals starts during the earliest stages of embryologic development, when cells begin to segregate toward the formation of specific tissues and well before the appearance of a cardiovascular system. From this beginning and from the embryogenesis of the endocrine system, the journey of the signal molecules takes them through many steps including biosynthesis, release and transport, recognition by the target cell, transduction of the message, and, finally, extinction of the signal through counterregulation, metabolism, and excretion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bernard C (1866) Leçons sur les Proprietes des Tissus Vivants. Germer Bailliére, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Edelman GM (1985) Cell adhesion and the molecular process of morphogenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 54: 136–169.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gley MEE (transl. Fishberg M) (1918) The Internal Secretions. Wm Heineman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wilson JD, Foster OW (1985) (eds) Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brown TR, Migeon CJ (1987) Androgen insensitivity syndromes: Paradox of phenotypic feminization with male genotype and normal testicular androgen secretion. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 157–203.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Levi-Montalcini R, Booker B (1960) Excessive growth of the sympathetic ganglia evoked by a protein isolated from mouse salivary glands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 46:373–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Levi-Montalcini R, Booker B (1960) Destruction of the sympathetic ganglia in mammals by an antiserum to a nerve-growth protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 46:384–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shooter EM, Yankner BA, Landreth GE, Sutter A (1981) Biosynthesis and mechanism of action of nerve growth factor. Recent Prog Horm Res 37:417–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Haseltine FP, Ohno A (1981) Mechanisms of gonadal differentiation. Science 211:1272–1278. See also ibid., pp 1278–1324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dörner G (1980) Sexual differentiation of the brain. Vitam Horm 38:325–381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gurney ME, Heirich SP, Lee MR, Yin H-S (1986) Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons. Science 234:566–574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Pilar GR (1985) Functional interaction of developing neurons with their target tissues. A symposium. Fed Proc 44:2750–2779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Audhya T, Kroon O, Heavner G, Viamontes G, Goldstein G (1986) Tripeptide structure of bursin, a selective B-cell-differentiating hormone of the bursa of Fabricius. Science 231:997–999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Siegelman M, Bond MW, Gallatin WM, St John T, Smith HT, Fried VA, Weissman IL (1986) Cell surface molecules associated with lymphocyte homing is a ubiquitinated branched-chain glycoprotein. Science 231:823–829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mosher DF (1984) Physiology of fibronectin. Annu Rev Med 35:561–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Orci L, Perrelet A (1977) Morphology of membrane systems in pancreatic islet. In Yolk BW, Wellmann KF (eds): The Diabetic Pancreas. Plenum, New York, pp 171–210.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Andrew RD, MacVicar BA, Dudek FE, Hatton GI (1981) Dye transfer through gap junctions between neuroendocrine cells of rat hypothalamus. Science 211:1187–1189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Loewenstein WR (1981) Junctional intercellular communication: The cell-tocell membrane channel. Physiol Rev. 61:829–913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Revel J-P, Nicholson BJ, Yancey SB (1985) Chemistry of gapjunctions. Annu Rev Physiol 47:263–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Veenstra RD, DeHaan RL (1986) Measurement of single channel currents from cardiac gap junctions. Science 233:972–974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Verselis V, White RL, Spray DC, Bennett MVL (1986) Gap junctional conductance and permeability are linearly related. Science 234:461–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Spray DC, Bennett MVL (1985) Physiology and pharmacology of gap junctions. Annu Rev Physiol 47:282–303. See also ibid, pp 305–353.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Agrawal R, Daniel EE (1986) Control of gap junction formation in canine trachea by arachidonic acid metabolites. Am J Physiol 250:C495-C505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wade MH, Trosko JE, Schindler M (1986) A fluorescence photobleaching assay of gap junction-mediated communication between human cells. Science 232:525–528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Saez JC, Spray DC, Nairn AC, Hertzberg E, Greengard P, Bennett VL (1986) cAMP increases junctional conductance and stimulates phosphorylation of the 27-kDa principal gap junction polypeptide. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 83:2473–2477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dunbar JC, Walsh MF (1982) Glucagon and insulin secretion by dispersed islet cells: Possible paracrine relationships. Horm Res 16:257–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pipeleers DG, in’t Veld PA, Van de Winkel M, Maes E, Schuit FC, Gepts W (1986) A new in vitro model for the study of pancreatic A and B cells. Endocrinology 117:806–816. See also ibid., pp 817–823, 824–833.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Denef C, Andries M (1983) Evidence for paracrine interactions between gonadotrophs and lactotrophs in pituitary cell aggregates. Endocrinology 112:813–822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krieger DT, Perlow MJ, Gibson MJ, Davies TE, Zimmerman EA, Finn M, Charlton HM (1982) Brain grafts reverse hypogonadism of gonadotropin releasing hormone deficiency. Nature 298:468–471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bhasin S, Swerdloff RS (1985) Hypothalamic hypogonadism. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Alan R. Liss, New York, Vol 7, pp 237–266.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Beamer WG, Eicher EM, Maltais LJ, Southard JL (1981) Inherited primary hypothyroidism in mice. Science 212:61–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Laron Z (1983) Deficiencies of growth hormone and somatomedin in man. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Alan R. Liss, New York, Vol 5, pp 149–199.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rogol AD, Blizzard RM, Foley TP Jr, Furlanetto R, Selden R, Mayo K, Thorner MO (1985) Growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone: Genetic studies in familial growth hormone deficiency. Pediatr Res. 19:489–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cheng TC, Beamer WG, Phillips JA III, Bartke A, Mallonee RL, Dowling C (1983) Etiology of growth hormone deficiency in Little, Ames and Snell dwarf mice. Endocrinology 113:1669–1678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Eigenmann JE, Zanesco S, Arnold U, Froesch ER (1984) Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in German shepherd dwarf dogs. Acta Endocrinol 105:289–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Carey DE (1985) Isolated ACTH deficiency in childhood, lack of response to corticotropin-releasing hormone alone or in combination with arginine vasopressin. J Pediatr 107:925–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sandler R, Proudfoot GR (1985) Isolated ACTH deficiency contributing to frequent hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 8:302–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rudman D, Kutner MH, Blackston RD, Cushman RA, Bain RP, Patterson JH (1981) Children with normal-variant short stature: Treatment with human growth hormone for six months. N Engl J Med 305:123–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Beck-Peccoz P, Amr S, Menezes-Ferreira MM, Faglia G, Weintraub BD (1985) Decreased receptor binding of biologically inactive thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism. Effect of treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 312:1085–1090.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Tager HS (1987) Insulin gene mutations and abnormal products of the human insulin gene. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 35–61.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hammer RE, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL (1984) Partial correction of murine hereditary growth disorder by germ-line incorporation of a new gene. Nature 311:65–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Miller AD, Ong ES, Rosenfeld MG, Verma IM, Evans RM (1984) Infectious and selectable retrovirus containing an inducible rat growth hormone minigene. Science 225:993–998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nicolau G, Le Pape A, Soriano P, Fargette F, Jühel MF (1983) In vivo expression of rat insulin after intravenous administration of the liposomeentrapped gene for rat insulin I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1068–1072.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Steiner DF, Oyer PE (1967) The biosynthesis of insulin and probable precursor of insulin by a human islet cell adenoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 57:473–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roberts JL, Chen C-LC, Eberwine JH, Evinger MJQ, Gee C, Herbert E, Schachter BS (1982) Glucocorticoid regulation of proopiomelanocortin gene expression in rodent pituitary. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:227–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Moore DD, Walker MD, Diamond DJ, Conkling MA, Goodman HM (1982) Structure, expression and evolution of growth hormone genes. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:197–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Schoelson S, Polonsky KS, Nakabayashi T, Jaspan JB, Tager HS (1986) Circulating forms of somatostatinlike immunoreactivity in human plasma. Am J Physiol 250:E428-E434.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lechan RM, Wu P, Jackson IMD, Wolf H, Cooperman S, Mandel G, Goodman RH (1986) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone precursor: Characterization in rat brain. Science 231:159–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Heinrich G, Gros P, Lund PK, Bentley RC, Habener JF (1984) Pre-proglucagon messenger ribonucleic acid: Nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequences of the rat complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Endocrinology 115:2176–2181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Mojsov S, Heinrich G, Wilson IB, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Habener JF (1986) Preproglucagon gene expression in pancreas and intestine diversifies at the level of post-translational processing. J Biol Chern 261:11880–11889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kronenberg HM, Igarashi T, Freeman MW, Okazaki T, Brand SJ, Wiren KW, Potts JT Jr (1986) Structure and expression of the human parathyroid hormone gene. Recent Prog Horm Res 42:641–663. See also ibid., pp 665–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sonnenberg H, Maack T (1986) Atrial natriuretic factors I and II. A symposium. Fed Proc 45:2079–2147.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Blaine EH (1986) Atrial natriuretic factor. A symposium. Fed Proc 45:2360–2391.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Atlas SA (1986) Atrial natriuretic factor: A new hormone of cardiac origin. Recent Prog Horm Res 42:207–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Elbein SC, Gruppuso P, Schwartz R, Skolnick M, Permutt MA (1985) Hyperproinsulinemia in a family with a proposed defect in conversion is linked to the insulin gene. Diabetes 34:821–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Foà PP (1979) Clinical states associated with glucagon excess or glucagon deficiency. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Alan R. Liss, New York, Vol. 1, pp 39–54.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Seino Y, Ishida H, Kitano N, Takeda J, Taminato S, Matsukura S, Imura H (1985) The heterogeneity of immunoreactive glucagon in a patient with glucagonoma. Biomed Res 6 (Suppl):45–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Uttenthal LO, Ghiglione M, George SK, Bishop AE, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1985) Molecular forms of glucagon-like peptide-l in human pancreas and glucagonomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:472–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Baldissera FGA, Holst JJ (1986) Glycentin 1–61 probably represents a major fraction of glucagon-related peptides in plasma of anaesthetized uraemic dogs. Diabetologia 29:462–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Valenta LJ, Sigel MB, Lesniak MA, Elias AN, Lewis UJ, Friesen HG, Kershnar AK (1985) Pituitary dwarfism in a patient with circulating abnormal growth hormone polymers. N Engl J Med 312:214–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Spitz IM, LeRoith D, Hirsch H, Caryon P, Pekonen F, Liel Y, Sobel R, Chorer Z, Weintraub B (1981) Increased high-molecular-weight thyrotropin with impaired biologic activity in a euthyroid man. N Engl J Med 304:278–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rosenfield RL, Miller WL (1983) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In Mahesh VB, Greenblatt RB (eds): Hisutism and Virilism: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management. John Wright, Littleton, MA, pp 87–119.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Peterson RE, Imperato-McGinley J, Gautier T, Shackleton C (1985) Male pseudohermaphroditism due to multiple defects in steroid-biosynthetic microsomal mixed-function oxydases: A new variant of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 313:1182–1191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Gautier T, Sturla E (1979) Androgens and the evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-reductase deficiency. N Engl J Med 300;1233–1237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Robertson D, Goldberg MR, Onrot J, Hollister AS, Wiley R, Thompson JG Jr, Robertson RM (1986) Isolated failure of autonomic noradrenergic neurotransmission: Evidence for impaired β-hydroxylation of dopamine. N Engl J Med 314:1494–1497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AS (1982) The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217:408–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Han VKM, Hynes MA, Jin C, Towle AC, Lauder JM, Lund PK (1986) Cellular localization of proglucagon/glucagon-like peptide I messenger RNAs in rat brain. J Neurosci Res 16:97–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Krieger DT (1984) Brain peptides. Vitam Horm 41:1–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Wehrenberg WB, Bloch B, Mougin C, Zeytin F, Baird A (1984) Somatocrinin: The growth hormone releasing factor. Recent Prog Horm Res 40:233–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Howlett TA, Rees LH (1985) Ectopic hormones. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Alan R. Liss, New York, Vol 7, pp 2–44.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Huff KK, Kaufman D, Gabbay KH, Spencer EM, Lippman ME, Dickson RN (1986) Secretion of an insulin-like growth factor-I-related protein by human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 46:4613–4619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Reiter RJ (ed) (1984) The Pineal Gland. Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Nestel PJ, Connor WE, Reardon MF, Connor S, Wong S, Boston R (1984) Suppression by diets rich in fish oil of very-low-density lipoprotein production in man. J Clin Invest 74:82–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Foà PP (1985) The many faces of glucagon. Biomed Res 6 (Suppl):3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Subramanian MG, Gala RR (1986) Do prolactin levels measured by RIA reflect biologically active prolactin? J CIln Immunoass 9:42–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Pollard HB, Pazoles CJ, Creutz CE (1981) Mechanism of calcium action and release of vesicle-bound hormones during exocytosis. Recent Prog Horm Res 37:299–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Griffith G, Simons K (1986) The trans Golgi network: Sorting at the exit site of the Golgi complex. Science 234:438–443.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Polonsky K, Frank B, Pugh W, Addis A, Harrison T, Meier P, Tager H, Rubenstein A (1986) The limitation to and valid use of C-peptide as a marker of the secretion of insulin. Diabetes 35:379–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schambelan M, Sebastian A (1987) States of aldosterone deficiency or pseudodeficiency. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 204–230.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Okusa M, Bia MJ (1987) Bartter’s syndrome. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 231–263.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Yamada K, Hanafusa T, Fujno-Hurihara H, Miyazaki A, Nakajima J, Kono N, Nonaka K, Tarui S (1986) Demonstration of islet cell surface antibodies in sera of New Zealand black mice and inhibitory effect on insulin release. Diabetes 35:1262–1267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Frawley LS, Clark CL (1986) Ovine prolactin (PRL) and dopamine preferentially inhibit PRL release from the same subpopulation of rat mammotropes. Endocrinology 119: 1462–1466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pontiroli AE, Alberetto M, Pellicciotta G, De Castro e Silva E, De Pasqua A, Girari AM, Pozza G (1980) Interaction of dopaminergic and antiserotoninergic drugs in the control of prolactin and LH release in normal women. Acta Endocrino I93:271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Jarjour LT, Handelsman DJ, Raum WJ, Swerdloff RS (1986) Mechanism of action of dopamine on the in vitro release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 119:1726–1732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Cronin MJ, Thorner MO, Hellmann P, Rogol AD (1984) Bromocriptine inhibits growth hormone release from rat pituitary cells in primary culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 175:191–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Pontiroli AE, Micossi P, Foà PP (1980) Glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) response to arginine (ARG) in the rat pancreas in vitro: Effect of histamine (HA) and serotonin (5HT). Horm Metab Res 12:703–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wilczynski EA, Osmond DH (1986) Evidence for β-adrenergic regulation of renal and extrarenal plasma prorenin and renin in dogs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 182:208–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Carey RM, Sen S (1986) Recent progress in the control of aldosterone secretion. Recent Prog Horm Res 42:251–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Missale C, Liberini P, Memo M, Carruba MD, Spano P (1986) Characterization of dopamine receptors associated with aldosterone secretion in rat adrenal glomerulosa. Endocrinology 119:2227–2232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Foà C (1912) Ipertrofia dei testicoli e della cresta dopo asportazione della ghiandola pineale nel gallo. Pathologica 90:1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Aschoff J, Ceresa F, Halberg F (eds) (1974) Chronobiological aspects of endocrinology. Chronobiologia 1 (Suppl1):1–509.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Lincoln DW, Fraser HM, Lincoln GA, Martin GB, McNeilly AS (1985) Hypothalamic pulse generators. Recent Prog Horm Res 41:369–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Vance ML, Kaiser DL, Evans WS, Furlanetto R, Vale W, Rivier J, Thorner MO (1985) Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in normal man during a continuous 24-hour infusion of human growth hormone releasing factor (1–40). J Clin Invest 75:1584–1590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jaspan JB, Lever E, Polonsky KS, Van Cauter E (1986) In vivo pulsatility of pancreatic islet peptides. Am J Physiol 251:E215-E226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Sirek A, Vaitkus P, Norwich KH, Sirek OV, Unger RH, Harris V (1985) Secretory patterns of glucoregulatory hormones in prehepatic circulation of dogs. Am J Physiol 249:E34-E42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Weigle DS, Goodner CJ (1986) Evidence that the physiological pulse frequency of glucagon secretion optimizes glucose production by perfused rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology 118: 1606–1613.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Marsh BD, Marsh DJ, Bergman RN (1986) Oscillations enhance the efficiency and stability of glucose disposal. Am J Physiol 250:E576-E582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Leyendecker G, Wildt L, Hausmann M(1980) Pregnancies following chronic intermittent (pulsatile) administration of Gn-RH-by means of a-portable pump (“Zyklomat”). A new approach to the treatment of infertility in hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:1214–1216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hoffman AR, Crowley WF Jr (1982) Induction of puberty in men by long-term pulsatile administration of low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 307:1237–1241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Creutzfeldt W, Ebert R (1985) New developments in the incretin concept. Diabetologia 28:565–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. McDonald TJ, Dupre J, Greenberg GR, Tepperman F, Brooks B, Tatemoto K, Mutt V (1986) The effect of galanin on canine plasma glucose and gastroenteropancreatic hormone responses to oral nutrient and intravenous arginine. Endocrinology 119:2340–2345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Jarrousse C, Niel H, Andousset-Puech MP, Martinez J, Bataille D (1986) Oxyntomodulin and its C-terminal octapeptide inhibit liquid meal-stimulated acid secretion. Peptides (Fayetteville NY) 7 (Suppl 1):253–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. La Barre J (1927) Sur I’augmentation de la teneur en insuline du sang veineux pancréatique après excitation du nerf vague. C R Seances Soc Biol (Paris) 96:193–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Nauck M, Stockmann F, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W (1986) Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 29:46–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Means AR (1981) Calmodulin: Properties, intracellular localization and multiple roles in cell regulation. Recent Prog Horm Res. 37:333–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Silinsky EM (1982) Recent approaches to secretion and stimulus-secretion coupling. A symposium. Fed Proc 41:2169–2192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Schettini G, Cronin MJ, Hewlett EM, Thorner MO, MacLeod RMJ (1984) Human pancreatic tumor growth hormone-releasing factor stimulates anterior pituitary adenylate cyclase activity, adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate accumulation and growth hormone release in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Endocrinology 115: 1308–1314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Marone G, Columbo M, Poto S, Giugliano R, Condorelli M (1986) The possible role of calmodulin (CaM) in the control of histamine release from human basophil leukocytes. Life Sci 39:911–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Bridges CDB, Peters T Jr, Smith JE, Goodman, DeWS, Fong S-L, Griswold MD, Musto NA (1986) Biosynthesis and secretion of transport proteins. Interstitial and serum retinol-binding proteins, transhyretin, transferrin, serum albumin and extracellular sex steroid-binding proteins. Fed Proc 45:2291–2303.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Süteri PK, Murai JT, Hammond GL, Nisker JA, Raymoure WJ, Kuhn RW (1982) The serum transport of steroid hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:457–510.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Westphal U (1985) Steroid-Protein Interactions II. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Romanus JA, Terrell JE, Yang YW-H, Nissley SP, Rechler MM (1986) Insulin-like growth factor carrier proteins in neonatal and adult rat serum are immunologically different. Demonstration using a new radioimmunoassay for the carrier protein from BRL-3A rat liver cells. Endocrinology 118:1743–1758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Grimaldi S, Bartalena L, Carlini F, Robbins J (1986) Purification and partial characterization of a novel thyroxine-binding protein (27K protein) from human plasma. Endocrinology 118:2362–2369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Murata Y, Takamatsu J, Refetoff S (1986) Inherited abnormality of thyroxinebinding globulin with no demonstrable thyroxine-binding activity and high serum levels of denatured thyroxine-binding globulin. N Engl J Med 314:694–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Safran M, Braverman LE (1987) Hyperthyroxinemia. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. SpringerVerlag, New York, pp 62–91.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Glass AR, Young RA, Anderson J (1986) Decreased serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) and abnormal serum binding of T3 in calorie-deficient rats: Adaptation after chronic underfeeding. Endocrinology 118:2464–2469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Chua Teco GN, Eisenberg JB (1982) An inhibitor of the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins is present in extrathyroidal tissues. Science 215:407–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hennemann G, Krenning EP, Polhuys M, Mol JA, Bernard BF, Visser TJ, Docter R (1986) Carrier-mediated transport of thyroid hormone into rat hepatocytes is rate-limiting in total cellular uptake and metabolism. Endocrinology 119:1870–1872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Frank HJL, Pardridge WM, Morris WL, Rosenfeld RG, Choi TB (1986) Binding and internalization of insulin and insulin-like growth factors by isolated brain microvessels. Diabetes 35:654–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Fischman AJ, Coy DH, Strauss SL (1986) Carriermediated transport of enkephalins and N-Tyr-MIF-l across blood-brain barrier. Am J Physiol 251:E477-E482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pardridge WM, Landaw EM (1985) Testosterone transport in brain: Primary role of plasma protein-bound hormone. Am J Physiol 249:E534-E542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Spitzer JA (ed) (1983) The physiology and biochemistry of receptors: 1983 refresher course syllabus. Physiologist 26:185–205.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Roth J, Lesniak MA, Bar RS, Muggeo M, Megyesi K, Harrison LC, Flier JS, Wachslicht-Rodbard H, Gorden P (1979) An introduction to receptors and receptor disorders. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 162:3–12. See also ibid., pp 13–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Jensen EV, Greene GL, Closs LE, DeSombre ER, Nadji M(1982) Receptors reconsidered: A 20-year perspective. Recent Prog Horm Res 38:1–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Schmidt TJ, Litwack G (1982) Activation of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex. Physiol Rev 62:1131–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MC, Stiles GL (1984) Mechanisms ofmembrane-receptor regulation. Biochemical, physiological, and clinical insights derived from studies of the adrenergic receptors. N Engl J Med 310:1570–1579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Exton JH (1985) Mechanisms involved in α-adrenergic phenomena. Am J Physiol 248:E633-E647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Posner BJ, Bergeron JJM, Josefberg Z, Kahn MN, Kahn RJ, Patel BA, Sikstrom RA, Verma AK (1981) Polypeptide hormones: Intracellular receptors and internalization. Recent Prog Horm Res 37:539–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Forsayeth J, Maddux B, Goldfine ID (1986) Biosynthesis and processing of the human insulin receptor. Diabetes 35:837–846.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Roth J, Taylor SI (1982) Receptors for peptide hormones, alterations in diseases of humans. Annu Rev PhysioI 44:639–651.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Brickman AS, Carlson HE (1987) Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Target organ resistance to parathyroid hormone and other metabolic defects. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 92–119.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Grunfeld C (1984) Insulin resistance: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Alan R. Liss, New York, Vol 6, pp 194–240.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Hedo JA, McElduff A, Taylor SI (1984) Defects in receptor biosynthesis in patients with genetic forms of extreme insulin resistance. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 97:151–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Craig JW, Lamer J, Locker EF, Widom B, Elders MJ (1984) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in cultured fibroblasts from a patient with leprechaunism: Impaired post-binding actions of insulin and multiplication-stimulating activity. Metab Clin Exp. 33:1084–1086.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Jansson J-O, Downs TR, Beamer WG, Frohman LA (1986) Receptor-associated resistance to growth hormone-releasing factor in dwarf “little” mice. Science 232:511–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. McLeod JF, Haddad JG Jr (1987) Syndromes of vitamin D resistance. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 120–156.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Lipsett MB, Chrousos GP, Tomita M, Brandon DD, Loriaux DL (1985) The defective glucocorticoid receptor in man and nonhuman primates. Recent Prog Horm Res. 41:199–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Yamauchi K, Hashizume K (1986)Glucagon alters insulin binding to isolated rat epididymal adipocytes: Possible role of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in modification of insulin action. Endocrinology 119:218–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Walsh MF, Dunbar JC (1984) Glucagon binding to liver membranes of Mt-T-WI5 tumor-bearing and hypophysectomized rats. A possible role for insulin and growth hormone. Diabetes 33:978–983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Singh P, Muldoon TG (1986) Baseline and leuteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Perturbed patterns of estrogen receptor distribution in anterior pituitary cell nuclei. Endocrinology 118:2355–2361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Chung CS, Etherton TD (1986) Characterization of porcine growth hormone (pGH) binding to porcine liver microsomes: Chronic administration of pGH induces pGH binding. Endocrinology 119:780–786.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Soloff MS, Alexandrova M, Fernstrom MJ (1979) Oxytocin receptors: Triggers for parturition and lactation? Science 104:1313–1315.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Horwitz KB, Wei LL, Sedlacek SM, D’Arville CN (1985) Progestin action and progesterone receptor structure in human breast cancer: A review. Recent Prog Horm Res. 41:249–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Douglas JG (1986) Regulation of angiotensin receptors. News Physiol Sci. 1:67–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Israel A, Saavedra JM, Plunkett L (1985) Water deprivation upregulates angiotensin II receptors in rat anterior pituitary. Am J Physiol 248:E264-E267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. DeGroot LJ, Rue PA (1983) Pathophysiologic control of nuclear triiodothyronine receptor capacity. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 104:57–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Khan SG, Boyle PC, Lachance PA (1986) Decreased triiodothyronine binding to isolated nuclei from livers of preobese and obese (ob/ob) mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 182:84–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Begum N, Tepperman HW, Tepperman J (1985) Insulin-induced internalization and replacement of insulin receptors in adipocytes of rats adapted to fat feeding. Diabetes 34:1272–1277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Tanti J-F, Gremeaux T, Brandenburg D, Van Obberghen E, Le MarchandBrustel Y (1986) Brown adipose tissue in lean and obese mice. Insulin-receptor binding and tyrosine kinase activity. Diabetes 35:1243–1248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Mash DC, Flynn DD, Potter LT (1985) Loss of M2 muscarine receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer disease and experimental cholinergic denervation. Science 228:1115–1117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Moncada VY, Hedo JA, Serrano-Rios M, Taylor SI (1986) Insulin-receptor biosynthesis in cultured lymphocytes from an insulin-resistant patient (Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome). Evidence for defect before insertion of receptor into plasma membrane. Diabetes 35:802–807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Grünberger G, Taylor SI, Dons RF, Gorden P (1983) Insulin receptors in normal and disease states. Clin Endocrinol Metab 12:191–219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Pou M-A, Bismuth J, Gharbi-Chihi J, Torresani J, Ghiringhelli O, Savary J (1986) Triiodothyronine (T3)-induced down-regulation of the nuclear T3 receptor in mouse preadipocyte cell liver. Endocrinology 119:2360–2367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Snavely MD, Mahan LC, O’Connor DT, Insel PA (1983) Selective downregulation of adrenergic receptor subtypes in tissues from rats with pheochromocytoma. Endocrinology 113:354–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Aarons RD, Nies AS, Gerber JG, Molinoff PB (1983) Decreased beta adrenergic receptor density on human lymphocytes after chronic treatment with agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 224:1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Brodde O-E, Kretsch R, Ikezono K, Zerkowski H-R, Reidemeister JC (1986) Human β-adrenoreceptors: Relation of myocardial and lymphocyte β-adrenoreceptor density. Science 231:1584–1585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Bar RS, Levis WR, Rechler MM, Harrison LC, Siebert C, Podskalny J, Roth J, Muggeo M (1978) Extreme insulin resistance in ataxia telangiectasia. Defect in affinity of insulin receptor. N Engl J Med. 298:1164–1171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Vincent A (1980) Immunology of acetylcholine receptors in relation to myasthenia gravis. Physiol Rev. 60:756–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Peper K, Bradley RJ, Dreyer F (1982) The acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. Physiol Rev 62:1271–1340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Kahn CR (1985) The molecular mechanism of insulin action. Annu Rev Med. 36:429–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Inomata H, Sasaki N, Tamaru K, Ushiku H, Nimi H, Nakajima H (1986) Relationship between potency of blocking type thyrotropin-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin in three women with primary myxedema and thyroid function of their neonates. Endocrinol Jpn. 33:353–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Ealey PA, Valente MA, Ekins RP, Kohn LD, Marshall NJ (1984) Characterization of monoclonal antibodies raised against solubilized thyrotropin receptors in a cytochemical bioassay for thyroid stimulators. Endocrinology 116:124–131.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Adams DD (1980) Thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies. Vitam Horm 38:120–203.

    Google Scholar 

  164. De Pirro R, Roth RA, Rossetti L, Godfine ID (1984) Characterization of the serum from a patient with insulin resistance and hypoglycemia. Evidence for multiple populations of insulin receptor antibodies with different receptor binding and insulin mimicking activities. Diabetes 33:301–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Morgan DO, Roth RA (1986) Mapping surface structures of the human insulin receptor with monoclonal antibodies: Localization of main immunogenic regions to the receptor kinase domain. Biochemistry 25:1364–1371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Boland D, Lee PWK, Goren HJ (1986) A study of insulin receptor structure function with monoclonal antibodies: Preparation of anti-insulin receptor antibodies. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 29:451–453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Kobayashi M, Haneda M, Maegawa H, Watanabe N, Takada Y, Shigeta Y, Inouye K (1984) Receptor binding and biological activity of [Ser B24]-insulin, an abnormal mutant insulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 119:49–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. McKee RL, Pelton JT, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ, Sueira-Diaz J, Coy DH (1986) Receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activities of glucagon analogs modified in the N-terminal region. Biochemistry 25:1650–1656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Wood SP, Tickle IJ, Treharne AM, Pitts JE, Marcarenhas Y, Li JY, Husain J, Cooper S, Blundell TL, Hruby VJ, Buku A, Fischman AJ, Wyssbrod HR (1986) Crystal structure analysis of deamino-oxytocin: Conformational flexibility and receptor binding. Science 232:633–636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Maletti M, Carlquist M, Portha B, Kergoat M, Mutt V, Rosselin G (1986) Structural requirements for gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor binding and stimulation of insulin release. Peptides (Fayetteville NY) 7 (Suppl 1):75–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Robberecht P, Waelbroeck M, Camus J-C, DeNeef P, Coy DH, Christophe J (1986) Comparative efficacy of seven synthetic glucagon analogs, modified in position 1, 2, and/or 12, on liver and heart adenylate cyclase from rat. Peptides (Fayetteville NY) 7 (Suppl 1):109–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Luborsky JL, Slater WT, Behrman HR (1984) Luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor aggregation: Modification of ferritin-LH binding and aggregation by prostaglandin F22 and ferritin-LH. Endocrinology 115:2217–2226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Fletcher JM, Basset JM (1986) Increased placental growth and raised plasma glucocorticoid concentrations in fetal rabbits injected with insulin in utero. Horm Metab Res. 18:441–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Freinkel N, (1980) The Banting lecture 1980: Of pregnancy and progeny. Diabetes 29:1023–1035.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. King GL, Goodman AD, Buzney S, Mones A, Kahn CR (1985) Receptors and growth-promoting effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors on cells from bovine retinal capillaries and aorta. J Clin Invest 75: 1028–1036.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Capron L, Jarnet J, Kazandjian S, Housset E (1986) Growth-promoting effects of diabetes and insulin on arteries. An in vivo study of rat aorta. Diabetes 35:973–978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Silardi S, Cacciari E, Ballardini D, Righetti F, Capelli M, Cicognani A, Zucchini S, Natali G, Tassinari D (1986) Relationships between growth factors (somatomedin-C and growth hormone) and body development, metabolic control and retinal changes in children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes 35:832–836.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Tomita M, Hirata Y, Uchihashi M, Fujita T (1986) Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptors in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aorta. Endocrinol Jpn 33:177–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Greene GL, Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y, Shine J (1986) Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA. Science 231:1150–1154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Perrot-Applanat M, Logeat F, Groyer-Picard MT, Milgrom E (1985) Immunocytochemical study of mammalian progesterone receptor using monoclonal antibodies. Endocrinology 116:1473–1484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Weinberger C, Hollenberg SM, Ong ES, Harmon JM, Brower ST, Cidlowski J, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM (1985) Identification of human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA clones by epitope selection. Science 228:740–742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Raftery MA, Hunkapiller MW, Strader CD, Hood LE (1980) Acetylcholine receptor: Complex of homologous subunits. Science 208: 1454–1457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Conti-Tronconi BM, Raftery MA(1982) Cholinergic receptor: Correlation of molecular structure with functional properties. Annu Rev Biochem 51:491–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Iyengar R, Herberg JT (1984) Structural analysis of the hepatic glucagon receptor. Identification of a guanine nucleotide-sensitive hormone-binding region. J Biol Chern 259:5222–5229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Ulrich A, Bell JR, Chen EY, Herrera R, Petruzzelli LM, Dull TJ, Gray A, Coussens L, Liao YC, Tsubokawa M, Mason A, Seeburg PH, Grunfeld C, Rosen OM, Ramachandran J (1985) Human insulin receptor and its relationship to the tyrosine kinase family of oncogenes. Nature 313:756–761.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Czech MP, Massague J, Yu K, Oppenheimer CL, Mottola C (1984) Subunit structures and actions of the receptors for insulin and the insulin-like growth factors. In Federlin K, Scholtholt J (eds): The Importance of Islets of Langerhans for Modem Endocrinology. Raven Press, New York, pp 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Rotwein P, Pollock KM, Didier DK, Krivi GG (1986) Organization and sequence of the human insulin-like growth factor I gene. Alternative RNA processing produces two insulin-like growth factor I precursor peptides. J Biol Chern 261:4828–4832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Abraham JA, Mergia A, Whang JL, Tumolo A, Friedman J, Hjerild KA, Gospodarowicz D, Fiddes JC (1986) Nucleotide sequence of a bovine clone encoding the angiogenic protein, basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 233:545–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Jaye M, Howk R, Burgess W, Ricca GA, Chiu I-M, Ravera MW, O’Brien SJ, Modi WS, Maciag T, Drohan WN (1986) Human endothelial cell growth factor: Cloning, nucleotide sequence and chromosome localization. Science 233:541–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Betsholtz C, Johnsson A, Heldin C-H, Westermark B, Lind P, Urdea MS, Eddy R, Shows TB, Philpott K, Mellor AL, Knott TJ, Scott J (1986) eDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of human platelet derived growth factor A-chain and its expression in tumor cell lines. Nature 320:695–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Downward J, Varden Y, Mayes E, Scrace G, Totty N, Stockwell P, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J, Waterfield MD (1984) Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb B oncogene protein sequences. Nature 307:521–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Coussens L, Yang-Feng TL, Liao Y-C, Chen E, Gray A, McGrath J, Seeburg PH, Libermann TA, Schlessinger J, Francke U, Levinson A, Ullrich A (1985) Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene. Science 230:1132–1139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Akiyama T, Sudo C, Ozawara H, Toyoshima K, Yamamoto T (1986) The product of the human c-erb B-2 gene: A 185-kilodalton glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity. Science 232:1644–1646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Ullrich A (1985) Gene for human insulin receptor: Localization to site on chromosome 19 involved in pre-B-cell leukemia. Science 228:728–731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Roth RA, Cassell DJ (1983) Insulin receptor: Evidence that it is a protein kinase. Science 219:299–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Graves CB, Goewert RR, McDonald JM (1985) The insulin receptor contains a calmodulin-binding domain. Science 230:827–829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Rees-Jones RW, Quarum ML, Taylor SI (1985) An endogenous substrate for 28 P. P. Foil the insulin receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chern. 260:4461–4467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Carrascosa JM, Wieland OH (1986) Evidence that (a) serine specific protein kinase(s) different from protein kinase C is responsible for the insulin-stimulated actin phosphorylation by placental membranes. FEBS Lett 201:81–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Olefsky JM, Kolterman OG (1981) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in obesity and non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. Am J Med 70:151–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Okamoto M, White MF, Maron R, Kahn CR (1986) Autophosphorylation and kinase activity of insulin receptor in diabetic rats. Am J Physio l251:E542-E550.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Bimbaumer L, Codina J, Mattera R, Cerione RA, Hildebrandt JD, Sunyer T, Rojas FJ, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Iyengar R (1985) Regulation of hormone receptors and adenylyl cyclase by guanine nucleotide binding N proteins. Recent Prog Horm Res 41:41–99.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Roberts J, Steinberg GM (1986) Effects of aging on adrenergic receptors. A symposium. Fed Proc. 45:40–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Kadata T, Ui M (1982) Direct modification of the membrane adenylate cyclase system by islet-activating protein due to ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:3129–3133.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Spiegel AM, Gierschik P, Levine MA, Down RW Jr (1985) Clinical implication of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins as receptor-effector couplers. N Engl J Med 312:26–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Farfel Z, Cohen Z (1984) Adenylate cyclase in the maturing human reticulocyte: Selective loss of the catalytic unit, but not of the receptor-cyclase coupling protein. Eur J Clin Invest 14:79–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Robberecht P, Gillard M, Waelbroeck M, Camus J-C, DeNeef P, Christophe J (1986) Alterations of rat cardiac adenylate cyclase activity with age. Eur J Pharmacol 126:91–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Rodan SB, Rodan GA (1986) Dexamethasone effects on β-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase regulatory proteins Gs and Gi in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Endocrinology 118:2510–2518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Faye JC, Fargin A, Bayard F (1986) Dissimilarities between the uterine estrogen receptor in cytosol of castrated and estradiol-treated rats. Endocrinology 118:2276–2283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Mariash CN, Oppenheimer JH (1982) Thyroid hormone-carbohydrate interaction at the hepatic nuclear level. Fed Proc 41:2671–2676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Marver D (1980) Aldosterone action in target epithelia. Vitam Horm 38:57–117.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Eisen LP, Harmon JM (1986) Activation of the rat kidney mineralocorticoid receptor. Endocrinology 119:1419–1426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Dickson RB, McManaway ME, Lippman ME (1986) Estrogen-induced factors of breast cancer cells partially replace estrogen to promote tumor growth. Science 232:1540–1543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Bigsby RM, Cunha GR (1986) Estrogen stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in uterine epithelial cells which lack estrogen receptors. Endocrinology 119:390–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Yu KT, Peters MA, Czech MP (1986) Similar control mechanisms regulate the insulin and type I insulin-like receptor kinases. Affinity-purified insulin-like growth factor I receptor kinase is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation of its β subunit. J Biol Chern 261:11341–11349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Gorden P, Carpentier J-L, Freychet P, Orci L (1980) Internalization of polypeptide hormones. Mechanism, intracellular localization and significance. Diabetologia 18:263–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Berridge MJ (1985) Calcium: A universal second messenger. Triangle 24:79–90.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Denton RM, McCormack JG(1985) Ca++ transport by mammalian mitochondria and its role in hormone action. Am J Physiol 249: E543-E554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Pearson RB, Woodgett JR, Cohen P, Kemp BE (1985) Substrate specificity of a multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 260:14471–14476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Soderling TR (1982) Role of hormones and protein phosphorylation in metabolic regulation. A symposium. Fed Proc 41:2615–2638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Schramm M, Selinger Z (1984) Message transmission: Receptor controlled adenylate cyclase system. Science 225:1350–1356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Nishizuka Y (1986) Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science 233:305–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Williamson JR (1986) Inositol lipid metabolism and intracellular signaling mechanisms. News Physiol Sci 1:72–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Parker PJ, Coussens L, Totty N, Rhee L, Young S, Chen E, Stabel S, Waterfield MD, Ullrich A (1986) The complete primary structure of protein kinase C, the major phorbol ester receptor. Science 233:853–866.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Yap WH, Teo TS, Tan YH (1986) An early event in the interferon-induced transmembrane signaling process. Science 234:355–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Agranoff BW (1986) Inositol triphosphate and related metabolism. A symposium. Fed Proc 45:2627–2652.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Bollag GE, Roth RA, Beaudoin J, Mochly-Rosen D, Koshland DE Jr (1986) Protein kinase C directly phosphorylates the receptor in vitro and reduces its protein-tyrosine kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:5822–5824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. DiSalvo J (1984) Protein phosphatase targets for cellular regulation. A symposium. Proc Soc Exp Biol -Med 177: 1–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Purrello F, Burnham DB, Goldfine ID (1983) Insulin regulation of protein phosphorylation in isolated rat liver nuclear envelopes: Potential relationship to mRNA metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1189–1193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Hecht LB, Straus DS (1986) Insulin-sensitive, serum-sensitive protein kinase activity that phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6 in cultured fibroblast-melanoma hybrid cells. Endocrinology 119:470–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Goodridge AG (1986) Regulation of the gene for fatty acid synthase. Fed Proc 45:2399–2405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Makino H, Kanatsuka A, Suzuki T, Kuribayashi S, Hashimoto N, Yoshida S, Nishimura M (1985) Insulin resistance of fat cells from spontaneously diabetic KK mice. Analysis of insulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase. Diabetes 34:844–849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Saltiel AR, Steigerwalt RW (1986) Purification of putative insulin-sensitive cAMP phosphodiesterase or its catalytic domain from rat adipocytes. Diabetes 35:698–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Sugimoto T, Fukase M, Tsutsumi M, Nakada M, Hishikawa R, Tsunenari T, Yoshimoto Y, Fujita T (1986) Impaired parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate release by isolated perfused bones obtained from vitamin D-deficient rats. Endocrinology 118: 1808–1813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Solomon SS, Deaton J, Shankar TP, Palazzolo M (1986) Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in diabetes. Effect of glyburide. Diabetes 35:1233–1236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Field JB (1980) Diseases of glycogen metabolism. In Isselbacher KJ, Adams RD, Braunwald E, Petersdorf RG, Wilson JD (eds): Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 9th Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 500–507.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Jarett L, Kiechle FL (1984) Intracellular mediator of insulin action. Vitam Horm 41:51–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Begum N, Terjung RL, Tepperman HM, Tepperman J (1986) Effect of acute exercise on insulin generation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activator by rat liver and adipocyte plasma membranes. Diabetes 35:785–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Begum N, Tepperman HM, Tepperman J (1984) Effect of dexamethasone on adipose tissue and liver pyruvate dehydrogenase and its stimulation by insulin-generated chemical mediator. Endocrinology 114:99–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Schubart UK (1986) Regulation of gene expression in the rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells by insulin: Quantitation of messenger ribonucleic acid’s coding for tyrosine amino transferase, typtophan oxygenase, and phophoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Endocrinology 119:1741–1749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Mueckler M, Caruso C, Baldwin SA, Panico M, Blench I, Morris HR, Allard WJ, Lienhard GE, Lodish HF (1985) Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter. Science 229:941–945.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Wheeler TJ, Hinkle PC (1985) The glucose transporter of mammalian cells. Annu Rev Physiol 47:503–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Vinten J, Noergaard Petersen L, Sonne B, Galbo H (1985) Effect of physical training on glucose transporters in fat cell fractions. Biochim Biophys Acta 841:223–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Matthaei S, Horuk R, Olefsky JM (1986) Blood-brain glucose transfer in diabetes mellitus. Decreased number of glucose transporters at blood-brain barrier. Diabetes 35:1181–1184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA (1986) Natural course of insulin resistance in type I diabetes. N Engl J Med. 315:224–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Arsenis G, Livingstone IN (1986) Alterations in the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor produced by in vitro hyperinsulinism. J. Biol Chern. 261:147–153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Hjøllund E, Pedersen O, Espersen T, Klebe JG (1986) Impaired insulin receptor binding and postbinding defects of adipocytes from normal and diabetic pregnant women. Diabetes 35:598–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Van Putten JPM, Wieringa T, Krans HMJ (1985) Low pH and ketoacids induce insulin receptor binding and postbinding alterations in cultured 3T3 adipocytes. Diabetes 34:744–750.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Hansen I, Tsalikian E, Beaufrere B, Gerich J, Haymond M, Rizza R (1986) Insulin resistance in acromegaly: Defects in both hepatic and extrahepatic insulin action. Am J Physiol 250:E269-E273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Schwenk WF, Rizza RA, Mandarino LJ, Gerich JE, Hayles AB, Haymond MW (1986) Familial insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Presence of a postbinding defect. Diabetes 35:33–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Grunfeld C (1984) Insulin resistance: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutic implications. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 6. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 194–240.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Tabor CW, Tabor H (1984) Polyamines. Annu Rev Biochem 53:749–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Jänne J, Hölttä E, Kallio A, Käpyaho K (1983) Role ofpolyamines and their antimetabolites in clinical medicine. In Cohen MP, Foà PP (eds): Special Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 5. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 227–293.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Peavy DE, Edmonson JW, Duckworth WC (1984) Selective effects of inhibitors of hormone processing on insulin action in isolated adipocytes. Endocrinology 114:753–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Phillis JW, Barraco RA (1985) Adenosine, adenylate cyclase and transmitter release. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphoryl Res 19:243–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Snyder SH (1985) Adenosine as a neuromodulator. Annu Rev Neurosci 8:103–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Berne RM (1986) Adenosine: An important physiological regulator. News Physiol Sci 1:163–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds) (1985) Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th Ed. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Ceda GP, Hoffman AR (1985) Growth hormone-releasing factor desensitization in rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Endocrinology 116: 1334–1340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Bilezikjian LM, Seifert H, Vale W (1986) Desensitization to growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) is associated with down-regulation of GRFbinding sites. Endocrinology 118:2045–2052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Komatsu M, Iwahana H, Mitsuhashi S (1986) Effects of an LHRH agonist on endocrine function, LHRH receptor and LH/hCG receptor In the pituitarygonadal axis of male rats. Endocrinol Jpn 33:185–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Crowley WF, Comite F, Vale W, Rivier J, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB Jr (1981) Therapeutic use of pituitary desensitization with long-acting LHRH agonist: A potential new treatment for idiopathic precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:370–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Sibley DR, Lefkowitz RJ (1985) Molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization using the β-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system as a model. Nature 317:124–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Ercolani L, Lin HL, Ginsberg BH (1985) Insulin-induced desensitization at the receptor and postreceptor level in mitogen-activated human T-lymphocytes. Diabetes 34:931–937.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. De Feo P, Perriello G, De Cosmo S, Ventura MM, Campbell PJ, Brunetti P, Gerich JE, Bolli GB (1986) Comparison of glucose counterregulation during short-term and prolonged hypoglycemia in normal humans. Diabetes 35:563–569.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Francis AJ, Hanning I, Alberti KGMM (1985) The influence of insulin antibody levels on the plasma profiles and action of subcutaneously injected human and bovine short-acting insulins. Diabetologia 28:330–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Ooi GT, Herington AC (1986) Covalent cross-linking of insulin-like growth factor-I to a specific inhibitor from human serum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 137:411–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Bratusch-Marrain PR (1983) Insulin counteracting hormones; their impact on glucose metabolism: Diabetologia 24:74–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Gerich J, Rizza R, Haymond M, Cryer P (1981) Hormonal mechanisms in acute glucose counterregulation: The relative roles of glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol. Metabolism 29 (Suppl 2):1164–1175.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Hoelzer DR, Dalsky GP, Clutter WE, Shah DS, Holloszy JO, Cryer PE (1986) Glucoregulation during exercise: Hypoglycemia is prevented by redundant glucoregulatory systems, sympathochromaffin activation, and changes in islet hormone secretion. J Clin Invest 77:212–221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Bolli GB, Dimitriadis G, Pehling G, Baker B, Haymond M, Cryer P, Gerich J (1984) Abnormal glucose counterregulation after subcutaneous insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Engl J Med. 310:1706–1711.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Koivisto VA, Yki-Järvinen H, Helve E, Karonen S-L, Pelkonen R (1986) Pathogenesis and prevention of the dawn phenomenon in diabetic patients treated with CSII. Diabetes 35:78–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Foà PP, Dunbar JC Jr, Klein SP, Levy SH, Malik MA, Campbell BB, Foà NL (1980) Reactive hypoglycemia and A-cell (“pancreatic”) glucagon deficiency in the adult. JAMA 244:2281–2285.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Bolli GB, Gottesman IS, Campbell PJ, Haymond MW, Cryer PE, Gerich JE (1984) Glucose counterregulation and waning of insulin in the Somogyi phenomenon (posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia). N Engl J Med. 311:1214–1219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. King GL, Johnson SM (1985) Receptor-mediated transport of insulin across endothelial cells. Science 227:1583–1586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Bar RS, Boes M, Yorek M (1986) Processing of insulin-like growth factors I and II by capillary and large vessel endothelial cells. Endocrinology 118:1072–1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Hachiya HL, Carpentier J-L, King GL (1986) Comparative studies on insulin-like growth factor II and insulin processing by vascular endothelial cells. Diabetes 35:1065–1072.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Levy JR, Olefsky JM (1986) Retroendocytosis of insulin in rat adipocytes. Endocrinology 119:572–579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Duckworth WC, Kitabchi AE (1981) Insulin metabolism and degradation. Endocr Rev. 2:210–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Banskota NK, Carpentier J-L, King GL (1986) Processing and release of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I by macro- and microvascular endothelial cells. Endocrinology 119:1904–1923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Sessler FM, Jacquez JA, Malvin RL (1986) Different production and decay rates of six renin forms isolated from rat plasma. Am J Physiol 250:E551-E557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Boden G, Shimoyama R, Ray TK, Savage RC Jr (1985) Effect of anti-insulin receptor antibodies on in vivo insulin metabolism. Diabetes 34:342–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Tokuyama K, Himms-Hagen J, (1986) Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, torpor, and obesity of glutamate-treated mice. Am J Physiol 251:E407-E415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Bottazzo GF, Pozzilli P, Mirakian R, Dean BM, Doniach D (1984) Early immunological events in diabetes. In Andreani D, Di Mario U, Federlin KF, Heding LG (eds): Immunology in Diabetes. Kimpton, London, pp 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Barkan AL, Kelch RP, Marshall JC (1985) Isolatedgonadotrope failure in the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. N Engl J Med 312:1535–1540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Robertson RP (1981) Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and eicosanoids: Arachidonic acid metabolites relevant to medicine. In Isselbacher KJ, Adams RD, Braunwald E, Martin JB, Petersdorf RG, Wilson JD (eds): Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, Update 1. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 191–207.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Hall PF (1985) Role of cytochromes P-450 in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Vitam Horm 42:315–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Harris AL (1985) Aminoglutethimide. A new endocrine therapy in breast cancer. A cancer research review. Exp Cell Biol 53:1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Imperato-McGinley J, Binienda Z, Arthur A, Miniberg DT, Vaughan ED Jr, Quimby FW (1985) The development of a male pseudohermaphroditic rat using an inhibitor of the enzyme 5α-reductase. Endocrinology 116:807–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Tseng L, Mazella J, Sun B (1986) Modulation of aromatase activity in human endometrial stromal cells by steroids, tamoxifen and RU 486. Endocrinology 118:1312–1318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Osawa Y, Yarborough C, Osawa Y (1982) Norethisterone, a major ingredient of contraceptive pills, is a suicide inhibitor of estrogen biosynthesis. Science 215:1249–1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Feuillan PP, Foster CM, Pescovitz OH, Hench KD, Shawker T, Dwyer A, Malley JD, Barnes K, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB Jr (1986) Treatment of precocious puberty in the McCune-Albright syndrome with the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. N Engl J Med 315:1115–1119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Halban PA, Amherdt M, Orci L, Renold AE (1986) Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane inhibits the synthesis and processing of proinsulin in isolated rat pancreatic islets without affecting release of insulin stores. Diabetes 35:433–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Gold G, Pou J, Gishizky ML, Landall MD, Grodsky GM (1986) Effects of tolbutamide pretreatment on the rate of conversion of newly synthesized proinsulin to insulin and the compartmental characteristics of insulin storage in isolated rat islets. Diabetes 35:6–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Bazan MC, Domene H, Heinrich JJ, Barontini M, Bergada C (1984) Comparison of single and combined tests for the evaluation of plasma growth hormone secretion in normal short children. J Endocrinol Invest 7:295–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Arita J, Kimura F (1986) Characterization of in vitro dopamine synthesis in the 1. Introduction 33 median eminence of rats with haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia and bromocriptine-induced hypoprolactinemia. Endocrinology 119: 1666–1672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Gross MD, Grekin RJ, Gniadek TC, Villareal JZ (1981) Suppression of aldosterone by cyproheptadine in idiopathic aldosteronism. N Engl J Med 305:181–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Coiro V, Chiodera P, Volpi R, D’Amato L, Camellini L, Rossi G, Pignatti D, Butturini U (1986) Muscarinic cholinergic modulation of insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in normal man. J Endocrinol Invest 9:27–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Kashiwagi A, Harano Y, Suzuki M, Kojima H, Harada M, Nishio Y, Shigeta Y (1986) New α2-adrenergic blocker (DG-5128) improves insulin secretion and in vivo glucose disposal in NIDDM patients. Diabetes 35:1085–1089.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Ribeiro AM, Gomez MV (1986) The effect of calmodulin inhibitors on the release of acetylcholine and protein phosphorylation induced by tityustoxin, potassium and ouabain. Brain Res Bull 16:673–680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Kabuto M, Namura I, Saitoh Y (1986) Nocturnal enhancement of plasma melatonin could be suppressed by benzodiazepines in humans. Endocrinol Jpn 33:405–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Nakai A, Nagasaka A, Hidaka H, Tanaka T, Ohyama T, Iwase K, Ohtani S, Shinoda S, Aono T, Masunaga R, Nakagawa H, Kataoka K (1986) Effect of calmodulin inhibitors on thyroid hormone secretion. Endocrinology 119:2279–2283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Lamberts SWJ, Uitterlinden P, Verschoor L, Van Dongen KJ, Del Pozo E (1985) Long-term treatment of acromegaly with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995. N Engl J Med 313:1576–1580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Boden G, Ryan IG, Eisenschmid BL, Shelmet JJ, Owen OE (1986) Treatmen1 of inoperable glucagonoma with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995. N Engl J Med 314:1686–1689.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Horiuchi N, Holick MF, Potts JT Jr, Rosenblatt M (1983) A parathyroid hormone inhibitor in vivo: Design and biological evaluation of a hormone analog. Science 220: 1053–1055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Rosenblatt M (1986) Peptide hormone antagonists that are effective in vivo. Lessons from parathyroid hormone. N Engl J Med 315:1004–1013.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Sawyer WH, Pang PKT, Seto J, McEnroe M, Lammek B, Manning M (1981) Vasopressin analogs that antagonize antidiuretic responses by rats to the antidiuretic hormone. Science 212:49–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Nekola MV, Horvath A, Ge L-J, Coy DH, Schally AV (1982) Suppression of ovulation in the rat by an orally active antagonist of leuteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Science 218:160–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W (1980) Antireproductive effects of a potent gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist in the male rat. Science 210:93–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Felicetta JV, Czanko R, Huber-Smith MJ, McCann DS (1986) Cholecystographic agents and sulfobromophthalein inhibit the binding of L-thyroxine to plasma membranes of rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology 118:2500–2504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Auf’Mkolk M, Ingbar JC, Kubota K, Amir SM, Ingbar SH (1985) Extracts and auto-oxidized constituents of certain plants inhibit the receptor-binding and the biological activity of Graves’ immunoglobulins. Endocrinology 116:1687–1693.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Seamon KB (1984) Forskolin and adenylate cyclase; new opportunities in drug design. Annu Rep Med Chern 19:293–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. West WL (1982) Calmodulin-regulated enzymes: Modifications by drugs and disease. A symposium. Fed Proc 41:2251–2299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Hof RP (1985) Pharmacological characterization of calcium antagonists: What they do and where they act. Triangle 24:143–156.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Login IS, Judd AM, Cronin MJ, Koike K, Schettini G, Yasumoto T, MacLeod RM (1985) The effects of maitotoxin on 45Ca2+ flux and hormone release in GH3 rat pituitary cells. Endocrinology 116:622–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Tutwiler GF, Brentzel HJ, Kiorpes TC (1985) Inhibition of mitochondrial camitine palmitoyl transferase A in vivo with methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate (methyl palmoxirate) and its relationship to ketonemia and glycemia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 178:288–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Katsuhiro H, Kohei K, Masafumi M, Masako T, Toshio K (1985) Sulfonylurea stimulates liver fructose 2,6-bisphosphate formation in proportion to its hypoglycemic action. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1:49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  317. George FW, Wilson JD (1986) Hormonal control of sexual development. Vitam Horm 43:145–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Pilar GR (1985) Functional interaction of developing neurons with their target tissue. A symposium. Fed Proc 44:2750–2779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Vartanian T, Szuchet S, Dawson G, Campagnoni AT (1986) Oligodendrocyte adhesion activates protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of myelin basic protein. Science 234:1393–1398.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Mason AJ, Pitts SL, Nikolics K, Szonyi E, Wilcox IN, Seeburg PH, Stewart TA (1986) The hypogonadal mouse: Reproductive functions restored by gene therapy. Science 234:1372–1378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Shull JD, Gorski J (1986) The hormonal regulation of prolactin gene expression: An examination of mechanisms controlling prolactin synthesis and the possible relationship of estrogen to these mechanisms. Vitam Horm 43:197–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Loeffler JP, Kley N, Pittius CW, Höllt V (1986) Calcium ion and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate regulate proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rat intermediate and anterior pituitary lobes. Endocrinology 119:2840–2847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Philippe J, Mojsov S, Drucker DJ, Habener JF (1986) Proglucagon processing in a rat islet cell line resembles phenotype of intestine rather than pancreas. Endocrinology 119:2833–2839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Negro-Vilar A, Conte D, Valenca M (1986) Transmembrane signals mediating neural peptide secretion: Role of protein kinase C activators and arachidonic acid metabolites in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 119:2796–2802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Grunberger G, Iacopetta B, Carpentier J-L, Gorden P (1986) Diacylglycerol modulation of insulin receptor from cultured human mononuclear cells. Effects of binding and internalization. Diabetes 35:1364–1370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Imagawa W, Spencer EM, Larson L, Nandi S (1986) Somatomedin-C substitutes for insulin for the growth of mammary epithelial cells from normal virgin mice in serum-free collagen gel cell culture. Endocrinology 119:2695–2699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Murphy WA, Coy DH, Lance VA (1986) Superactive amidated carboxy-terminal glucagon analogs with no methionine or tryptophan. Peptides (Fayetteville NY) 7 (Suppl 1):69–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Constant RB, Weintraub BD (1986) Differences in the metabolic clearance of pituitary and serum thyrotropin (TSH) derived from euthyroid and hypothyroid rats: Effects of chemical deglycosylation of pituitary TSH. Endocrinology 119:2720–2727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Segal J, Rehder M-C, Ingbar SH (1986) Calmodulin mediates the stimulatory effect of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine on adenylate cyclase activity in rat thymocyte plasma membranes. Endocrinology 119:2629–2634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Marangou AG, Weber KM, Boston RC, Aitken PM, Heggie JCP, Kirsner RLG, Best JD, Alford FP (1986) Metabolic consequences of prolonged hyperinsulinemia in humans. Evidence for induction of insulin insensitivity. Diabestes 35:1383–1389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Piero P. Foà
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 07103, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    Margo Panush Cohen M.D., Ph.D. (Professor of Medicine, Director) (Professor of Medicine, Director)

  2. Institute for Metabolic Research, University City Science Center, 19104, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Margo Panush Cohen M.D., Ph.D. (Professor of Medicine, Director) (Professor of Medicine, Director)

  3. Wayne State University, USA

    Piero P. Foà M.D., Sc.D. (Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Chairman Emeritus) (Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Chairman Emeritus)

  4. Department of Research, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA

    Piero P. Foà M.D., Sc.D. (Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Chairman Emeritus) (Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Chairman Emeritus)

  5. 2104 Rhine Road, 48033, West Bloomfield, Michigan, USA

    Piero P. Foà M.D., Sc.D. (Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Chairman Emeritus) (Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Chairman Emeritus)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Foà, P.P. (1987). Introduction: The Journey of the Endocrine Signal: A Paradigm of Murphy’s Law . In: Cohen, M.P., Foà, P.P. (eds) Hormone Resistance and Other Endocrine Paradoxes. Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4758-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4758-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9143-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4758-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation