Abstract
Parenterally administered killed, whole-cell vaccines against typhoid fever were introduced almost a century ago and have been used in essentially the same form since. These vaccines are, however, not wholly satisfactory due to the frequency of adverse reactions and variable efficacy. Inactivated whole-cell vaccines for oral application, on the other hand, are well tolerated, although their efficacy could not be demonstrated in controlled field trials.
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References
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© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
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Germanier, R., Cryz, S.J. (1989). Attenuated Oral Typhoid Vaccine Ty 21a. In: Talwar, G.P. (eds) Progress in Vaccinology. Progress in Vaccinology, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3508-8_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3508-8_13
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
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