Abstract
Diseases: Yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Wes- selsbron, tick-borne encephalitis, louping ill, Kyasanur Forest disease, other tick- borne hemorrhagic fevers, Murray Valley encephalitis, Rocio encephalitis, equine encephalitides (eastern, western, Venezuelan), chikungunya, o’nyong-nyong, Ross River, Mayaro, Sindbis, Ockelbo.
Etiologic Agents: Yellow fever, dengue-1, dengue-2, dengue-3, dengue-4, Central Euro-pean encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Murray Valley encephalitis, Wesselbron, Ilheus, Rocio, Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, louping ill, Kyasanur Forest disease, Powassan, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River, Mayaro, Sindbis, Ockelbo.
Source: Mosquitoes, ticks; Omsk hemorrhagic fever may be water-borne.
Clinical Manifestations: Fever, fever with rash, fever with rash and polyarthritis, fever with rash, myalgia, and arthralgia, hemorrhagic fever with shock, abortion, encephalitis.
Pathology: Disturbance of the integrity of microcirculation, with leakage of plasma and plasma proteins into extravascular spaces (hemorrhagic fevers); typical viral encephalitis.
Laboratory Diagnosis: Virus isolation, fourfold or greater increase or decrease in antibody in infected individuals, antigen detection or IgM antibody capture ELISA, neutralization, hemagglutination-inhibition, complement-fixation, indirect fluorescent antibody tests.
Epidemiology: Focally or widespread worldwide, dependent on distribution of virus, vec¬tors, and vertebrate hosts.
Treatment: Symptomatic, immune plasma. Prevention and Control: Prevention of bite by infected arthropod, insecticide spraying, vaccination
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus
- Yellow Fever
- Japanese Encephalitis
- Japanese Encephalitis
- Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Literature Cited
Burke, D. S., W. Lorsomrudee, C. J. Leake, C. H. Hoke, A. Nisalak, V. Chongswasdi, and T. Laorakpongse. 1985. Fatal outcome in Japanese encephalitis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34: 1203 – 1209
Burke, D. S., A. Nisalak, M. A. Ussery. 1982. Antibody
capture immunoassay detection of Japanese encephalitis virus immunoglobulin M and G antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16: 1034–1042
Calisher, C. H., V. P. Berardi, D. J. Muth, and E. E. Buff. 1986a. Specificity of immunoglobulin M and G antibody responses in humans infected with eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses: application to rapid serodiagnosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23: 369 – 372
Calisher, C. H., W. Brandt, J. Casals, R. E. Shope, R. B. Tesh, and M. E. Wiebe. 1980. Recommended antigenic classification of registered arboviruses. I. Togaviridae, alphaviruses. Intervirology 14: 229 – 232
Calisher, C. H., A. O. El-Kafrawi, M. I. Al.-D. Mahmud, A. P. A. Travassos da Rosa, C. R. Bartz, M. Brummer- Korvenkontio, S. Haksohusodo, and W. Suharyono. 1986b. Complex-specific immunoglobulin M antibody patterns in humans infected with alphaviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23: 155 – 159
Calisher, C. H., M. I. Al.-D. Mahmud, A. O. El-Kafrawi, J. K. Emerson, and D. J. Muth. 1986c. Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47: 1296 – 1299
Calisher, C. H., O. Meurman, M. Brummer-Korvenkontio, P. E. Halonen, and D. J. Muth. 1985. Sensitive enzyme immunoassay for detecting immunoglobulin M antibodies to Sindbis virus and further evidence that Pogosta disease is caused by a western equine encephalitis complex virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22: 566 – 571
Calisher, C. H., and J. D. Poland. 1980. Laboratory diagnosis, p. 571-601. InT. P. Monath (ed.), St. Louis encephalitis. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C
Casals, J. 1944. Immunological relationships among central nervous system viruses. J. Exp. Med. 79: 3412013359
Casals, J. 1957. The arthropod-borne group of animal viruses. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. II. 19: 219 - 235
Casals, J., and L. V. Brown. 1954. Hemagglutination with arthropod-borne viruses. J. Exp. Med. 99: 429 – 449
Casey, H. L. 1965. Part II. Adaptation of LBCF method to micro technique. InStandardized diagnostic complement fixation method and adaptation to micro test. Public Health Monogr. 74: 1 – 34
Chamberlain, R. W. 1980. Epidemiology of arthropod- borne togaviruses: the role of arthropods as hosts and vectors and of vertebrate hosts in natural transmission cycles, p. 175–227. InR. W. Schlesinger (ed.), The togaviruses. Academic Press, Inc., New York
Clarke, D. H., and J. Casals. 1958. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 7: 561 – 573
Dairymple, J. M. 1972. Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, p. 56–64. InVenezuelan encephalitis. Sci. Publ. No. 243. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C
de la Monte, S. M., A. L. Linhares, A. P. A. Travassos da Rosa, and F. P. Pinheiro. 1983. Immunoperoxidase detection of yellow fever virus after natural and experimental infections. Trop. Geogr. Med. 35: 235 – 242
de Madrid, A. T., and J. S. Porterfield. 1974. The flaviviruses (group B arboviruses): a cross-neutralization study. J. Gen. Virol. 23: 91 – 96
Gardner, J. J., and M. G. Reyes. 1980. Pathology, p. 551–569. InT. P. Monath (ed.) St. Louis encephalitis. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C
Gardner, P. S., and J. McQuillan. 1980. Applications of immunofluorescence, 2nd ed. Butterworth, London
Halonen, P. E., H. Sarkkinen, P. Arstila, E. Hjertsson, and E. Torfason. 1980. Four-layer radioimmunoassay for detection of adenovirus in stool. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11: 614 – 617
Halstead, S. B. 1974. Etiologies of the experimental dengues of Siler and Simmons. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23: 974 – 982
Halstead, S. B., S. Rojanasuphot, and N. Sangkawibha. 1983. Original antigenic sin in dengue. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 32: 154 – 156
Heinz, F. X., M. Roggendorf, H. Hofmann, C. Kunz, and F. Deinhardt. 1981. Comparison of two different enzyme immunoassays for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14: 141 – 146
Henchel, E. A., J. M. McCown, M. C. Seguin, M. K. Gentry, and W. E. Brandt. 1983. Rapid identification of dengue virus isolates by using monoclonal antibodies in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 32: 164 – 169
Hildreth, S. W., B. J. Beatty, H. K. Maxfield, R. F. Gilfil- lan, and B. J. Rosenau. 1984. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and Highlands J virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). II. Retrospective field test of the EIA. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33: 973 – 980
Hyypia, T., P. Stalhandske, R. Vainionpaa, and U. Petters- son. 1984. Detection of enteroviruses by spot hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 436 – 438
Karabatsos, N. (ed.). 1985. International catalogue of arboviruses including certain other viruses of vertebrates, 3rd ed. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., San Antonio
Kusano, N. 1966. Fluorescent antibody technique and Japanese encephalitis. Symposium on viral encephalitides in the Japanese, Tokyo, April 7, 1966. Psychiat. Neurol. Jap. 68: 300
Lhuillier, M., and J.-L. Sarthou. 1983. Interet des IgM anti- amariles dans de diagnostic et la surveillance epide- miologique de la fievre jaune. Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur). 134E: 349 – 359
Lindsey, H. S., C. H. Calisher, and J. H. Mathews. 1976. Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4: 503 – 510
Matthews, R. E. F. 1982. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fourth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 17: 1 – 199
Mendez, M. R., C. H. Calisher, H. Kruger, F. Sipan, S. Sanchez, and J. S. Lazuick. 1984. A continuing focus of yellow fever in the Apurimac River valley, Ayacucho, Peru, and the first isolation of yellow fever virus in that country. Bull. Pan. Am. Health Org. 18: 172 – 179
Meurman, O. 1983. Detection of antiviral IgM antibodies and its problems—a review, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 104: 101 – 131
Monath, T. P. 1971. Neutralizing antibody response in the major immunoglobulin classes to yellow fever 17D vaccination of humans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 93: 122 – 129
Monath, T. P., R. B. Craven, D. J. Muth, C. J. Trautt, C. H. Calisher, and S. A. Fitzgerald. 1980. Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29: 624 – 634
Monath, T. P., C. B. Cropp, D. J. Muth, and C. H. Calisher. 1981a. Indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of yellow fever. Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75: 282 – 286
Monath, T. P., L. J. Hill, N. V. Brown, C. B. Cropp, J. J. Schlesinger, J. F. Saluzzo, and J. R. Wands. 1986a. Sensitive and specific monoclonal immunoassay for detecting yellow fever virus in laboratory and clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23: 129 – 134
Monath, T. P., R. G. McLean, C. B. Cropp, G. L. Parham, J. S. Lazuick, and C. H. Calisher. 1981b. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis by immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42: 1418 – 1421
Monath, T. P., and R. R. Nystrom. 1984a. Detection of yellow fever virus in serum by enzyme immunoassay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33: 151 – 157
Monath, T. P., R. R. Nystrom, R. E. Bailey, C. H. Calisher, and D. J. Muth. 1984b. Immunoglobulin M antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of St. Louis encephalitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 784 – 790
Monath, T. P., J. R. Wands, L. J. Hill, M. K. Gentry, and D. J. Gubler. 1986b. Multisite monoclonal immunoassay for dengue viruses: detection of viraemic human sera and interference by heterologous antibody. J. Gen. Virol. 67: 63 – 650
Reed, W., J. Carroll, A. Agramonte, and J. W. Lazear. 1983. Classics in infectious diseases. The etiology of yellow fever: a preliminary note. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5: 1103 – 1111
Roehrig, J. T. 1986. The use of monoclonal antibodies in studies of the structural proteins of togaviruses and flaviviruses, p. 251–278. InS. Schlesinger and M. J. Schlesinger (ed.), The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York
Rosen, L. 1981. The use of Toxorhynchitesmosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue and other arboviruses. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30: 177 – 183
Rosen, L., and D. Gubler. 1974. The use of mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue viruses. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23: 1153 – 1160
Sabin, A. B. 1950. The dengue group of viruses and its family relationships. Bacteriol. Rev. 14: 225 – 232
Sabin, A. B., and E. L. Buescher. 1950. Unique physico- chemical properties of Japanese B encephalitis virus hemagglutinin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 74: 222 – 230
Saluzzo, J. F., T. P. Monath, M. Cornet, V. Deubel, and J. P. Digoutte. 1985. Comparaison de differentes techniques pour la detection du virus de la fievre jaune dans les prelevements humains et les lots de moustiques: interet d’une methode rapide de diagnostic par ELISA. Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Virol. 136E: 115 – 129
Sarkkinen, H. K., P. E. Halonen, P. P. Arstila, and A. A. Salmi. 1981. Detection of respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza Type 2, and adenovirus antigens by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay on nasopharyngeal specimens from children with acute respiratory disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13: 258 – 265
Sarthou, J. F., and M. Lhuillier. 1984. Diagnostic immu- noenzymatique rapide de la fievre jaune: detection directe dans le serum des malades de l’antigene amarile libre (Ag-YF) ou engage dans les immunscomplexes circulars (IgM-Ag-YF). Comm. Soc. Franc. Microbiol. Paris, February 2
Smithburn, K. C. 1942. Differentiation of the West Nile virus from the viruses of St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis. J. Immunol. 44: 25 – 31
Smorodintseff, A. A. 1940. The spring-summer tick-borne encephalitis. (Synonyms: Forest Spring encephalitis). Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1: 468 – 480
Theiler, M. 1957. Action of sodium desoxycholate on arthropod-borne viruses. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 96: 380 – 382
Theofilopoulos, A. N., W. E. Brandt, P. K. Russell, and F. T. Dixon. 1976. Replication of dengue-2 virus in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells and subpopulations of human peripheral leukocytes. J. Immunol. 117: 953 – 961
Tikasingh, E. S., L. Spence, and W. G. Downs. 1966. The use of adjuvant and sarcoma 180 cells in the production of mouse hyperimmune ascitic fluids to arboviruses. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 15: 219 – 226
Trent, D. W. 1977. Antigenic characterization of flavivirus structural proteins separated by isoelectric focusing. J. Virol. 22: 608 – 618
Varelas-Wesley, I., and C. H. Calisher. 1982. Antigenic relationships of flaviviruses with undetermined arthro- pod-borne status. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31: 1273 – 1284
Webster, L. T. 1938. Japanese B encephalitis virus: its differentiation from St. Louis encephalitis virus and its relationship to louping ill virus. J. Exp. Med. 67: 609 – 618
Webster, L. T., G. L. Fite, and A. D. Clow. 1935. Experimental studies on encephalitis. IV. Specific inactivation of virus by sera from persons exposed to encephalitis, St. Louis. J. Exp. Med. 62:827-847. Westaway, E. G., M. A. Brinton, S. Y. Gaidomovich, M. C. Horzinek, A. Igarashi, L. Kaariainen, D. K. Lvov, J. S. Porterfield, P. K. Russell, and D. W. Trent. 1985a. Togaviridae. Intervirology 24: 125 – 139
Westaway, E. G., M. A. Brinton, S. Y. Gaidamovich, M. C. Horzinek, A. Igarashi, L. Kaariainen, D. K. Lvov, J. S. Porterfield, P. K. Russell, and D. W. Trent. 1985b. Flaviviridae Intervirology 24: 183–192
Westaway, E. G., A. J. Della-Porta, and B. M. Reedman. 1974. Specificity of IgM and IgG antibodies after challenge with antigenically related togaviruses. J. Immunol. 112: 656 – 663
World Health Organization. 1967. Arboviruses and human disease. W.H.O. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 369
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Calisher, C.H., Monath, T.P. (1988). Togaviridae and Flaviviridae: The Alphavirases and Flaviviruses. In: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Principles and Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0_22
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8394-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3900-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive