Skip to main content

Immune Responses to Viral Infection

  • Chapter
Viral Diseases in Pregnancy

Part of the book series: Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology ((CPOG))

Abstract

The immune system comprises mechanical barriers, bodily secretions, and a heteroge-neous population of cells, the main function of which is to protect the host from pathogenic agents. The immune response is stimulated by antigens. These are foreign molecules that react with preformed components of the immune system. The constituents of the immune system can be divided into cellular and humoral components. The principal cellular factors include T and B lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes, and monocytes macrophages. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and tissue mast cells also have a role in the response to immune-mediated reactions. Antibodies and the complement system constitute the humoral arm of the immune response. This chapter reviews general immunology, viral-induced immune responses, alterations associated with pregnancy, and some of the available epidemiology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Specific acquired immunity. In: Roit IM, ed. Essential Immunology. 7th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Haynes BF, Fauci AF. The immune sustem. In: Wilson JD, et al, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Consequences of antigen recognition. In: Roit M, ed. Essential Immunology. 7th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Feinberg BB, Gonik B. General precepts of the immunology of pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 34: 3–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Molecules which recognize antigen. In: Roit IM, ed. Essential Immunology. 7th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Immunity to microbes. In: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS, eds. Cellular and Molecular Immunology Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991: 302–316.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Weinberg ED. Pregnancy associated depression of cell mediated immunity. Rev Infect Dis. 1984; 6: 814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Brabin BJ. Epidemiology of infection in pregnancy. Rev Infect Dis. 1985; 7: 579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Maternal adaptation to pregnancy. In: Cunningham FG, MacDonald PC, Gant NF, eds. Williams’ Obstetrics. 18th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Lange; 1991; 129–162.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pitkin RM, Witte DL. Platelet and leukocyte counts in pregnancy. JAMA. 1979; 242: 3696–3698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Siegel L, Gleisher N. Changes in peripheral mononuclear cells in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1981; 1: 154–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Stahn R, Fabricus R, Hans A, Hartlettner W. Suppression of human T-cell colony formation during pregnancy. Nature. 1978; 276: 831–832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Barnett MA, Learmonth E, Phil E, Wood EC. T helper lymphocyte depression during early pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 1983; 5; 55–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dodson MG, Kerman RH, Lange CF, Sefani SS, Oleary JA. T and B cells in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 49: 299–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bulmer R, Hanckok KW. Depletion of circu-lating T-lymphocytes in pregnancy. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977; 28: 302–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Clements PJ, Yu DTY, Levy J, Pearson CM. Human lymphocyte subpopulations: The effect of pregnancy. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1976; 152: 664–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Vanderbeeken Y, Vlieghe MP, Delespesse G, Duchateau J. Characterization of immunoregulatory T cells during pregnancy by monoclonal antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol. 1982; 48: 118–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sridama V, Pacini F, Yang S, et al. Decreased level of helper T cells, a possible cause if immunodeficiency in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1982; 307: 352–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Degenne D, Canepa S, Lecomte C, Renoux M, Bardos P. Serial study of T lymphocytes subsets during very early pregnancy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1988; 48: 187–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Glassman AB, Bennett CE, Christopher JB, Self S. Immunity during pregnancy: Lymphocyte subpopulations and mitogen responsiveness. Ann Clin Lab Sei. 1985; 15: 357–362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Coulam CB, Silverfield JC, Kazmar RE, Fathman CG. T-lymphocyte subsets during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1983; 4: 88–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fiddes TM, O’Reily DB, Cetrulo CL, et al. Phenotypic and functional evaluation of suppressor cells in normal pregnancy and in chronic aborters. Cell Immunol. 1986; 97: 407–418.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Biggar RJ, Pahwa S, Minkoff H, et al. Immunosuppression in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 1239–1244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Layward L, Brenchley PEC, Coupes BM, et al. Decreased levels of helper T cells in pregnancy (letter). N Engl J Med. 1982; 307: 1582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Castilla JA, Rueda R, Vargas ML, Gonzales- Gomez F, Garcia-Olivares E. Decreased levels of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes during normal human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 1989; 15: 103–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Miotti PG, Liomba G, Dallabetta GA, et al. T lymphocyte subsets during and after pregnancy: Analysis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected Malawian mothers. J Infect Dis. 1992; 165: 1116–1119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Thong YH, Steele RW, Vincent MM, Hansen SA, Ballanti JA. Impaired in-vitro cell mediated immunity to rubella virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1983; 289: 604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Okamura K, Fuurukawa K, Nakakuki M, Yamada K, Suzuki M. Natual killer cell activity during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 149: 396–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Baley JE, Schacter BZ. Mechanisms of diminished natural killer cell activity in pregnant women and neonates. J Immunol. 1985; 134: 3042–3047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gregory CD, Shah LP, Lee H, Scott IV, Golding PR. Cytotoxic reactivity of natural killer cells during normal pregnancy: A longitudinal study. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1985; 18: 175–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Toder V, Blank M, Gleicher N, Voljovitch I, Mashiah S, Nebel L. Activity of natural killer cells in normal pregnancy and edema- proteinuria-hypertension gestosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 145: 7–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gonik B, Loo LS, West S, Kohl S. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus infected cells in human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol. 1987; 13: 223–226.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bjorksten B, Soderstrom T, Damber MG, Von Schoultz B, Stigbrand T. Polymorphonuclear function during pregnancy. Scand J Immunol. 1978; 8: 257–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Maitzer MC, Silva J Jr. In vitro defects of phagocyte Chemotaxis during pregnancy. J Clin Microbiol. 1980; 11: 170–173.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Takeuchi A, Persellin RH. The inhibitory effect of pregnancy serum on polymorphonuclear leukocyte Chemotaxis. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1980; 3: 121–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cotton DJ, Seligmann B, O’Brien WF, Gallin JI. Selective defect of neutrophil superoxide anion generation elicited by the chemoattractant n-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine in pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 1983; 148: 194–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Krause PJ, Ingardia OJ, Pontius LT, et al. Host defense during pregnancy: Neutrophil Chemotaxis and adherence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 274–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dickinson J, Gonik B. Teratogenic viral infections. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 33 (2): 242–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Prober CG, Hensleigh PA, Boucher FD, Yasukawa LL, Au DS, Arvin AM. The use of routine viral cultures at delivery to identify neonates exposed to herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 887–891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Freij BJ, Sever JL. Herpesvirus infections in pregnancy: Risks to embryo, fetus and neonate. Clin Perinatol. 1988; 15: 203–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Boucher FD, Yasukawa LL, Bronzan RN, Hensleigh PA, Arvin AM, Prober CG. A prospective evaluation of primary genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections aquired during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990; 9: 499–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kinney JS, Kumar ML. Should we expand the TORCH complex? A description of clinical and diagnostic aspects of selected old and new agents. Clin perinatol. 1984; 15: 727–744.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ades AE. Methods for estimating the incidence of primary infection in pregnancy: A reappraisal of toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus data. Epidemiol Infect. 1992; 108 (2): 367–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rando RF, Lindheim S, Hasty L, Sedlacek TV, Woodland M, Eder C. Increased frequency of detection of human papillomavirus DNA in exfoliated cervical cells during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 50–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Schneider A, Hotz M, Gissmann L. Increased prevalence of human Papillomavirus in the lower genital tract of pregnant women. Int J Cancer. 1987; 40: 198–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kemp EA, Hakenewerth AM, Laurent SL, Gravitt PE, Stoerker J. Human papillomavirus prevalence in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 649–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Khuroo MS, Teli MR, Skidmore S, et al. Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med. 1981; 70: 252–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Anteby, E.Y., Yagel, S. (1994). Immune Responses to Viral Infection. In: Gonik, B. (eds) Viral Diseases in Pregnancy. Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2640-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2640-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7620-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2640-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics