Abstract
Large-scale measurements of land surface evaporation are required to develop techniques of integrating small-scale measurements into regional estimates of evaporation. These are necessary inputs into general circulation models that are used for weather forecasting (Mintz, 1984). They are also important for assessing and controlling water resources. Most of the techniques that have been developed over the years to estimate regional evaporation do not account for the heterogeneity in land-form, soil, and vegetative cover (Brutsaert, 1982). Interpretation of satellite data in combination with meteorological data represents a realistic approach for taking this heterogeneity into account and providing representative regional estimates of evaporation (Andre et al., 1986; Sellers et al., 1988). Regional near-surface observations of evaporation fluxes may serve to evaluate the usefulness of such remote sensing models. A direct and promising approach of obtaining near-surface evaporation estimates is from turbulent flux measurements of water vapor by the eddy correlation technique.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andre JC, Goutorbe JP, Perrier A (1986) Hapex-Mobilhy—A hydrologic atmospheric pilot experiment for the study of water budget and evaporation flux at the climatic scale. Bui Meteorol Soc 67:138–144.
Asrar G, Kanemasu ET, Jackson RD, Pinter PJ Jr (1985) Estimation of total above-ground phytomass production using remotely sensed data. Rem Sens Environ 17:211–220.
Bean BR, Emmanuel CB (1980) “Aircraft in Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods” (F Dobson, L Hasse, R Davis, eds.), pp. 571–588. Plenum Press, New York.
Bean BR, Gilmer RO, Hartmann RF, McGavin RE, Reinking RF (1976) Airborne measurement of vertical boundary layer fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and momentum during GATE. NO A A Tech Memo ERL WMPO-36, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO.
Brutsaert W (1982) “Evaporation into the Atmosphere: Theory, History and Applications”. D. Reidel, New York.
Brown EW, Friehe CA, Lenschow DH (1983) The use of pressure fluctuations on the nose of an aircraft for measuring air motion. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:171–180.
Buck AL (1976) The variable-path Lyman-alpha hygrometer and its operating characteristics. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 57:1113–1118.
Burch DE, Singleton EB, Williams D (1962) Absorption line broadening in the infrared. Appl Opt 1:359–363.
Coantic M, Friehe CA (1980) Slow-response humidity sensors. In “Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods” (F Dobson, L Hasse, R Davis, eds.), pp 399–411. Plenum Press, New York.
Desjardins RL, Brach EJ, Alvo P, Schuepp PH (1982) Aircraft monitoring of surface carbon dioxide exchange. Science 216:733–735.
Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI, Betts AK, Schuepp PH, Grossman R (1988a) Divergence of CO2, latent and sensible heat fluxes: A case study. Proceedings on Lower Tropospheric Profiling: Needs and Technologies, Boulder, CO, pp. 71–72.
Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI, Schuepp PH, Karanja F (1988b) An evaluation of airborne eddy flux measurements of CO2, water vapor and sensible heat. Bound Layer Meteorol 47:55–70.
Dobson FW (1980) Air pressure measurement techniques. In “Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods” (F Dobson, L Hasse, R Davis, eds.), pp. 231–254. Plenum Press, New York.
Druilhet A, Noilhan J, Bénech B, Dubosclard G, Guedalia D, Frangi JP (1983) Étude expérimentale de la couche limite au-dessus d’un relief modéré proche d’une chaîne de montagne. Part II: Caractéristiques moyennes et turbulentes de la couche limite en situation instable. Bound Layer Meteorol 25:3–16.
Durand P, Druilhet A, Hedde T, Bénech B (1987) Aircraft observations of the structure of the boundary layer over a rugged hilly region (MESOGERS 84 experiment) Ann Geophys 5B:441–450.
Greenhut K, Gilmer RO (1985) Calibration and accuracy of the NOAA/ERL gust probe system and intercomparison with other systems. NOAA Tech Memo ERL ESG-22.
Greenhut GK, Khalsa SJS (1982) Updraft and downdraft events in the atmospheric boundary layer over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J Atmos Sci 39:1803–1818.
Grossman RL, Bean BR (1973) An aircraft investigation of turbulence in the lower layers of a marine boundary layer. NOAA Technical Report ERL 291-WMPO, No. 4.
Hacker JM (1982) First results of boundary layer research flights with three powered gliders during the field experiment PUKK. Beitr Phys Atmos 55:383–402.
Hay DR (1980) Fast-response humidity sensors. In “Air-Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods” F Dobson, L Hasse, R Davis, eds.), pp. 413–432. Plenum Press, New York.
Hildebrand P (1988) Flux and sounding data from the NCAR King Air aircraft during HAPEX. NCAR/TN-319.
Johnson HD, Lenschow DH, Danninger K (1978) A new fixed vane for air motion sensing. “Preprints, Fourth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Denver, CO”, pp. 467–470. American Meteorological Society, Boston.
Lenschow DH (1986) Aircraft measurements in the boundary layer. In “Probing the Atmospheric Boundary-Layer” (DH Lenschow, ed.), pp. 39–55. American Meteorological Society, Boston.
Lenschow DH, Stankov BB (1986) Length scales in the convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 43:1198–1209.
Lenschow DH, Pearson Jr R, Stankov BB (1981) Estimating the ozone budget in the boundary layer by use of aircraft measurements of ozone eddy flux and mean concentration. J Geophys Res 86:7291–7297.
MacPherson JI (1988) NAE Twin Otter Operations in FIFE. NAE Laboratory Technical Report LTR-FR-104, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
MacPherson JI, Morgan JM, Lum K (1981) The NAE Twin Otter atmospheric research aircraft. National Research Council of Canada Report LTR-FR-80.
Mahrt L (1987) Boundary layer eddies and surface inhomogeneity and their impact in measurement strategy and data analysis for FIFE. Report from Oregon State University for NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center.
McBean GA, Peterson RD (1975) Variations of the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture over Lake Ontario. J Phys Oceanogr 5:523–531.
Meinguet J (1979) Multivariate interpolation at arbitrary points made simple. J Appl Math Phys 30:292–304.
Mestayer P, Rebattet C (1985) Temperature sensitivity of Lyman-alpha hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Tech 2:656–664.
Mintz Y (1984) The sensitivity of numerically simulated climates to land surface conditions. In “The Global Climate” (J Houghton, ed.), pp 79–105. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Nicholls S (1983) An observational study of the mid-latitude, marine atmospheric boundary layer. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton, U.K.
Said F, Durand P, Koehler B, Druilhet A (1985) Analyse des mesures aéroportées dans la couche limite marine au cours de l’expérience. TOSCANE. Proc 3rd Int Coll on Spectral Signatures of objects in Remote Sensing, Les Arcs, France, pp. 67–71.
Schuepp PH, Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI, Boisvert J, Austin LB (1987) Airborne determination of regional water use efficiency and evapotranspiration: Present capabilities and initial field tests. Agr Forest Meteorol J 41:1–9.
Schuepp PH, Desjardins RL, MacPherson JI, Boisvert J, Austin LB (1988) Interpretation of airborne estimates of evapotranspiration. Estimation of Areal Evapotranspiration, IAHS publication no. 177, pp. 185–196.
Schuepp PH, Leclerc MY, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Bound Layer Meteorol 50:355–373.
Sellers PJ, Hall FG, Asrar G, Strebel DE, Murphy RE (1988) The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 69:22–27.
Warner J, Telford JW (1965) A check of aircraft measurements of vertical heat flow. J Atmos Sci 22:463–465.
Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and vapor transfer. Quart J Meteorol Soc 106:85–100.
Wyngaard JC (1983) “Mesoscale Meteorology—Theories, Observations and Models (DK Lilly, T Gal-Chen, eds.), pp. 216–224. D. Reidel, New York.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Desjardins, R.L., MacPherson, J.I. (1991). Water Vapor Flux Measurements from Aircraft. In: Schmugge, T.J., André, JC. (eds) Land Surface Evaporation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3032-8_14
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-97359-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3032-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive