Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Regeneration of the Auditory Nerve: The Role of Neurotrophic Factors

  • Chapter
Clinical Aspects of Hearing

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 7))

Abstract

This review is intended to introduce the reader to the field of regeneration-repair processes and the trophic and tropic factors that can affect these processes in the developing and mature nervous system, and then to relate these neurotrophic factors to regeneration-repair processes within the inner ear and more specifically to the auditory system. The experiments reviewed in this chapter demonstrate that the auditory system has the potential to support the survival of auditory neurons and to regenerate or repair neuronal processes at least to a limited extent. It appears likely that several members of the neurotrophin family and other neurotrophic factors are intimately involved with both the development and maintenance of auditory neurons and their pattern of innervation. Once the basic molecular mechanisms of these neurotrophic factors in the auditory system is understood, therapy to prevent degeneration of neurons after damage or even as therapy to establish functional reinnervation may become a reality. To assist the reader with all of the shorthand used in identifying the neurotrophic factors and their receptors a table of identification has been prepared (Table 3.1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler R, Landa KB, Manthorpe M, Varon S (1979) Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: Intraocular distribution of trophic activity for ciliary neurons. Science 204:1434–1436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aebischer P, Salessiotis AN, Winn SR (1989) Basic fibroblast growths factor released from synthetic guidance channels facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration across long nerve gaps. J Neurosci Res 23:282–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aizenman Y, de Vellis J (1987) Brain neurons develop in a serum and glial free environment: effects of transferrin, insulin, insulin like growth factor-I and thyroid hormone on neuronal survival, growth and differentiation. Brain Res 406:32–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KJ, Dam D, Lee S, Cotman CW (1988) Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents death of lesioned cholinergic neurons in-vivo. Nature 332:360–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ang LC, Bhaumick B, Munoz DG, Sass J, Juurlink BHJ (1992) Effects of astrocytes, insulin, and insulin like growth factor-I on the survival of motor neurons in-vitro. J Neurol Sci 109:168–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anniko M (1988) Maturation of inner ear ganglion cells: Morphometric analyses of cross-sectional areas. J Oto Rhino Laryngol 50:103–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apfel SC, Arezzo JC, Lewis ME, Kessler JA (1993) The use of insulin like growth factor-I in the prevention of vincristine neuropathy in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 692:243–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa Y, Sendtner M, Thoenen H (1990) Survival effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on chick embryonic motoneurons in culture: Comparison with other neurotrophic factors and cytokines. J Neurosci 10:3507–3515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ard M, Morest D, Haugher S (1985) Trophic interactions between the cochleovestibular ganglion of the chick embryo and its synaptic targets in culture. Neurosci 16:151–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avila M, Varela-Nieto I, Romero G, Mato J, Van De Water TR, Represa J (1993) Brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 support the survival and neuritogenesis response of developing cochleovestibular ganglion neurons. Devel Biol 159:266–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbin G, Manthorpe M, Varon S (1984) Purification of the chick eye ciliary neurotrophic factor. J Neurochem 43:1468–1478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barde YA, Edgar D, Thoenen H (1982) Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBO J 1:549–553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Van Evercooren A, Olichon-Berthe C, Kowalski A, Visciano G, Van Obberghen E (1991) Expression of IGF-I and insulin receptor gene in the rat central nervous system: a developmental regional and cellular analysis. J Neurosci Res 28:244–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin DG (1987) Insulin in the brain. Ann Rev Physiol 49:335–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazan JF (1991) Neuropoietic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold. Neuron 7:197–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkemeier LR, Winslow JW, Kaplan DR (1991) Neurotrophin-5: A novel neurotrophic factor that activates trk and trk-B. Neuron 7:857–866.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi LM, Cohan CS (1993) Effects of the neurotrophins and CNTF on developing statoacoustic neurons: Comparison with an otocyst derived factor. Devel Biol 159:353–365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bichler E, Spoendlin H, Rauchegge H (1983) Degeneration of cochlear neurons after amikacin intoxication in the rat. Arch Otolaryngol 237:201–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blottner D, Bruggemann W, Unsicker K (1989) Ciliary neurotrophic factor supports target deprived preganglionic sympathetic spinal cord neurons. Neurosci Lett 105:316–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen P, Esch F, Baird A, Gospodarowicz D (1985) Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) from bovine brain: Amino terminal sequence and comparison with basic FGF. EMBO J 4:1951–1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohne B, Harding G (1992) Neuronal regeneration in the noise damaged chinchilla cochlea. Laryngoscope 102:693–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottenstein JE, Sato GH (1979) Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:514–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breakefield XO, Geller AI (1987) Gene transfer into the nervous system. Mol Neurobiol Rev 1:339–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AL, Graham DE, Nissley SP (1986) Developmental regulation of insulin like growth factor-I mRNA in different rat tissues. J Biol Chem 261:13144–13150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JN, Miller JM, Atlschuler RA, Nutall AL (1993) Osmotic pump implant for chronic infusion of drugs into the inner ear. Hear Res 70:167–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bueker ED (1948) Implantation of tumors in the hind limb field of the embryonic chick and the developmental response of the lumbosacral nervous system. Anat Rec 102:369–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess WH, Maciag T (1989) The heparin binding (FGF) growth factor family of proteins. Ann Rev Biochem 58:575–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caroni P, Grandes P (1990) Nerve sprouting in innervated adult skeletal muscle induced by exposure to elevated levels of insulin like growth factors. J Cell Biol 110:1307–1317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng B, Mattson MP (1992) IGF-I and IGF-II protect cultured hippocampal and septal neurons against calcium mediated hypoglycemic damage. J Neurosci 12:1558–1566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claude P, Parada IM, Gordon KA, D’Amore PA, Wagner JA, (1988) Acidic fibroblast growth factor stimulates adrenal chromaffin cells to proliferate and to extend neuntes, but is not a long term survival factor. Neuron 1:783–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S (1960) Purification of a nerve growth promoting protein from the mouse salivary gland and its neurocytotoxic antiserum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 46:302–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S, Levi-Montalcini R, Hamburger V (1954) A nerve growth stimulating factor isolated from sarcomas 37 and 180. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 40:1014–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeiro PG, Seckel BR, Lipton SA (1989) Acidic fibroblast growth factor enhances peripheral nerve regeneration in-vivo. Plast Reconstr Surg 83:1013–1019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch MF, Hendry IA (1991) Co-activation of Insulin like growth factor-I receptors and protein kinase C results in parasympathetic neuronal survival. J Neurosci Res 28:115–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devaskar SU (1991) A review of insulin/insulin like peptide in the central nervous system. In: Raizada MK, LeRoith D. (eds) Molecular Biology and Physiology of Insulin and Insulin Like Growth Factors. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer D, Lagrange A, Grothe C, Unsicker K (1989) Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents ontogenetic neuron death in-vivo. Neurosci Lett 99:35–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckenstein FP, Esch F, Holbert T, Blacher RW, Nishi R (1990) Purification and characterization of a trophic factor for embryonic peripheral neurons: Comparison with fibroblast growth factors. Neuron 4:623–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckenstein FP, Shipley GD, Nishi R (1991) Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in the nervous system: Distribution and differential alteration of levels after injury of central versus peripheral nerve. J Neurosci 11:412–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwall D, Schalling M, Jennische E, Norstedt G (1989) Induction of insulin like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid during regeneration of rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinol 124:820–825.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmerling MR, Sobkowicz HM (1988) Differentiation and distribution of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in the mouse cochlea. Hear Res 468:233–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmerling MR, Sobkowicz HM (1990) Intermittent expression of GAP-43 during the innervation of the cochlea in the mouse. Abstracts of the Thirteenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 61, Abstr. 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmerling MR, Sobkowicz HM, Levenick CV, Scott GL, Slapnick SM, Rose JE (1990) Biochemical and morphological differentiation of acetylcholinesterase-positive efferent fibers in the mouse cochlea. J Electron Micros Techn 15:123–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernfors P, Ibanez CF, Ebendal T, Olson L, Persson H (1990) Molecular cloning and neurotrophic activities of a protein with structural similarities to nerve growth factor: Developmental and topographical expression in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5454–5458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernfors P, Merlio J-P, Persson H (1992) Cells expressing mRNA for neurotrophins and their receptors during embryonic rat development. Eur J Neurosci 4:1140–1158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernfors P, Lee K-F, Jaenisch R (1994) Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor develop with sensory deficits. Nature 368:147–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernfors P, Loring J, Jaenisch R, Van De Water TR (1995a) Function of neurotrophins in the auditory and vestibular systems: Analysis of BDNF and NT-3 gene knockout mice. Abstracts of the Eighteenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 190, Abstr. 759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernfors P, Van De Water T, Loring J, Jaenisch R (1995b) Complementary roles of BDNF and NT-3 in vestibular and auditory development. Neuron 14:1153–1164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esch F, Baird A, Ling N, Ueno N, Hill F, Denoroy L, Kleppe R, Gospodarowicz D, Bohlen P, Guillemin R (1985) Primary structure of bovine pituitary basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and comparison with the amino terminal sequence of bovine brain acidic FGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6507–6511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faktorovich EG, Steinberg RH, Yasumura D, Matthes MT, LaVail MM (1990) Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature 347:83–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farinas I, Jones KR, Backus C, Wang X-Y, Reichardt LF (1994) Severe sensory and sympathetic deficits in mice lacking neurotrophin-3. Nature 369:658–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federoff HJ, Geschwind MD, Geller AI, Kessler JA (1992) Expression of NGF in vivo, from a defective HSV-1 vector, prevents effects of axotomy on sympathetic ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1636–1640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fina M, Popper A, Honrubia V (1994) Survival and cell biologic changes in the vestibular ganglion cells following vestibular neuronectomy in the chinchilla. Abstracts of the Seventeenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 35, Abstr. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman JB, Rubin JB, Handrahan JV, Connor JR, Fine RE (1987) Receptor-mediated transcytosis of transferrin across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurosci Res 18:299–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanders KC, Ludecke G, Engels S (1991) Localization and actions of transforming growth factor-s in the embryonic nervous system. Develop 113:183–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsmann J (1898) Uber die Ursachen welche die wachsthumsrichtung der peripheren nervenfasern bei der regeneration bestimmen. Beitr Path Anat Allg Path 24:56–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gage FH, Wolff JA, Rosenberg MB, Xu L, Yee JF, Shults C, Friedmann T (1987) Grafting genetically modified cells to the brain: Possibilities for the future. Neurosci 23:795–807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galinovic-Schwartz V, Peng D, Chiu FC, Van De Water TR (1991) Temporal pattern of innervation in the developing mouse embryo: An immunohistochemical study of a 66 kD subunit of mammalian neurofilament. J Neurosci Res 30:124–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind MD, Kessler JA, Geller AI, Federoff HJ (1994) Transfer of the nerve growth factor gene into cell lines and cultured neurons using a defective Herpes Simplex virus vector. Transfer of the NGF gene into cells by a HSV-1 vector. Mol Brain Res 24:327–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gimenez-Gallego G, Conn G, Hatcher VB, Thomas KA (1986) Human brain derived acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors: Amino terminal sequences and specific mitogenic activities. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 135:541–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glass DJ, Nye SH, Hantzopoulos P, Macchi MJ, Squinto SP, Goldfarb M, Yancopoulos GD (1991) Trk B mediates BDNF/NT-3 dependent survival and proliferation in fibroblasts lacking the low affinity NGF receptor. Cell 66:405–413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glazner GW, Lupien S, Miller JA, Ishii DN (1993) Insulin like growth factor-II increases the rate of sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Neurosci 54:791–797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleisner L, Wersäll J (1975) Experimental studies on the nerve-sensory cell relationship during degeneration and regeneration in ampullar nerve of the frog labyrinth. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 333:1–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Pinilla F, Lee JWK, Cotman CW (1992) Basic FGF in adult rat brain: Cellular distribution and response to entorhinal lesion and fimbria fornix transection. J Neurosci 12:345–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gospodarowicz D (1974) Localization of a fibroblast growth factor and its effect alone and with hydrocortisone on 3T3 cell growth. Nature 249:123–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gospodarowicz D, Cheng J (1986) Heparin protects basic and acidic FGF from inactivation. J Cell Physiol 128:475–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gospodarowicz D, Cheng J, Lui GM, Baird A, Bohlen P (1984) Isolation of brain fibroblast growth factor by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography: identity with pituitary fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:6963–6967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gospodarowicz D, Massoglia SL, Cheng J, Fujii DK (1986) Effect of fibroblast growth factor and lipoproteins on the proliferation of endothelial cells derived from bovine adrenal and brain cortex, bovine corpus luteum, and brain capillaries. J Cell Physiol 127:121–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gospodarowicz DK, Neufeld G, Schweigerer L (1987) Fibroblast growth factor: structural and biological properties. J Cell Physiol (Suppl) 5:15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotz R, Koster R, Winkler C, Raulf F, Lottspeich F, Sehartl M, Thoenen H (1994) Neurotrophin-6 is a new member of the nerve growth factor family. Nature 372:266–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafidi A, Romand R (1989) First appearance of type II neurons during ontogenesis in the spiral ganglion of the rat: An immunocytochemical study. Devel Brain Res 48:143–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallböök F, Ibáñez CF, Persson H (1991) Evolutionary studies of the nerve growth factor family reveal a novel member abundantly expressed in Xenopus ovary. Neuron 6:845–858.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamburger, V (1934) The effects of wing bud extirpation on the development of the central nervous system in chick embryos. J Exp Zool 68:449–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han VKM, Lauder JM, D’Ercole J (1987) Characterization of somatomedin/insulin like growth factor receptors and correlation with biologic action in cultured neonatal rat astroglial cells. J Neurosci 7:505–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansson HA, Nilsson A, Isgaard J, Billig H, Isaksson O, Skottner A, Andersson IK, Rozell B (1988) Immunohistochemical localization of insulin like growth factor I in the adult rat. Histochem 89:403–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartnick CJ, Geschwind MD, Federoff HJ, Van De Water TR (1995) Use of a defective herpes simplex virus to deliver BDNF to spiral ganglion expiants. Abstracts of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 108, Abstr. 432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohn A, Leibrock J, Bailey K, Barde YA (1990) Identification and characterization of a novel member of the nerve growth factor/brain derived growth factor family. Nature 344:339–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong X, Federoff H, Maragos J, Parada LF, Kessler JA (1994) Viral transduction of trkA into cultured nodose and spinal motor neurons conveys NGF responsiveness. Devel Biol 163:152–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huck S (1983) Serum free medium for cultures of the postnatal mouse cerebellum: only insulin is essential. Brain Res Bull 10:667–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ip NY, McClain J, Barrezueta NX, Aldrich TH, Pan L, Li Y, Wiegand J, Friedman B, Davis S, Yancopoulos GD (1993a) The α component of the CNTF receptor is required for signaling and defines potential CNTF targets in the adult and during development. Neuron 10:89–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ip NY, Stitt TN, Tapley P, Klein R, Glass DJ, Fandl J, Greene LA, Barbacid M, Yancopoulos GD (1993b) Similarities and differences in the way neurotrophins interact with the trk receptors in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Neuron 10:137–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara A, Saito H, Abe K (1994) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 and -beta 2 promote neurite sprouting and elongation of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 639:21–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson D, Lanahan A, Buck CR, Sehgal A, Morgan C, Mercer E, Bothwell M, Chao M (1986) Expression and structure of the human NGF receptor. Cell 47:545–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KR, Reichardt LF (1990) Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:8060–8064.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KR, Farinas I, Backus C, Reichardt LF (1994) Targeted disruption of the BDNF gene perturbs brain and sensory neuron development but not motor neuron development. Cell 76:989–999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaisho Y, Yoshimura K, Nakahama K (1990) Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a novel human neurotrophic factor. FEBS Lett 266:187–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanje M, Skottner A, Sjoberg J, Lundborg G (1989) Insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulates regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res 486:396–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan DR, Martin-Zanca D, Parada LF (1991) Tyrosine phosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity of the trk proto-oncogene product induced by NGF. Nature 350:158–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein R, Parada LF, Coulier F, Barbacid M (1989) Trk B, a novel tyrosine protein kinase receptor expressed during mouse neural development. EMBO J 8:3701–3709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein R, Jing SQ, Nanduri E, O’Rourke E, Barbacid M (1991a) The trk protooncogene encodes a receptor for nerve growth factor. Cell 65:189–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein R, Nanduri V, Jing SA, Lamballe F, Tapley P, Bryant S, Cordon-Cardo C, Jones KR, Reichardt LF, Barbacid M (1991b) The trkB tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Cell 66:395–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein R, Lamballe F, Barbacid M (1992) The trkB tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for neurotrophin-4. Neuron 8:947–956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knusel B, Michel PP, Schwaber JS, Hefti F (1990) Selective and non-selective stimulation of central cholinergic and dopaminergic development in-vitro by nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin and insulin like growth factors I and II. J Neurosci 10:558–570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumagai AK, Eisenberg J, Pardridge WM (1987) Absorptive-mediated endocytosis of cationized albumin and a β-endorphin cationized albumin chimeric peptide by isolated brain capillaries: Model system of blood-brain barrier transport. J Biol Chem 262:15214–15219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M (1991) TrkC, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3. Cell 66:967–979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre PP, Van De Water TR, Weber T, Rogister B, Moonen G (1991a) Growth factor interactions in cultures of dissociated adult acoustic ganglia: neuronotrophic effects. Brain Res 567:306–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre PP, Staecker H, Weber, T, Van De Water TR, Rogister B, Moonen G (1991b) TGFβ 1 modulates bFGF receptor message expression in cultured adult auditory neurons. Neuro Report 2:305–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre PP, Van De Water TR, Represa J, Liu W, Bernd P, Modlin S, Moonen G, Mayer MB (1991c) Temporal pattern of nerve growth factor (NGF) binding in-vivo and the in-vitro effects of NGF on cultures of developing auditory and vestibular neurons. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 111:304–311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre PP, Martin D, Staecker H, Weber T, Moonen G, Van De Water TR (1992a) TGFβ 1 expression is initiated in adult auditory neurons by sectioning of the auditory nerve. NeuroReport 3:295–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre PP, Van De Water TR, Staecker H, Weber T, Galinovic-Schwartz V, Moonen G, Ruben RJ (1992b) Nerve growth factor stimulates neurite regeneration but not survival of adult auditory neurons in-vitro. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 112:288–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre PP, Malgrange B, Staecker H, Moghadassi M, Van De Water TR, Moonen G (1994) Neurotrophins affect survival and neuritogenesis by adult injured auditory neurons in-vitro. Neuro Report 5:865–868.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibrock J, Lottspeich F, Hohn A, Hofer M, Hengerer B, Masiakowski P, Thoenen H, Barde Y-A (1989) Molecular cloning and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 341:149–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemmon SK, Riley MC, Thomas KA, Hoover GA, Maciag T, Bradshaw RA (1982) Bovine fibroblast growth factor: Comparison of brain and pituitary preparations. J Cell Biol 95:162–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenoir D, Honneger P (1983) Insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulates DNA synthesis in fetal rat brain cell cultures. Dev Brain Res 7:205–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenoir M, Shnerson A, Pujol R (1980) Cochlear receptor development in the rat with emphasis on synaptogenesis. Anat Embryol 160:253–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong KV, Brott BD, Langer R, (1985) Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices I: Characterization, degradation and release characteristics. J Biomed Mater Res 19:941–955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong KV, D’Amore P, Marietta M, Langer R. (1986) Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices II: Biocompatibility and chemical reactivity. J Biomed Mater Res 20:51–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Montalcini R, Hamburger V (1951) Selective growth stimulating effects of mouse sarcoma on the sensory and sympathetic nervous system of the chick embryo. J Exp Zool 116:321–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis ME, Neff NT, Contreras PC, Stong DB, Oppenheim RW, Grebow PE, Vaught JL (1993) Insulin like growth factor-I: Potential for treatment of motor neuronal disorders. Exp Neurol 124:73–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin L-FH, Mismer D, Lile JD, Armes LG, Butler ET, Vanmice JL, Collins F (1989) Purification, cloning, and expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Science 246:1023–1025.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo DC (1993) A central role for ciliary neurotrophic factor? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2557–2558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo L, Coutnouyan H, Baird A, Ryan A (1993) Acidic and basic FGF mRNA expression in the adult and developing rat cochlea. Hear Res 69:182–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo L, Moore J, Baird A, Ryan A (1995) Expression of acidic FGF mRNA in rat auditory brainstem during postnatal maturation. Devel Brain Res (IN PRESS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund PK, Moats-Staats BM, Hynes MA, Simmons JG, Jansen M, D’Ercole AJ, Van Wyk JJ (1986) Somatomedin-C/insulin like growth factor-I and insulin like growth factor II mRNAs in rat foetal and adult tissues. J Biol Chem 261:14539–14544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisonpierre PC, Belluscio L, Squinto S, Ip NY, Furth ME, Lindsay RM, Yancopoulos GD (1990) Neurotrophin-3: A neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF. Science 247:1446–1451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manthorpe M, Skaper SD, Barbin G, Varon S. (1982) Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors (CNTF’s): VII. Concurrent activities on certain nerve growth factor responsive neurons. J Neurochem 38:415–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks JL, King MG, Baskin DG (1991) Localization of insulin and type I IGF receptors in rat brain by in-vitro autoradiography and in-situ hybridization. In: Raizada MK and LeRoith D (eds) Molecular Biology and Physiology of Insulin and Insulin Like Growth Factors. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinou JC, Le Van Thai A, Valette A, Weber MJ (1990) Transforming growth factor beta1 is a potent survival factor for rat embryo motoneurons in culture. Dev Brain Res 52:175–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Zanca D, Barbacid M, Parada LF (1990) Expression of the trk proto-oncogene is restricted to the sensory cranial and spinal ganglia of neural crest origin in mouse development. Genes Devel 4:683–694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massagué J, Guillette BJ, Czech MP, Morgan CJ, Bradshaw RA (1981) Identification of a nerve growth factor receptor protein in sympathetic ganglia membranes by affinity labelling. J Biol Chem 256:9419–9424.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meakin SO, Shooter EM (1991) Molecular investigations of the high affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Neuron 6:153–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meakin SO, Shooter EM (1992) The nerve growth factor family of receptors. Trends Neurosci 15:323–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison RS, Sharma A, De Vellis J, Bradshaw RA (1986) Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7537–7541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy M, Drago J, Bartlett PF (1990) Fibroblast growth factor stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursos cells in-vitro. J Neurosci Res 25:463–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Near SL, Whalen LR, Miller JA, Ishii DN (1992) Insulin like growth factor-II stimulates motor nerve regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11716–11720.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nebreda AR, Martin-Zanca D, Kaplan DR, Parada LF, Santos E (1991) Induction by NGF of meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes expressing the trk proto-oncogene product. Science 252:558–563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neely EK, Beukers MW, Oh Y, Cohen P, Rosenfeld RG (1991) Insulin like growth factor receptors. Acta Ped Scand Suppl 372:116–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newman A, Kuruvilla A, Pereda A, Honrubia V (1986) Regeneration of the VIIIth cranial nerve I: Anatomic verification in the bullfrog. Laryngoscope 96:484–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newman A, Honrubia V, Bell T (1987) Regeneration of the eight cranial nerve II: Physiologic verification in the bullfrog. Laryngoscope 97:1219–1232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson L, Ernford P, Ebendal T, Mouton P, Stronebey I, Persson H (1988) The establishment and use of stable cell lines that overexpress a transfected beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) gene: Studies in-vitro, in oculo, and intracranially. Abstract of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 276.6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardridge WM (1986) Receptor-mediated peptide transport through the blood brain barrier. Endocrinol Rev 7:314–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perraud F, Labourdette G, Miehe M, Loret C, Sensenbrenner M (1988) Comparisons of the morphological effects of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors on rat astroblasts in culture. J Neurosci Res 20:1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirvola U, Ylikoski J, Palgi J, Lehtonen E, Arumae U, Saarma M (1992) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the peripheral target fields of developing inner ear ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9915–9919.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirvola U, Arumae U, Moshnyakov, M, Palgi U, Saarma M, Ylikoski J (1994) Coordinated expression and function of neurotrophins and their receptors in the rat inner ear during target innervation. Hear Res 75:131–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell EM, Sobarzo MR, Saltzman WM (1990) Controlled release of nerve growth factor from a polymeric implant. Brain Res 515:309–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal S (1892) La rétine des vertébrés. La Cellule 9:121–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal S (1928) Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System. May RM, translator. London: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray J, Gage FH (1994) Spinal cord neuroblasts proliferate in response to basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurosci 14:3548–3564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recio-Pinto E, Reichler MM, Ishii DN (1986) Effects of insulin, insulin like growth factor-II, and nerve growth factor on neurite formation and survival in cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons. J Neurosci 6:1211–1219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley AJ, David JB, Stroobant P, Land H (1989) Transforming growth factors-1 and 2 are mitogens for rat Schwann cells. J Cell Biol 109:3419–3424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts AB, Sporn MB (1990) The transforming growth factors. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology “Peptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors” Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Tebar A, Dechant G, Barde YA (1990) Binding of brain derived neurotrophic factor to the nerve growth factor receptor. Neuron 4:487–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romand MR, Romand R (1982) The ultrastructure of spiral ganglion cells in the mouse. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 104:29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romand MR, Romand R (1990) Development of spiral ganglion cells in the mammalian cochlea. J Electron Micros Techn 15:144–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg MB, Friedmann T, Robertson RC, Tuszynski M, Wolff JA, Breakefield XO, Gage FH (1988) Grafting genetically modified cells to the damaged brain; restorative effects of NGF expression. Science 242:1575–1578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal A, Goeddel DV, Lewis NM, Lewis M, Shih A, Laramee GR, Nicholics K, Winslow JW (1990) Primary structure and biological activity of a novel human neurotrophic factor. Neuron 4:676–773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruben R (1967) Development of the inner ear of the mouse: A radioautographic study of terminal mitoses. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 220:1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueda J, De la Sen C, Juiz J, Merchan JA (1987) Neuronal loss in the spiral ganglion of young rats. Arch Otolaryngol 104:417–421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rugh, R (1968) The Mouse: Its Reproduction and Development. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan AF, Luo L (1995) Delivery of a recombinant growth factor into the mouse inner ear by implantation of a transfected cell line. Abstracts of the Eighteenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p 117, Abstr. 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schecterson LC, Bothwell M (1994) Neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor mRNA expression in developing inner ear. Hear Res 73:92–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selden RF, Skoskievicz MJ, Howie KB, Russell PS, Goodman HM (1987) Implantation of genetically engineered fibroblasts into mice: implications for gene therapy. Science 236:714–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sendtner M, Holtmann B, Kolbeck R, Thoenen H, Barde Y-A (1992) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the death in motoneurons in newborn rats after nerve section. Nature 360:24–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sensenbrenner M (1993) The neurotrophic activity of fibroblast growth factors. Prog Neurobiol 41:683–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sher AE (1971) Embryonic and postnatal development of the inner ear of the mouse. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Supp 285:1–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shnerson A, Devigne C, Pujol R (1982) Age-related changes in the C57BL/6J mouse cochlea. II. Ultrastructural findings. Devel Brain Res 2:77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievers J, Hausmann B, Unsicker K, Berry M (1987) Fibroblast growth factors promote the survival of adult rat retinal ganglion cells after transection of the optic nerve. Neurosci Lett 76:157–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder EY, Kim SU (1980) Insulin: Is it a nerve survival factor? Brain Res 196:565–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobkowicz H (1992) The development of innervation in the organ of Corti. In: Romand R (ed) Development of Auditory Vestibular Systems. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp 59–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobkowicz HM, Emmerling MR (1989) Development of acetylcholinesterase-positive neuronal pathways in the cochlea of the mouse. J Neurocytol 18:209–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobkowicz HM, Rose J, Scott G, Kuwanda S, Hind J, Oertel D, Slapnick S (1980) Neuronal growth in the organ of Corti in culture. In: Giacobini E (ed) Tissue Culture in Neurobiology. New York: Raven Press, pp. 253–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobkowicz HM, Rose JE, Scott GL, Slapnick SM (1982) Ribbon synapses in the developing intact and cultured organ of Corti in the mouse. J Neurosci 2:942–957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobkowicz HM, Rose JE, Scott GL, Levenick CV (1986) Distribution of synaptic ribbons in the developing organ of Corti. J Neurocytol 15:693–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobkowicz HM, Emmerling MR, Whitlon DS (1988) Development of cochlear efferents in the postnatal mouse. Abstract of the Eleventh Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p 131, Abstr. 16P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soppet D, Escandon E, Maragos J, Middlemas DS, Reid SW, Blair J, Burton LE, Stanton BR, Kaplan DR, Hunter T, Nikolics K, Parada LF (1991) The neurotrophic factors, brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 are ligands for the trkB tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell 65:895–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speidel CC (1948) Correlated studies of sense organs and nerves of the lateral line in living frog tadpoles. II. The trophic influence of specific nerve supply as revealed by prolonged observations of denervated and reinnervated organs. Am J Anat 82:277–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sperry R (1945) Centripetal regeneration of the VIII cranial nerve root with systematic restoration of vestibular reflexes. Amer J Physiol 144:735–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spoendlin H (1971) Degeneration behavior of the cochlear nerve. Arch Klin Exp Ohr Nas Heilk Heilk 200:275–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spoendlin H (1988) Biology of the vestibulocochlear nerve. In: Albert PW, Ruben RJ (eds) Otologic Medicine and Surgery Volume 1. New York: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 117–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spoendlin H, Suter R (1976) Regeneration in the VIII Nerve. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 81:228–236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squinto SP, Stitt TN, Aldrich TH, Davis S, Bianco SM, Radziejewski C, Glass DJ, Masiakowski P, Furth ME, Valenzuela DM, DiStefano PS, Yancopoulos GD (1991) Trk B encodes a functional receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 but not nerve growth factor. Cell 65:885–893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staecker H, Liu W, Hartnick C, Lefebvre PP, Moonen G, Van De Water TR (1994) Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a central target tissue derived neurotrophic factor for auditory neurons. Abstracts of the Seventeenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 138, Abstr. 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staecker H, Kopke R, Lefebvre PP, Malgrange B, Liu W, Moonen G, Van De Water TR (1995) The effects of neurotrophins on adult auditory neurons in-vitro and in vivo. Abstracts of the Eighteenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 177, Abstr. 705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele-Perkins G, Turner J, Edman JC, Hari J, Pierce SB, Stover C, Rutter WJ, Roth RA (1988) Expression and characterization of a functional human insulin like growth factor-I receptor. J Biol Chem 263:11486–11492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun JC, Bohne BA, Harding GW (1995) Age at the time of acoustical injury affects the magnitude of nerve-fiber regeneration. Abstracts of the Eighteenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 74. Abstr. 294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrayama Y, Kaneko Y, Kawanto K, Akai N (1977) Ultrastructural changes of the neuronal elements following destruction of the organ of Corti. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 83:291–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas KA, Rios-Candelore M, Fitzpatrick S (1984) Purification and characterization of acidic fibroblast growth factor from bovine brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:357–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Togari A, Dickens G, Kuzuya H, Guroff G (1985) The effect of fibroblast growth factor on PC12 cells. J Neurosci 5:307–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tohyama Y, Kiyama H, Kitajiri M, Yamashita T, Kumazawa T, Tohyama M (1989) Ontogeny of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the organ of Corti of the rat. Devel Brain Res 45:309–312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomargo RJ, Epstein JI, Reinhard CS, Chasin M, Brem H (1989) Brain biocompatibility of a biodegradable controlled release polymer in rats. J Biomed Mat Res 23:253–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unoki K, LaVail MM (1994) Protection of the rat retina from ischemic injury by brain derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Invest Opthomol Vis Sci 35:907–915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unsicker K, Reichert-Preibsch H, Schmidt R, Pettmann B, Labourdette G, Sensenbrenner M (1987) Astroglial and fibroblast growth factors have neurotrophic functions for cultured peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5459–5463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unsicker K, Flanders KC, Cissel DS, Lafyatis R, Sporn MB (1991) Transforming growth factor beta isoforms in the adult rat central and peripheral nervous system. Neurosci 613–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR (1986) Determinants of neuron-sensory receptor cell interaction during the development of the inner ear. Hear Res 22:265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR (1988) Tissue interactions and cell differentiation: Neuron-sensory cell interaction during otic development. Devel 103:185–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR, Ruben RJ (1984) Neurotrophic interactions during in-vitro development of the inner ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 93:558–564.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR, Galinovic-Schwartz V, Ruben RJ (1989) Determinants of ganglion-receptor cell interaction during development of the inner ear: A heterochronic ganglia study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 108:227–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR, Frenz DA, Giraldez F, Represa J, Lefebvre PP, Rogister B, Moonen G (1991) Growth factors and development of the stato-acoustic system. In: Romand R (ed) Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems II: Amsterdam, Elsevier Science BV, pp. 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR, Lefebvre PP, Liu W, Xu H, Moonen G, Kessler JA, Federoff H (1992) Infection of dissociated cochlear ganglion cell cultures with pHSVtrkA changes the survival response of auditory neurons to exogenous NGF. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Abstr. 401.21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van De Water TR, Staecker H, Lefebvre PP, Moonen G (1994) Homeostasis in the spiral ganglion: The role of growth factors. Abstracts of the Seventeenth Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, p. 3, Abstr. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez E, Van De Water TR, Del Valle M, Staecker H, Vega JA, Giraldez F, Represa J (1994) Pattern of trkB protein-like immunoreactivity in-vivo and the in-vitro effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on developing cochlear and vestibular neurons. Anat Embryol 189:157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vescovi AL, Reynolds BA, Fraser DD, Weiss S (1993) bFGF regulates the proliferative fate of unipotent (neuronal) and bipotent (neuronal/astroglial) EGF generated CNS progenitor cells. Neuron 11:951–966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walicke P, Cowan WM, Ueno N, Baird A, Guillemin R (1986) Fibroblast growth factor promotes survival of dissociated hippocampal neurons and enhances neurite extension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:3012–3016.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waller AV (1852) Sur la reproduction des nerfs et sur la structure et les fonctions des ganglions spinaux. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med 392–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler EF, Bothwell M, Schecterson LC, von Bartheld CS (1994) Expression of BDNF and NT-3 mRNA in hair cells of the organ of Corti: Quantitative analysis in developing rats. Hear Res 73:46–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitlon DS, Sobkowicz HM (1988) Neuron-specific enolase during the development of the organ of Corti. Internat J Devel Neurosci 6:77–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitlon DS, Sobkowicz HM (1989) GABA-like immunoreactivity in the cochlea of the developing mouse. J Neurocytol 18:505–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson DG, Bhatt S, McMahon AP (1989) Expression pattern of the FGF-related proto-oncogene int-2 suggests multiple roles in fetal development. Devel 105:131–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winn SR, Hammang JP, Emerich DF, Lee A, Palmiter RD, Baetge ED (1994) Polymer-encapsulated cells genetically modified to secrete human nerve growth factor promote the survival of axotomized septal cholinergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2324–2328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ylikoski J, Pirvola U, Moshnyakov M, Palgi J, Arumae U, Saarma M (1993) Expression patterns of neurotrophin and their receptor mRNAs in the rat inner ear. Hear Res 56:69–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakon H (1986) Regeneration and recovery of function in the amphibian auditory system. In: Ruben RJ, Van De Water TR, Rubel EW (eds) The Biology of Change in Otolaryngology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 305–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakon H, Capranica R (1981a) Reformation of organized connections in the auditory system after regeneration of the VIIIth nerve. Science 213:242–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zakon H, Capranica R (1981b) An anatomical and physiological study of regeneration of the VIIIth nerve in the leopard frog. Brain Res 209:325–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, and Van De Water TR (1987) The effect of target tissues on survival and differentiation of mammalian statoacoustic ganglion neurons in organ culture. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 104:90–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Thomas R. Van De Water
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hinrich Staecker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stuart C. Apfel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Philippe P. Lefebvre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA

    Thomas R. Van De Water

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA

    Thomas R. Van De Water

  3. Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742-9566, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  4. Department of Psychology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60626, USA

    Richard R. Fay

  5. Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60626, USA

    Richard R. Fay

  6. Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Thomas R. Van De Water

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Van De Water, T.R., Staecker, H., Apfel, S.C., Lefebvre, P.P. (1996). Regeneration of the Auditory Nerve: The Role of Neurotrophic Factors. In: Van De Water, T.R., Popper, A.N., Fay, R.R. (eds) Clinical Aspects of Hearing. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 7. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4068-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4068-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8486-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4068-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation