Skip to main content

Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Chapter
Comprehensive Management of Menopause

Part of the book series: Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology ((CPOG))

  • 92 Accesses

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases, primarily myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death for both women and men. Epidemiological studies show that women develop coronary artery disease an average of 10 years later than men1,2 (Figure 19.1). At every age, women have lower rates of cardiovascular disease than men.2

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J. 1986; 111: 383–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bush TL. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990; 592: 263–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Satterfield S, et al. The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med. 1992; 326: 1406–1416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Beard CM, Kottke TE, Annegers JF, Ballard DJ. The Rochester coronary heart disease project: effect of cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and steroidal estrogen use on coronary heart disease among 40- to 59-year-old women, 1960 through 1982. Mayo Clin Pro c. 1989; 64: 1471–1480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Holme I. An analysis of randomized trials evaluating the effect of cholesterol reduction on total mortality and coronary heart disease incidence. Circulation. 1990; 82: 1916–1924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stokes J, Kannel WB, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Cupples LA. Blood pressure as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study—30 years of follow-up. Hypertension. 1989(Suppl); 13: I13 - I18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Higgins M, Kannel W, Garrison R, Pinsky J, Stokes J. Hazards of obesity-the Framingham experience. Acta Med Scand. 1988 (suppl); 723: 23–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 1105–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Matthews KA, Meilahn E, Kuller LH, et al. Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. New Engl J Med. 1989; 321: 641–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bonithon-Kopp C, Scarabin PY, Darne B, Malmejac A, Guize L. Menopause-related changes in lipoproteins and some other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Epidemiol. 1990; 19: 42–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Amery A. The influence of menopause on blood pressure. J Human Hypertension. 1989; 3: 427–433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wu Z, Wu X, Zhang Y. Relationship of menopausal status and sex hormones to serum lipids and blood pressure. Int J Epidemiol. 1990; 19: 297–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1987; 258: 1183–1186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Meade TW, Dyer S, Howarth DJ, Imeson JD, Stirling Y. Antithrombin III and procoagulant activity: sex differences and effects of the menopause. Br J Haematology. 1990; 74: 77–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Robinson RW, Cohen WD, Higano N. Estrogen replacement therapy in women with coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1958; 48: 95–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mann JI, Inman WH. Oral contraceptives and death from myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1975; 2: 245–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Barrett-Connor E, Bush TL. Estrogen replacement and coronary heart disease. Cardiovasc Clin. 1989; 19: 159–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Preven Med. 1991; 20: 47–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 756–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wolf PH, Madans JH, Finucane FF, Higgins M, Kleinman JC. Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmeno-pausal women who use hormones: evidence form a national cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 164: 489–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1991; 1990; 151: 75–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. McFarland KF, Boniface ME, Hornung CA, et al. Risk factors and noncontraceptive estro gen use in women with and without coronary disease. Am Heart J. 1989; 117: 1209–1214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hong MK, Romm PA, Reagan K, Green C, Rackley CE. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on serum lipid values and angiographically defined coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69: 176–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sullivan JM, Vander Zwaag R, Hughes JP, et al. Estrogen replacement and coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150: 2557–2562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hassager C, Riis BJ, Strom V, et al. The long-term effect of oral and percutaneous estradiol on plasma renin substrate and blood pressure. Circulation. 1987; 76: 753–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jespersen CM, Arnung K, Hagen C, et al. Effects of natural oestrogen therapy on blood pressure and renin-angiotensin system in normotensive and hypertensive menopausal women. J Hypertension. 1983; 1: 361–364.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Barrett—Connor E, Laakso M. Ischemic heart disease risk in postmenopausal women. Effects of estrogen use on glucose and insulin levels. Arteriosclerosis. 1990; 10: 531–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Williams JK, Adams MR, Klopfenstein HS. Estrogen modulates responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation. 1990; 81: 1680–1687.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hirvonen E, Mälkönen M, Manninen V. Effects of different progestogens on lipoproteins during postmenopausal replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 1981; 304: 560–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Miller VT, Muesing RA, LaRosa JC, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen with and without three different progestogens on lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoprotein A-I. Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 77: 235–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Adams MR, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, et al. Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis. 1990; 10: 1051–1057.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Seed M. Sex hormones, lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 1991; 90: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lalonde, G. (1994). Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases. In: Lorrain, J., Plouffe, L., Ravnikar, V.A., Speroff, L., Watts, N.B. (eds) Comprehensive Management of Menopause. Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4330-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4330-4_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8737-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4330-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics