Abstract
Each year 1.04 billion kg of pesticides are used to control insects, weeds, fungi, and other pests in the United States (Wasserstrom and Wiles 1985). Human pesticide exposure continues to be a problem for those who use these chemical tools. The three routes of pesticide entry into the human body are respiratory, dermal, and oral. Dermal absorption has been shown to account for 87% of the total human pesticide exposure (Wolfe 1973; Gold et al. 1982; Maibach et al. 1971). Dermal exposure involves the absorption of toxic chemicals through the skin where they are disseminated throughout the body via the blood (Niles 1985).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adam NK (1937) Detergent action and its relations to wetting and emulsification. J Soc Dyers Color 53: 121–129.
Batchelor GS, Walker KC (1954) Health hazards involved in use of parathion in fruit orchards of north central Washington. AMA Arch Ind Hyg 10: 522–525.
Berch J, Peper H (1963) Wet soiling of cotton Part I: The effect of finishes on soiling. Text Res J 33: 137–145.
Berch J, Peper H, Drake GL (1964) Wet soiling of cotton Part II: Effect of finishes on the removal of soil from cotton fabrics. Text Res J 34: 29–34.
Bowers CA, Chantrey G (1969) Factors controlling the soiling of white polyester cotton fabrics. Text Res J 39: 1–11.
Branson DH, Rajadhyaksha S (1987) Distribution of malathion on Gore-Tex(r) fabric before and after sunlight exposure and laundering as determined by electron microscopy. Performance of Protective Clothing IIASTM STP. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA (in press).
Breen NE, Durnam DJ, Obendorf SK (1984) Residual oily soil distribution on polyester/cotton fabric after laundering with selected detergents of various wash temperatures. Text Res J 54: 198–204.
Brown CB, Thompson SH, Stewart G (1968) Oil take-up and removal by washing from polyester, polyester/cotton blend and other fabrics. Text Res J 38: 735–742.
Buesching DP, Wollstadt L (1984) Cancer mortality among farmers. J Natl Cancer Inst 72: 503.
Burmeister LF, Everett GD, Van Lier SF (1983) Selected cancer mortality and farm practices in Iowa. Am J Epidemiol 118: 72–79.
Cantor KP (1982) Farming and mortality from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: A case-control study. Intl J Cancer 29: 239–247.
Carfagno PP, Fuchs RJ (1974) Laundering problems with soap and non-phosphate detergents. FMC Corp, Princeton, NJ.
Chandler J, Zeronian SH (1979) Effect of surfactants and heat on dyeing and physical properties of cotton nylon and polyester. Text Chem Color 11: 35–39.
Chaio-Cheng JH (1984) Carbamate insecticide removal in laundering from cotton and polyester fabrics. PhD thesis Kansas State Univ.
Cooke TF (1987) Soil release finishes for fibers and fabrics. Text Chem Color 19: 31.
Das TK, Kulshreshtha AK (1979) Soil release finishing of textiles: A review. J Sci Ind Res 38: 611–619.
Davidsohn A, Milwidsky BM (1978) Synthetic detergents. 6th Ed. Wiley, New York, p 24.
Drexler PG, Tesoro GC (1984) Materials and processes for textile warp sizing. In Lewin M and Sello SB (eds) Handbook of fiber science and technology: vol. 1. Chemical processing of fibers and fabrics part B fundamentals and preparation. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–84.
Durham W, Wolfe HR (1962) Measurements of the exposure of workers to pesticides. Bull WHO 26: 75–91.
Easley CB, Laughlin JM, Gold RE, Tupy D (1981) Methyl parathion removal from work weight fabrics by selected laundry procedures. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 101–108.
Easley CB, Laughlin JM, Gold RE, Schmidt K (1982a) Detergents and water temperature as factors in methyl parathion removal from denim fabrics. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 239–244.
Easley CB, Laughlin JM, Gold RE, Hill RM (1982b) Laundry factors influencing methyl parathion removal from contaminated denim fabric. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29: 461–468.
Easley CB, Laughlin JM, Gold RE, Tupy D (1983) Laundering procedures for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ester and amine herbicides from contaminated fabrics. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12: 71–76.
Easter E (1983) Removal of pesticide residues from fabrics by laundering. Text Chem Color 47: 29–33.
Easter E, DeJonge JO (1985) The efficacy of laundering captan and guthion contaminated fabrics. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 281–287.
Egan RR (1978) Cationic surface active agents as fabric softeners. J Am Oil Chem Soc 55: 118–121.
Finley EL, Rogillio JRB (1969) DDT and methyl parathion residues found in cotton and cotton-polyester fabrics worn in cotton fields. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 4: 343–361.
Finley EL, Metcalfe GI, McDermott FG, Graves JB, Schilling PE, Bonner FL (1974) Efficacy of home laundering in removal of DDT, methyl parathion, and toxaphene residues from contaminated fabrics. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12: 268–274.
Finley EL, Bellon JM, Graves JS, Koonce KL (1977) Pesticide contamination of clothing in cotton fields. Louisiana Agric 20: 8–9.
Finley EL, Graves JB, Summers TA, Schilling PE, Morris HF (1974) Some facts about methyl parathion contamination of clothing in cotton fields and its removal by home laundering. Louisiana State Univ, Agric Expt Sta Cir No 104.
Finley EL, Graves JB, Hewitt FW (1979) Reduction of methyl parathion residues on clothing by delayed field re-entry and laundering. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 22: 598–602.
Freed VR, Davies JE, Peters LJ, Parveen F (1980) Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides: Repellency and penetrability of treated textiles to pesticide sprays. Residue Reviews 75: 159–167.
Fort T, Billica HR, Grindstaff TH (1966) Studies of soiling and detergency. Part II: Detergency experiments with model fatty soils. Text Res J 36: 99–112.
Getchell NF (1955) Cotton quality study III: Resistence to soiling. Text Res J 25: 150–194.
Gold RE, Holcslaw T (1985) Dermal and respiratory exposure of applicators and residents to dichlorvos-treated residences. ACS Symp Series #273. Dermal Exposure Related to Use, pp 253–364.
Gold RE, Leavitt JRC, Ballard J (1981) Effect of spray and paint-on applications of a slow- release formulation of chlorpyrifos on German cockroach control and human exposure. J Econ Entomol 74: 552–554.
Gold RE, Leavitt JRC, Holcslaw T, Tupy D (1982) Exposure of urban applicators to car- baryl. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11: 63–67.
Gold RE, Holcslaw T, Tupy D, Ballard JB (1984) Dermal and respiratory exposure to applicators and occupants of residences treated with dichlorvos (DDVP). J Econ Entomol 77: 430–436.
Goodman CJ, Laughlin JM, Gold RE (1987) Laundering strategies for sequentially (methyl parathion) contaminated protective apparel fabric. Performance of Protective Clothing II ASTM STP, Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA (in press).
Gunn DL, Stevens JGR (eds) (1976) Pesticides and human welfare. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
Hayes GR, Junckes AJ, Hartwell WV (1964) Dermal exposure of human volunteers to parathion. Arch Environ Health 8: 829–833.
Hayes J (1975) Toxicology of pesticides. Williams and Williams Co, Baltimore, MD.
Heibeish A, Waly A, Abou-Zeid NY, El-Alfy E (1983) Chemical factors affecting soiling and soil release from cotton DP fabrics. Am Dyestuff Rept 72: 15–21.
Henry MS (1980) Users’ perceptions of the attributes of functional apparel. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Michigan State Univ.
Hidalgo AF (1984) World-wide laundry detergents-An ’84 review-detergents in depth. Soap Deter Assoc, pp 18–22.
Hoar SK, Blair A, Homes FF, Boysen CD, Robel RJ, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF (1986) Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. J Am Med Assoc 256: 1141–1147.
Huisman MA, Morris MA (1971) A study of the removal of synthetic sebum from durable-press fabrics using a liquid-scintillation technique. Text Res J 41: 657–661.
International Fabricare Institute (1982) How dry cleaners keep solvents clean. PC Rept Bull PCR-40, Silver Spring, MD.
International Fabricare Institute (1984) Processing contaminated loads. Tech Bull T-559, Silver Spring, MD.
Keaschall JL, Laughlin JM, Gold RE (1986) Effect of laundering procedures and functional finishes on removal of insecticides selected from three chemical classes. Performance of Protective Clothing ASTM STP 900, Barker RL and Coletta GC (eds). Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 162–176.
Keeble VB (1983) Factors affecting fruit growers’ use and care of protective clothing and equipment. PhD thesis, Virginia Polytech Inst and State Univ.
Kim CJ, Kim JO (1987) Dispersion mechanisms of a pesticide chemical in woven fabric structures. Performance of Protective Clothing II ASTM STP, Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA (in press).
Kim CJ, Stone JF, Sizer CE (1982) Removal of pesticide residues as affected by laundering variables. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29: 95–100.
Kim CJ, Stone JF, Coats JR, Kadolph SJ (1986) Removal of alachlor residues from contaminated clothing fabrics. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36: 234–241.
Kissa E (1971) Kinetics of oily soil release. Text Res J 41: 760–767.
Kissa E (1973) Comments on soil release mechanism of acrylic polymers. Text Chem Color 5: 44–45.
Kissa E (1984) Soil release finishes. Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology, Vol. II Part B. Lewin M and Sello SB (eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York.
Laughlin J (1987) Textiles research and pesticides: A human resource perspective. Human Resources Research 1887–1987. Proceedings, Deacon RE and Huffman WE (eds). Iowa State Univ, pp 61–74.
Laughlin J, Gold RE (1987) Vaporization of methyl parathion from contaminated cotton fabrics. Text Chem Color 19: 39–42.
Laughlin J, Gold RE (1986) Vaporization of methyl parathion soil from unfinished and soil repellent finished cotton and cotton/polyester twill fabrics. Book of Papers Natl Tech Conf Am Assoc. Text Chem Color, Atlanta, GA, pp 294–298.
Laughlin J, Gold RE (1987a) Methyl parathion residue in functionally finished cotton and polyester after laundering and abrasion. Cloth Text Res J 5(3): 9–17.
Laughlin J, Gold RE (1987b) Laundering fabrics soiled with pesticides: Contribution of functional textile finish to soil removal or soil redeposition (in press).
Laughlin J, Easley CB, Gold RE, Tupy D (1981) Methyl parathion transfer from contaminated fabrics to subsequent laundry and to laundry equipment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 518–523.
Laughlin J, Easley CB, Gold RE (1985) Methyl parathion residues in contaminated fabrics after laundering. Am Chem Soc Symp Series No 273, pp 177–188.
Laughlin J, Easley CB, Gold RE, Hill RM (1986) Fabric parameters and pesticide characteristics that impact on dermal exposure of applicators. Performance of Protective Clothing ASTM STP 900, Barker RL and Coletta GC (eds), Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 136–150.
Laughlin J, Gold RE, Lamplot JL (1987) Chlorpyrifos residues in protective apparel fabrics following commercial or consumer refurbishment. Performance of Protective Clothing II ASTM STP, Mansdorf SZ and Sager R (eds), Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA (in press).
Lavy TL, Shephard JS, Mattice JD (1980) Exposure measurements of application spraying 2,4,5-T in the forest. J Agric Food Chem 28: 626–630.
Lavy TL, Mattice JD, Flynn RR (1983) Field studies monitoring worker exposure to pesticides. Pesticide Formation and Application, Seymour KG (ed), Am Soc Test Mat, STEP 745, pp 60–74
Leonas KK, DeJonge JO (1986) The effect of functional finishes barriers to pesticide penetration. Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 900, Barker RL and Coletta GC (eds), Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 177–186.
Leonas KK (1985) Apparel fabrics as barriers to pesticide penetration. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univ of Tennessee.
Leavitt JRC, Gold RE, Holcslaw T, Tupy D (1982) Exposure of professional pesticide applicators to carbaryl. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11: 57–62.
Lillie TH, Hamilton MA, Livingston JM, Porter K (1983) The effects of water temperature on decontamination of pesticide applicator clothing. USAF Occup Environ Health Lab Rept 80.
Lillie TH, Livingston JM, Hamilton MA (1981) Recommendations for selecting and decontaminating pesticide applicator clothing. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 716–723.
Lillie TH, Hampson RF, Nishioka YA, Hamilton MA (1982) Effectiveness of detergents and detergent plus bleach for decontaminating pesticide applicator clothing. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29: 89–95.
Maibach HI, Fieldman RJ, Milby TW, Serat WF (1971) Regional variation in percutaneous penetration in man. Arch Environ Health 23: 208–211.
Masland CH (1939) Soil retention in various fibers. Rayon Text Monthly 20: 573–574, 654–659.
Matsumura F, Madhukar BV (1980) Exposure to insecticides. Pharm Therap 9: 27–49.
Matthews GA (1979) Pesticide application methods. Longman Group, New York.
Metcalfe GI (1972) The absorption and retention of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons and organic phosphate residues in cotton and cotton-polyester fabrics. Master’s Thesis, Louisiana State Univ.
Morris MA, Prato HH (1982) The effect of wash temperatures on removal of particulate and oily soil from fabrics of varying fiber content. Text Res J 52: 280–286.
Obendorf SK, Klemash NA (1982) Electron microscopical analysis and polyester/cotton fabrics. Text Res J 52: 434–442.
Obendorf SK, Namaste YMN, Durnam DJ (1983) A microscopical study of residual oily soil distribution on fabrics of varying fiber content. Text Res J 53: 375–383.
Obendorf SK, Solbrig CM (1986) Distribution of pesticides malathion and methyl parathion on cotton/polyester unfinished and durable-press fabrics before and after laundering as determined by electron microscopy. In Barker RL and Coletta GC (eds) Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 900, Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 187–204.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1973) Department of Labor, Part 1910-Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Emergency temporary for exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Fed Regis 38: 10715–10717.
Olsen MJ, Janecek C, Fleeker JR (1986) Removal of paraquat from contaminated fabrics. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37: (in press).
Orlando J, Branson D, Ayers G, Leavitt R (1981) The penetration of formulated Guthion spray through selected fabrics. J Environ Sci Health 5: 617–628.
Popelka CA (1985) Comparison of induction-heat extraction method and solvent extraction method for the analysis of pesticide residues in fabric. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Iowa State Univ.
Powe WC (1959) The nature of tenaciously bound soil on cotton. Text Res J 29: 879–884.
Raheel M, Gitz GC (1985) Effect of fabric geometry on resistance to pesticide penetration and textile degradation. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 273–279.
Raheel M (1983) Effects of laundering on wearlife of chemically treated cotton broadcloth. Text Chem Color 15: 216–221.
Raheel M, Lien MD (1982) Modifying wear life of all cotton fabrics Part II: scanning electron microscopy of abrasion phenomena in fabrics treated with liquid ammonia and durable press fabric. Text Res J 52: 555–562.
Ringenberg KP, Laughlin JM, Gold RE (1987) Chlorpyrifos residue removal from protective apparel through solvent-based refurbishment procedures. Performance of Protective Clothing II ASTM STP. Mansdorf SZ and Sager R (eds), Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA (in press).
Rollins ML, deGruy IV, Hensarling RP, Carra JH (1970) Abrasion phenomena in durable- press cotton fabrics: a microscopical view. Text Res J 40: 903–915.
Rosen MJ (1978) Surfactants and interfacial phenomena. Wiley, New York, pp 1–25.
Serat WF, Van Loon AJ (1978) Some factors influencing the design of fabrics for protective garments for pesticide field workers. Unpublished Report: Community Pesticide Studies, State Department of Health, Berkeley, CA.
Shen CY (1968) Properties of detergent phosphate and their effects on detergent processing. J Am Oil Chem Soc 45: 510–516.
Shern LC (1986) Protective clothing actions of Michigan corn and apple growers in regard to pesticides. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Michigan State Univ, East Lansing, MI.
Smith S, Sherman PO (1969) Textile characteristics affecting the release of soil during laundering part I: A review and theoretical consideration of the effects of fiber surface energy and fabric construction on soil release. Text Res J 39: 441–449.
Soap and Detergent Association Handbook of Industry Terms (1978) New York.
Solbrig CM, Obendorf SK (1985) Distribution of residual pesticide within textile structures as determined by electron microscopy. Text Res J 55: 540–546.
Southwick JW, Mecham HD, Cannon PM, Gortatowski MJ (1974) Pesticide residues in laundered clothing. Proceedings of 3rd Conference of Environ Chem and An Health, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.
Stannett VT, Fanta GF, Doane WM (1985) Polymer graftest cellulose and starch. In Chatterjee PK (ed) Textile Science and Technology Vol 7 Absorbency. Elsevier, New York, pp 257–279.
Stone JF, Koehler KF, Kim CK, Kadolph SJ (1986) Laundering pesticide-soiled clothing: a survey of Iowa farm families. J Environ Health 48: 259–264.
Stone JF, Eichner ML, Kim CJ, Koehler KJ (1987) Relationships between clothing and pesticide poisoning symptoms among Iowa farmers. J Environ Health (in press).
Stout LE, Schiermeier KF (1933) Effect of previous starching upon ease of washing cotton fabrics. Ind Eng Chem 25: 1403–1405.
Studen LR, Hogdon JD Evaluation of the private applicator pesticide training and certification program: A five state study. Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC by ABT Associates, Inc, Cambridge, MA (nd).
Trotman ER (1985) Dyeing and chemical technology of textile fibers, 6th ed, Wiley, New York.
US Department of Agriculture and US Environmental Protection Agency (1975) Apply pesticides correctly. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, Stock No 055-004-07.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Exposure During the Manufacture and Formulation of Pesticides (1978) DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No 78–174.
Utermohlen WP Jr, Ryan ME, Young DO (1951) Improvement of cotton clothing in resistance to soiling and in ease of washing. Text Res J 510–521.
Uyenco EFR, Obendorf SK (1984) Effect of functional finishes on retention of the pesticide malathion on polyester/cotton fabrics. AATCC Book of Papers, pp 239–247.
Waldron AC, Park EL Pesticide use on major crops in the north central region ... 1978. Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center Res Bull 1132.
Warburton CE, Parkhill FJ (1973) Reply to Kissa’s comments. Text Chem Color 5: 45–46.
Wasserstrom RF, Wiles R (1985) Field duty: US farm workers and pesticide safety. World Resources Inst, Study 3.
Weglinski SA, Obendorf SK (1983) Chemical composition alters the distribution of residual oily soil on fabric after laundering. AATCC Book of Papers, pp 385–390.
Weglinski SA, Obendorf SK (1985) Soil distribution on fabric after laundering. Text Chem Color 17: 196–199.
Wentz M, Lloyd AC, Watt A (1975) Experimental removal of stains. Text Chem Color 7: 179–183.
Wicker GW, Wiliams WA Jr, Bradley Jr, Gerthrie FE (1979) Exposure of field workers to organophosphorus pesticides: cotton. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 433–440.
Wolfe HR (1973) Workers should be protected from pesticide exposure. Weeds, Trees and Turf 12: 12.
Wolfe HR, Armstrong JF, Durham WF (1966) Pesticide exposure from concentrate spraying. Arch Environ Health 13: 340–344.
Wolfe HR, Durham WF, Armstrong JF (1967) Exposure of workers to pesticides. Arch Environ Health 14: 622–633.
Worthing CR, Walker SB (1979) The pesticide manual, 7th ed, Lavenham Press, England.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Laughlin, J., Gold, R.E. (1988). Cleaning Protective Apparel to Reduce Pesticide Exposure. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 101. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3770-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3770-9_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8342-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3770-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive