Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), secreted from somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary, is a highly regulated hormone that stimulates longitudinal growth and has multiple effects on cellular metabolism. Plasma GH levels vary widely at different times of the day and night, with profound influences of diet, exercise, sleep, and stress in a given individual. GH levels also differ with sex, age, and body habits, providing a challenge to those defining “normal” GH physiology (1–3).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Quabbe HJ. Hypothalamic control of GH secretion: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Acta Neurochir 1985;75:60–71.
Martin JB, Reichlin S. Regulation of growth hormone secretion and its disorders. In: Martin JB, Reichlin S, editors. Clinical neuroendocrinol, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1987:233–94.
Strobl JS, Thomas MJ. Human growth hormone. Pharmacol Rev 1994;46:1–34.
Frohman LA, Jansson J-O. Growth hormone-releasing hormone. Endocr Rev 1986;7:223–53.
Gelato MC, Merriam GR. Growth hormone releasing hormone. Annu Rev Physiol 1986;48:569–91.
Gomez-Pan A, Rodriguez-Arnao MD. Somatostatin and growth hormone releasing factor: synthesis, location, metabolism and function. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;12:469–507.
Mayo KE. Molecular cloning and expression of a pituitary-specific receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone. Mol Endocrinol 1992;6:1734–44.
Mayo KE, Hammer RE, Swanson LW, Brinster RL, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM. Dramatic pituitary hyperplasia in transgenic mice expressing a human growth hormone-releasing factor gene. Mol Endocrinol 1988;2:606–12.
Reichlin, S. Somatostatin. N Engl J Med 1983;309:1495–1501,1556–63.
Patel YC, Srikant CB. Somatostatin mediation of adenohypophysial secretion. Annu Rev Physiol 1986;48:551–67.
Bruno JF, Berelowitz M. Somatostatin receptor: orphan that found family and function. Mol Cell Neurosci 1993;4:307–9.
Bruno JF, Xu Y, Song J, Berelowitz M. Tissue distribution of somatostatin receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat. Endocrinology 1993;133:2561–7.
Patel YC, Murthy KK, Escher EE, Banville D, Spiess J, Srikant C. Mechanism of action of somatostatin: an overview of receptor function and studies of the molecular characterization and purification of somatostatin receptor proteins. Metabolism 1990;39:63–9.
Rens-Domiano S, Reisine T. Biochemical and functional properties of somatostatin receptors. J Neurochem 1992;58:1987–96.
Tannenbaum GS, Ling N. The interrelationship of growth hormone (GH)- releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology 1984;115:1952–7.
Plotsky PM, Vale WW. Patterns of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin secretion into the hypophyseal-portal circulation of the rat. Science 1986;230:461–3.
Frohman LA, Downs TR, Clarke I J, Thomas GB. Measurement of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin in hypothalamic-portal plasma of unanesthetized sheep. Spontaneous secretion and response to insulin- induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 1990;86:17–24.
Van Wyk JJ . The somatomedins: biological actions and physiological control mechanisms. In: Li CH, ed. Hormonal proteins and peptides. New York: Academic Press, 1984;12:82–125.
Froesch ER, Schmid C, Schwander J, Zapf J. Actions of insulin-like growth factors. Annu Rev Physiol 1985;47:443–67.
Berelowitz M, Szabo M, Frohman LA, Firestone S, Chu L, Hintz RL. So- matomedin-C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Science 1981;212:1279–81.
Morita S, Yamashita S, Melmed S. Insulin-like growth factor 1 action on rat anterior pituitary cell: effects of intracellular messengers on growth hormone secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid levels. Endocrinology 1987;122:2204–10.
Delitala G, Tomasi P, Virdis R. Neuroendocrine regulation of human growth hormone secretion. Diagnostic and clinical applications. J Endocrinol Invest 1988;11:441–62.
Dieguez C, Page MD, Scanlon MF. Growth hormone neuroregulation and its alterations in disease states. Clin Endocrinol 1988;28:109–43.
Press M. Growth hormone and metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988;4:391–414.
Berelowitz M, Dudlak D, Frohman L. Release of somatostatin-like immunore- activity from incubated rat hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. J Clin Invest 1982;69:1293–6.
Tannenbaum GS, Rorstad O, Brazeau P. Effects of prolonged food deprivation on the ultradian growth hormone rhythm and immunoreactive somatostatin tissue levels in the rat. Endocrinology 1979;104:1733–8.
Campbell PJ, Bolli CB, Cryer PE, Gerich JE. Pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Accelerated glucose production and impaired glucose utilization due to nocturnal surges in growth hormone secretion. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1473–8.
Tannenbaum GS. Growth hormone secretory dynamics in streptozotocin diabetes: evidence of a role for endogenous circulating somatostatin. Endocrinology 1981;108:76–81.
Tannenbaum GS, Colle E, Gurd W, Wanamaker L. Dynamic time-course studies of the spontaneously diabetic BB Wistar rat. I. Longitudinal profiles of plasma growth hormone, insulin, and glucose. Endocrinology 1981;109:1872–9.
Gonzalez C, Jolin T. Effect of streptozotocin diabetes and insulin replacement on growth hormone in rats. J Endocrinol Invest 1985;8:7–11.
Olchovsky D, Bruno J, Wood T, Gelato M, Leidy J, Gilbert J, Berelowitz M. Altered pituitary growth hormone (GH) regulation in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: a combined defect of hypothalamic somatostatin and GH-releasing factor. Endocrinology 1990;126:53–61.
Bruno J, Xu Y, Song J, Berelowitz M. Pituitary and hypothalamic somatostatin receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the food-deprived and diabetic rat. Endocrinology 1994;135:1787–92.
Olchovsky D, Bruno J, Gelato M, Song J, Berelowitz M. Pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I content and gene expression in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat: evidence for tissue-specific regulation. Endocrinology 1991;128:923–8.
Tannenbaum GS, Epelbaum J, Colle E, Brazeau P, Martin JB. Antiserum to somatostatin reverses starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion. Endocrinology 1978;102:1909–14.
Hugues JN, Enjalbert A, Moyse E, Shu C, Voirol MJ, Sebaoun J, Epelbaum J. Differential effects of passive immunization with somatostatin antiserum on adenohypophysial hormone secretions in starved rats. J Endocrinol 1986;109:169–74.
Bruno J, Olchovsky D, White J, Leidy J, Song J, Berelowitz M. Influence of food deprivation in the rat on hypothalamic expression of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin. Endocrinology 1990;127:2111–6.
Olchovsky D, Song J, Gelato M, Sherwood J, Spatola E, Bruno J, Berelowitz M. Pituitary and hypothalamic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor expression in food-deprived rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993;93:193–8.
Bruno J, Song J, Berelowitz M. Regulation of rat hypothalamic prepro growth hormone-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid by dietary protein. Endo-crinology 1991;129:1226–32.
Bruno J, Song J, Xu Y, Berelowitz M. Regulation of hypothalamic prepro growth hormone-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in food-deprived rats: a role for histaminergic neurotransmission. Endocrinology 1993;133:1377–81.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berelowitz, M., Bruno, J.F. (1996). Metabolic Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Gene Expression. In: Bercu, B.B., Walker, R.F. (eds) Growth Hormone Secretagogues. Serono Symposia USA Norwell, Massachusetts. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2396-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2396-2_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7526-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2396-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive