Abstract
Farming deer for antlers, venison, salable parts, or for paid hunting poses unsurmountable hazards to conservation of native American deer. Despite warnings, these activities continue with support from agriculture. Some realized consequences of this commercialization are as follows: (1) transmission of foreign disease to susceptible deer species, their commensals, and predators; (2) inadvertant and deliberate genetic pollution of native deer; (3) competition from feral populations of nonnative deer; (4) uncontrollable, illegal killings, and capture of deer supplying meat, parts, and trophy markets, and living animals to game ranches; (5) corruption of conservation legislation by eliminating proven conservation policies; (6) loss of power by law enforcement and regulatory agencies due to attacks by powerful interest groups; (7) loss of public accountability and control over conservation by making native wildlife de facto private property; (8) loss of support for wildlife management through disenfranchising the public and de facto allocating benefits from public wildlife along racial, social, and income lines; (9) loss of jobs, income, and influence for the wildlife profession as an elite of wealthy landowners take control. For the sake of a $5 US billion world market in dead wildlife, a North American market worth $60 US billion annually, but centered on living wildlife, is put at risk, as is North America’s successful system of wildlife conservation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albuquerque Tribune (1989) Series, 16 Oct to 3 Nov: A price on their heads. Special Reprint. Albuquerque, New Mexico
Anderson RC (1972) The ecological relationships of meningeal worm and native cervids in North America. J Wildl Dis 8: 304 – 310
Anderson RC, Lankester WM (1974) Infectious and parasitic diseases and arthropod pests of moose in North America. Natural Can 101: 25 – 50
Armstrong WE, Harmel DE (1981) Exotic mammals competing with the natives. Texas Parks Wildl 39: 6 – 7
Bailey J A (1984) Bighorn zoogeography: response to McCutchen, Hansen and Weyhausen. Wildl Soc Bull 12: 86 – 89
Bailey J A (1980) Desert bighorn, forage competition and zoogeography. Wildl Soc Bull 8: 208 – 216
Babington C (1989) Big guns flex political muscle in wildlife case. Texas Lawyer, 18 Dec, 10
Bartos L, Hyanek J, Zirovnicky J (1981) Hybridization between red and sika deer. 1. Craniological analysis. Zool Anz Jena 207: 260 – 270
Baruzzi RC, Marcopito LF, Serra MLC, Souza FA A, Stabile C (1979) The Kren-Akorore: a recent contacted indigenous tribe. In Health and Disease in Tribal Society. Ciba Foundation Symp 49. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 179 – 200
Batcheler LC, McLennan MJ (1977) Craniometric study of allometry, adaptation and hybridization of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and wapiti (C.e. nelsoni, Bailey) in Fjordland, New Zealand. Proc N Z Ecol Soc 24: 57 – 75
Beninde J (1937) Zur Naturgeschichte des Rothirsches. Monographie der Sáugetiere, vol 4. P Schoeps, Leipzig
Bojovic D, Halls LK (1984) Central Europe. In Halls LK (ed) The White-tailed Deer. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa. pp 557 – 560
Briedermann L (1986) Schwarzwild. Verlag Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen
Broughton E, Choquette LPE, Cousineau JG, Miller FL (1970) Brucellosis in reindeer (R. tarandus) and the migratory barren-ground caribou, R.t. groenlandicus (L.), in Canada. Can J Zool 48: 1023 – 1027
Caughley G (1983) The Deer Wars. Heinemann, Auckland, New Zealand
Cowan IMcT, Guiguet CJ (1965) The Mammals of British Columbia, 3rd ed. Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C.
Dasmann RF (1964) African Game Ranching. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Davidson WR, Crow CB (1983) Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in Maryland and Virginia. J Wildl Dis 19: 345 – 348
Davidson WR, Crum JM, Blue JL, Sharp DW, Phillips JH (1985) Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of fallow deer and white-tailed deer in Kentucky. J Wildl Dis 21: 153 – 159
Decker E (1978) Exotics. In Schmidt JL, Gilbert DC (eds) Big Game of North America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa. pp 249 – 256
Dobyns HF (1983) Their Numbers Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America. University of Tennessee Press
Draskovich I (1951) Rotwildhege. Roehrer-Verlag, Innsbruck
Eggeling FK von (1983) Diezels Niederjagd, 23rd ed. Paul Parey, Hamburg
Ehrenfeld DE (1981) Options and limitations in the conservation of sea turtles. In Bjorndal K (ed) Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp 457 – 463
Ehrenfeld DE (1974) Conserving the edible sea turtle: can mariculture help? Am Sci 62: 23 – 31
Etling K (1985) Can science produce a race of super bucks? Outdoor Life, Jan issue, p 21
Feldhamer GA, Chapman JA, Miller RL (1978) Sika deer and white-tailed deer on Maryland eastern shores. Wildl Soc Bull 6: 155 – 157
Filion FL, James SW, Ducharm J, Pepper W, Reid R, Boxall P, Teillet D (1983) The importance of wildlife to Canadians. Environment Canada. Supply and Services, Cat. No. CW66-62/1983E, Ottawa
Flyger V (1960) Sika deer on islands in Maryland and Virginia. J Mammal 41: 140
Geist V (1989) Legal trafficking and paid hunting threaten conservation. Trans 54th North Am Wildl Nat Res Conf, pp 171 – 178
Geist V (1988) How markets in wildlife meat and parts, and the sale of hunting privileges, jeopardize wildlife conservation. Conserv Biol 2: 1 – 12
Geist V (1985a) Game ranching: threat to wildlife conservation in North America. Wildl Soc Bull 13: 594 – 598
Geist V (1985b) On Pleistocene bighorn sheep: some problems of adaptation, and relevance to today’s American megafauna. Wildl Soc Bull 13: 351 – 359
Geist V (1982) Adaptive behavioral strategies. In Thomas JW, Toweill DE (eds) Elk of North America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa., pp 219 – 277
Geist V (1981) Behavior: adaptive strategies in mule deer. In Wallmo OC (ed) Mule and Black-Tailed Deer of North America University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp 157 – 223
Goodson N (1982) Effects of domestic sheep grazing on bighorn sheep populations: review. Bienn Symp North Am Wild Sheep Goat Counc 3: 287 – 313
Guthrie RD (1984) Mosaics, allochemics and nutrients. An ecological theory of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. In Martin PS, Klein RG (eds) Quaternary Extinctions. University of Arizona Press, pp 259 – 298
Harrington R (1973) Hybridization among deer and its implication to conservation. Inst Forestry 30: 64 – 78
Harris LH (1984) New Zealand. In Halls LK (ed) The White-Tailed Deer. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa., pp 547 – 556
Hesper B (1988) Gams oder Schaf—wer frisst den Bergwald? Wild und Hund 91 (August 12): 4 – 8
Hibbler CP (1981) Diseases. In Wallmo OC (ed) The Mule and Black-Tailed Deer of North America. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp 129 – 155
Holmes JC (1982) Impact of infectious disease agents on the population growth and geographical distribution of animals. In Anderson RM, May RM (eds) Population Biology of Infectious Diseases. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 37 – 51
Joralemon D (1982) New World depopulation and the case of disease. J Anthropol Res 38: 108 – 127
Johnson CW, Lindner RL (1986) An economic valuation of South Dakota wetlands as a recreation resource for resident hunters. Landscape J 5: 33 – 38
Kahdren P (1983) Dying wilderness. Western Can Outdoors 7: 2
Keiper RR (1985) Are sika deer responsible for the decline of white-tailed deer on Assateague Island, Maryland? Wildl Soc Bull 13: 144 – 146
Keiper RR, Stephens J, Baldwin D (1984) Sex, age, and dressed weights of hunter-killed sika and white-tailed deer from Assateague Island, Maryland. Proc Penn Acad Sci 58: 101 – 102
Kurten B, Anderson E (1980) Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York
Lankester MW (1987) Pests, parasites and diseases of moose (Alces alces) in North America. Swedish Wildl Res Suppl 1: 461 – 489
Leopold A (1933) Game Management. Scribner’s, New York
Lingle S (1989) Escape gates of white-tailed deer, mule deer and their hybrids: implication for hybrid success, and for management of white-tailed and mule deer. MSc thesis, University of Calgary, Canada
Lowe VPW, Gardiner AS (1975) Hybridization between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sika deer (C. nippon) with particular reference to stocks in N.W. England. J Zool London 177: 553 – 566
Lund TA (1980) American Wildlife Law. University of California Press, Berkeley McCulIough DR (1969) The tule elk: its history, behaviour and ecology. University of California Publications in Zool 88, Berkeley and Los Angeles
McCutchen HE (1981) Desert bighorn zoogeography and adaptation in relation to historic land use. Wildl Soc Bull 9: 171 – 179
MacDonald D (1987) Hunting—an exercise in pluralistic democracy. Wildl Soc Bull 15: 463 – 465
Marshall E (1990) Mountain sheep experts draw hunter’s fire. Science 248: 437 – 38
Massey W (1986a) The Lilybank safari. Deer Farmer, Jan issue, pp 12 – 13
Massey W (1986b) Escape! The crisis faced by Robbie and Barbara Oldeman. Deer Farmer, Sept issue, pp 6 – 10
Meyer ME (1966) The epizoology of brucellosis and its relationship to the identification of Brucella organisms. Am J Vet Res 25: 553 – 557
Neiland KA (1975) Further observations on rangiferine brucellosis in Alska carnivores. J Wildl Dis 11: 45 – 53
Neiland KA, King AJ, Huntley BE, Skoog R (1968) The diseases and parasites of Alaskan populations. Part I. Some observations on brucellosis in caribou. Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 4: 27 – 37
Nuesslein F (1983) Jagdkunde, 11th ed. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich
Nygren KFA (1984) Finland. In Halls LK (ed) The White-Tailed Deer. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa., pp 561 – 568
Onderka DK, Wishart WD (1988) Experimental contact transmission of pasteurella haemolyticafrom clinically normal domestic sheep causing pneumonia in rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. J Wildl Dis 24: 663 – 667
Onderka DK, Rawluk SA, Wishart WD (1988) Susceptibility of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and domestic sheep to pneumonia induced by bighorn and domestic livestock strains of Pasteurella haemolytica. Can J Vet Res 52: 439 – 444
Rennie N (1986) Good insurance deals are available. Deer Farmer, Sep issue, pp 11 – 12
Roseborough DJ (1986) Wildlife as a cash crop? Globe and Mail, July 17, p 7A
Samuel WM (1987) Moving the zoo—or—the potential introduction of a dangerous parasite into Alberta with its translocated host. In Renecker LA (ed) Focus on a New Industry. Proc Alberta Game Growers Assoc Conf 1: 85 – 92
Samuel WM (1979) The winter tick Dermacentor albipictus(Packard, 1869) on moose Alces alces(L.) of central Alberta. Proc North Am Moose Conf Workshop 15: 303 – 348
Seegmiller RF, Simpson CD (1979) The Barbary sheep: some conceptual implication of competition with desert bighorns. Trans Desert Bighorn Counc 23: 47 – 49
Schroeder W (1986) Jagd 2000. Die Hirsch 38: 773 – 777
Simpson CD, Krysl JB, Dickinson TG (1980) Food habits of Barbary sheep in the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. In Simpson CD (ed) Proceedings of a Symposium on Ecology and Management of Barbary Sheep. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, pp 87 – 91
Simpson CD, Krysl JB, Hampy DB, Gray GG (1978) The Barbary sheep: a threat to desert bighorn survival. Trans Desert Bighorn Counc 22: 26 – 31
Stahl D (1979) Wild, Lebendige Umwelt. K Alber, Freiburg/Munich
Stubbe C, Passarge H (1979) Rehwild. Verlag Neumann-Neudamm, Berlin
Swenson JE (1983) Free public hunting and the conservation of public wildlife resources. Wildl Soc Bull 8: 75 – 87
Tessaro SV, Forbes LB (1986) Brucella suis biotype 4: a case of granulomatous nephritis in a barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicusL.) with a review of the distribution of rangiferine brucellosis in Canada. J Wildl Dis 22: 479 – 483
Turcek FJ (1951) Effect of introductions on two game populations in Czechoslovakia. J Wildl Manage 15: 113 – 114
Weyhausen JD (1984) Comment on desert bighorn as relict: further considerations. Wildl Soc Bull 12: 82 – 85
White RJ (1987) Big game ranching in the United States. Wild Sheep Goat Int, Mesilia, New Mexico
Wodzicki KA (1950) Introduced mammals in New Zealand. N Z Dept Sci Indust Res Bull 98, Wellington
Zeuner FE (1967) Geschichte der Haustiere. In Bosseneck J, Halthenorth T (eds) Translated from English by Ross-Rath R. Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag, Munich
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Geist, V. (1992). Deer Ranching for Products and Paid Hunting: Threat to Conservation and Biodiversity by Luxury Markets. In: Brown, R.D. (eds) The Biology of Deer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_130
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_130
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7667-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2782-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive