Abstract
Game production is becoming an important industry in several countries. The main products from deer are meat, velvet antler, and leather. Venison from farmed deer has been shown to differ very little from wild-shot venison when the carcasses are of equal weight. The meat from young deer is extremely lean, having a fat content in the range of 5% to 10% of carcass weight and a very high lean/fat ratio. Electrical stimulation of carcasses will reduce the pH to 6.0 within 1 to 2 h compared with 6 h in unstimulated carcasses. Chilled venison, when vacuum packaged and held at -1°C, had a shelf life in excess of 12 weeks. Controlled atmosphere packaging did not further improve shelf life or product quality. Velvet antler is a valuable deer product used in oriental medicine for treating a wide range of human conditions. The product is often given to children as a protection against problems such as influena. Deer skin leather is a particularly durable product which is now being used in a wide range of fashion garments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brittin HC, Armes CL, Ramsey CB, Simpson CD (1981) Palatability of meat from mule deer. J Food Sci 46:1805–1808
Chrystall BB, Devine CE (1983) Electrical stimulation of deer carcasses. N Z J Agric Res 26:89–92
Chrystall BB, Devine CE, Ellery S, Wade L (1984) Low voltage electrical stimulation of lamb;its effect on muscle pH and tenderness. N Z J Agric Res 27:513–523
Clark JE, Webster RM (1985) Leather production from New Zealand deer skins. In Fennessy PF, Drew KR (eds) Biology of Deer Production. R Soc N Z Wellington Bull 22:303–306
Crawford MA (1968) Fatty-acid ratios in free-living and domestic animals. Lancet, June 22:1329-1333 Dratch P, Fennessy PF (1985) Directions in deer breeding. 2. Efficiency. Deer Farmer 23:31–33
Drew KR (1989) Technologies to improve the shelf life and presentation of fresh venison. Proc Ruakura Deer Industry Conf, M AF, Hamilton, New Zealand, pp 27–30
Drew KR (1985) Meat production from farmed deer. In Fennessy PF, Drew KR (eds) Biology of Deer Production. R Soc N Z Wellington Bull 22:285–290
Drew KR, Fennessy PF (1986) Venison research—carcass features, processing and packaging. In Wilson PR (ed) Proc Deer Course for Vets, vol 3. Palmerston North, New Zealand, pp 17–34
Drew KR, Hogg BW (1990) Comparative carcass production from red, wapiti and fallow deer. Proc 8th Conf of the Australian Assoc Animal Breeding Genetics, Simon Printing Coy, Palmerston North, pp 491–496
Drew KR, Seman DL (1987) The nutrient content of venison. Proc Nutr Soc N Z 12:49–55
Drew KR, Crosbie SF, Forss DA, Manley TR, Pearse A J (1988) Electrical stimulation and aging of carcasses from red, fallow and New Zealand Wapiti-type male deer. J Sci Food Agric 43:245–259
Fennessy PF, Greer GJ (1982) Progeny testing of selected lean and fat rams. Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod 42:137–140
Fennessy PF, Taylor PG (1989) Deer farming in Oceania. In Hudson RJ, Drew KR, Baskin LM (eds) Wildlife Production Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 309–322
Forss DA, Manley TR, Piatt MP, Moore VJ (1979) Palatability of venison from farmed and feral red deer. J Sci Food Agric 30:932–935
Gregson JE, Purchas RW (1985) The carcass composition of male fallow deer. In Fennessy PF, Drew KR (eds) Biology of Deer Production. R Soc N Z Wellington Bull 22:295 - 298
Kong YC, But PPH (1985) Deer—the ultimate medicinal animal (antler and deer parts in medicine). In Fennessy PF, Drew KR (eds) Biology of Deer Production. R Soc N Z Wellington Bull 22:311–326
Luxmoore RA (1989) International trade. In Hudson RJ, Drew KR, Baskin LM (eds) Wildlife Production Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 28–49
Maiga AM (1974) Physical and chemical composition of the carcass of the domestic bovine as influenced by breed, sex, level of feed intake and stage of growth. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Manley TR, Forss DA (1979) Fatty acids of meat lipids from young red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Sci Food Agric 30:927–931
Nottingham PM, Wyborn R (1975) Microbiology of beef processing. II. Chilling and aging. N Z J Agric Sci 18:23–27
National Research Council (NRC) (1988) Designing foods. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Pearse AJ (1988) Wapiti and hybrids—special management needs. In Wilson PR (ed) Proc Deer Course for Vets, vol 5. Palmerston North, New Zealand, pp 164–177
Seman DL, McKenzie-Parnell JM (1989) The nutritive value of meat as a food. In Purchas RW, Butler- Hogg BW, Davies AS (eds) Meat Production and Processing. N Z Soc Anim Prod, Occasional Publication 11:13–28
Seman DL, Drew KR, Littlejohn RP (1989) Packaging venison for extended chilled storage:comparison of vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging containing 100% carbon dioxide. J Food Protection 52:886–893
Seman DL, Drew KR, darken PA, Littlejohn RP (1988) Influence of packaging, method and length of chilled storage on microflora, tenderness and colour stability of venison loins. Meat Sci 22:267–282
Stevenson JM, Seman DL, Wetherall IL, Littlejohn RP (1989) Evaluation of venison colour by an objective method using CIELAB values. J Food Sci 54:1661–1662
Sumner JL, Perry IR, Reay CA (1977) Microbiology of New Zealand feral venison. J Sci Food Agric 28:829–832
Yoon P (1989) Some mysteries of the East revealed. Deer Farmer 58:17–23
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Drew, K.R. (1992). Venison and Other Deer Products. In: Brown, R.D. (eds) The Biology of Deer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_56
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_56
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7667-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2782-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive