Abstract
Radiation “refers to a physical phenomenon in which energy travels through space or matter” (Radomyski et el. 1994). Irradiation, as used in food science, is the application of this energy to a specific material, such as food product, with the purpose of increasing storage stability through reduction of microorganisms, elimination of parasites or insects, or blockage of enzyme activity. Irradiation may also used to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. For preservation of foods, the type of radiation applied is referred to as ionizing radiation because it produces electrically charged ions as the energy interacts with target molecules.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Abdel-Kader AS, Moons LL, Maxie EC (1968) Physiological studies of gamma irradiated tomato fruits. I: Effects on respiratory rate, ethylene production and ripening. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 92 (4): 553.
Adern E, Watters FL, Uribe-Rendon R, De La Piedad A (1978) Comparison of 60Co gamma radiation and accelerated electrons for suppressing emergence of Sitophilus spp. in stored maize J Stored Prod Res 14: 135–141.
Akamine EK, May JH (1983) Delay in postharvest ripening and senescence of fruits. In: Josephson ES, Peterson MS (eds) Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation, Vol. HI. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 129–158.
ACSH (American Council on Science and Health) (1988) Irradiated food: a report by the American Council on Science and Health. ACSH, New York.
Alper T (1979a) Variation in radiation response with growth phase or cell cycle stage. In: Cellular Radiobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 146–163.
Alper T (1979b) Dose fractionation and dose rate. In: Cellular Radiobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 164–177.
Anderson AW (1983) Irradiation in the processing of food. In: Rose AH (ed) Food Microbiology. Academic Press, London, pp 145–169.
Andrews LS, Grodner RM (1992) Gamma irradiation of Listeria monocytogenes in crayfish Procambarus clarkii tail meat. Trop Subtrop Fish Technol Soc Am 17: 118–122.
Andrews LS, Grodner RM, Liuzzo JA (1995a) Effects of split-dose application of gamma radiation on the radiosensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. In: Proceedings, 19th Annual Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technology Conference.
Andrews LS, Marshall DL, Grodner RM (1995b) Radiosensitivity of Listeria monocyto-genes at varying temperatures and cell concentrations. J Food Prot 58(7):748–751.
Andrews LS (1995c) Chemical and microbial quality of irradiated ground ginger. J Food Sci 60 (4): 829–832.
Anellis A, Berkowitz D, Kemper D, El-Bisi HM (1972) Production of type A and B spores of Clostridium botulinum by the biphasic method: effect on spore production, irradiation resistance and toxigenicity. Appl Microbiol 23: 734–739.
Anellis A, Rowley DB, Ross EW Jr (1973) Microbiological safety of radappertized beef. J Food Prot 42 (12): 927–932.
Anonymous (1961) Radiation preservation of selected fruits and vegetables. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA.
Anonymous (1987) Trends, consumer attitudes and the supermarket. Research Division, Food Marketing Institute, Washington, DC.
ASTM (1994) Draft: Standard guide for irradiation of fmfish and shellfish to control pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Technical Committee, Analytical Standard Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
Avery KJW, Lamprecht A (1988) The shelf-life extensions of fresh hake through gamma-irradiation. Food Rev 15 (suppl): 28–29.
Bailey JS, Fletcher DL, Cox NA (1989) Recovery and sero distribution of Listeria mono-cytogenes from broiler chickens in the southeastern United States. J Food Prot 52: 148–150.
Baldrati G, Pirazzoli P, Gola S, Ambroggi F (1978) Use of ionizing radiation for the preservation of fresh fish: radiopasteurization of saurels (Trachurus trachurus). hid Conserve (Parma) 53: 8–10.
Barnhart HM, Pancorbo OC, Dreesen DW, Shotts EB (1989) Recovery of Aeromonas hydrophila from carcasses and processing water in a broiler processing operation. J Food Prot 52: 646–649.
Barrow PA (1991) Immunological control of Salmonella in poultry. In: Blankenship LC (ed) Colonization control of human bacterial enteropathogens in poultry. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 199–217.
Baumhover AH (1963) Influence of aeration during gamma irradiation of screw-worm pupae. J Econ Entomol 56: 628–631.
Bean N, Griffin PM (1990) Foodborrie disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. J Food Prot 53: 804.
Bean N, Griffin PM, Goulding JS, Ivey CB (1990) Foodbome disease outbreak 5-year summary, 1983–1987. J Food Prot 53: 711.
Bhattacharya SK, Choudhuri DR, Bose AN (1978) Preservation of Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and rohy (Labeo horita) by gamma irradiation. Fish Technol 15: 21–25.
Blalock JW, Burkitt AK, Seo ST, Akamine EK (1966) Gamma radiation as a quarantine treatment for Hawaiian fruit flies. J Econ Entomol 59 (1): 202.
Bokany RR Jr, Stephens JF, Foster DN (1990) Isolation and characterization of Salmonella from broiler carcasses and parts. Pauli Sci 69: 592–598.
Brake RJ, Murrell KD, Ray EE, Thomas JD, Muggenburg BA, Sivinski JS (1985) Destruction of Trichinella spiralis by low-dose irradiation of pork. J Food Saf 7: 127–143.
Bridges BA, Home T (1959) The influence of environmental factors on the microbicidal effect of ionizing radiations. J Appl Bacteriol 22 (1): 96–115.
Brownell LE (1961) Radiation Uses in Industry. University of Michigan and Atomic Energy Commission.
Brous MA, Maxey RB (1979) Effect of irradiation temperature and drying on survival of highly radiation-resistant bacteria in complex menstrua. J Food Sci 44: 1743–1746.
Burkitt AK Jr (1982) Food irradiation as a quarantine treatment of fruits. Food Technol 36 (11): 51.
Champ BR, Dyte CE (1976) Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Chen Y, Grodner RA, Andrews L (1995) Effect of low-dose gamma irradiation on the bacterial microflora of freshly picked crabmeat. In: Proceedings, 19th Annual Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technology Conference, Fla. Sea Grant, SGR115, Gainesville, FL, pp 46–58.
Clark AM, Herr EB (1955) The effect of certain gases on the radiosensitivity of Habrobracon during development. Radiat Res 2: 538–543.
Clavero MRS, Monk JD, Beuchat LR, Doyle MP, Brackett RE (1994) Inactivation of Escherichia coli 0157: H7, salmonellae and Campylobacter jejuni in raw ground beef by gamma irradiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 2069–2075.
CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) (1993) Radiation in the production, processing and handling of food. Code of Federal Regulations 21, Part 179. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC.
Cogburn RR, Tilton EW, Bower JH (1972) Bulk grain irradiation for control of insects infesting wheat. J Econ Entomol 65: 818–821.
Cohen ML, Blake PA (1977) Trends in foodbame salmonellosis outbreaks. J Food Prot 40: 798–802.
Cox JP, Cox JM (1975) Quick-cooking whole grain rice. U.S. Patent 3,879,566. Dempster IF“, Hawrysh Z.I, Shand P, Lahola-Chomiak L, Corletto L (1985) Effect of low-dose irradiation (radurization) on the shelf life of beefburgers stored at 3 °C. J Food Technol 20: 145–154.
Dempster IF, Hawrysh ZI, Shand P, Lahola-Chomiak L, Corletto L (1985) Effect of low-dose irradiation (radurization) on the shelf life of beefburgers stored at 3 °C. J Food Technol 20: 145–154.
Dewey DL (1969) An oxygen-dependent X-ray dose-rate effect on Serratia marcescens. Radiat Res 38: 467–474.
Dewey DL, Hoag JW (1959) Modification of the oxygen effect when bacteria are given large pulses of radiation. Nature 183: 1450–1451.
Diehl IF (1979a) Reduction of radiation-induced vitamin losses by irradiation of foodstuffs at low temperature and by exclusion of atmospheric oxygen. Forsch Klin Lab 169: 276–280.
Diehl JF (1979b) The influence of irradiation conditions and storage on radiation-induced vitamin E losses in foods. Chemie Mikrobiol Technol Lebensm 6: 65–70.
Dietrich MD (1968) Destruction of Streptococcus faecalis in shellfish with ionizing radi-ation. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Dorsa WJ, Cutter CN, Siragusa GR, Koohmarie M (1996) Microbial decontamination of beef and sheep carcasses by steam, hot water spray washes, and a steam-vacuum sanitizer. J Food Prot 59: 127–135.
Douglas LC, Liuzzo J, Grodner R, Rao R, Wilson P (1996) Thiamine, riboflavin, and sensory stability of irradiated brown rice. Abstract 89D-23, IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, June 22–26, 1996, p 222.
Doyle MP (1991) Escherichia col 0157: H7 and its significance in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 12:289–302.
Duggan DE, Anderson AW, Bilker PR (1963) Inactivation of the radiation-resistant spoilage bacterium Micracoccus radiodurans. Appl Microbiol 11: 413–417.
Ehioba RM, Kraft AA, Molins RA, Walker 11W, Olson DO, Subbaraman G, Skowronski RP (1987) Effect of low-dose (100 bad) gamma radiation on the microflora of vacuum-packaged ground pork with and without added sodium phosphates. J Food Sci 52: 1477–1480, 1505.
Ehlermann DAE, Reinacher E (1979) Some conclusions from shipboard experiments on the radiopasteurization of whole fish in the Federal Republic of Germany. FSTA Lect 11:4311.
El-Oksh H, Abdel-Kader AS, Wally AY, El-Kholly AF (1971) Comparative effects of gamma irradiation and maleic hydrazide on storage of garlic. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 96(5):637.
El Saadany RMA, Tode YH, El Saadany FM (1979) Improving of Egyptian rice by means of gamma-irradiation. Staerke 31: 230–234.
Epp ER, Weiss F, Santomasso A (1968) The oxygen effect in bacterial cells irradiated with high-intensity pulsed electrons. Radiat Res 34: 320–325.
FAO (1984) Codex general standard for irradiated food and recommended international code of practice. Codex Alimentarius X V. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome.
FAO/IAEA/WHO (1977) Wholesomeness of irradiated food. Report of a joint FAO/ IAEAJWHO expert committee. FAO, Rome.
FA0/1AEA/WHO (1981) Wholesomeness of irradiated food. Tech. Rep. Ser. 659. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Farag ME, Shamsuzzaman K, Borsa J (1990) Radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes in phosphate buffer, trypticase soy broth, and poultry feed. J Food Prot 53 (8): 648–651.
Farag SEA, Aziz NH, Attia ESA (1995) Effect of irradiation on the microbiological status and flavoring materials of selected spices. Z Lebensm-Unters-Forsch 201:283— 288.
Farber JM, Peterkin PI (1991) Listeria nwnocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiol Rev 9: 476–511.
Farkas J (1988) Irradiation of Dry Food Ingredients. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 11–77.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (1994) Filing of food additive petition. Notice. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fed Reg 59: 43848–43849.
Firstenberg-Eden R, Rowley DB, Shattuck GE (1980) Factors affecting inactivaion of Moraxella-Acinetabacter cells in an irradiation process. Appl Environ Microbiol 40: 480–485.
FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service) (1992a) Poultry-irradiation and preventing food- borne illness. FSIS Backgrounder. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service) (1992b) Irradiation of poultry products. Proposed rule by Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Fed Reg 57 (68): 19460–19467.
Fu A-H, Sebranek JG, Murano EA (1995a) Survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolirica, and Escherichia call 0157: H7 and quality changes after irradiation of beef steaks and ground beef. J Food Sei 60: 972–977.
Fu A-H, Sebranek JG, Murano EA (1995b) Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhinuirium and quality attributes of cooked pork chops and cured ham after irradiation. J Food Sci 60: 1001–1005, 1008.
Ghadi SV, Lewis NF (1978) Enhancement of refrigerated storage of elasmobranchs by gamma irradiation. FSTA Lect 10:258.
Giddings GG, Marcotte M (1991) Poultry irradiation: for hygiene/safety and market-life enhancement. Food Rev Int 7: 259–282.
Gilbert RI (1979) Bacillus cereus gastroenteritis. In: Intoxications, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York, pp 495–518.
Girolamo R, Liston J, Matches H (1969) Uptake, elimination and effects of irradiation on virus in west coast shellfish. Bacterial Proc 1969: 26.
Gonzalez ON, Sanchez FC, Vista Jlit„ Ronquillo RP (1981) Elimination of the risk resulting from pathogenic microorganisms in some Philippine fishery products by gamma irradiation. Philipp J Sci 110: 45–53.
Goren E, delong WA, Doorenbal P, Bolder NM, Mulder RWAW, Jansen A (1988) Reduction of Salmonella infection of broilers by spray application of intestinal microflora: a longitudinal study. Vet Q 10: 249–255.
Grant IR, Patterson MF (1991a) Effect of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging on the microbiological safety of minced pork stored under temperature abuse conditions. Int J Food Sci Technol 26:521–533
Grant IR, Patterson MF (1991b) A numerical taxonomic study of lactic acid bacteria isolated from irradiated pork and chicken packaged under various gas atmospheres. J Appl Bacteriol 70: 302–307.
Grant IR, Patterson MF (1991c) Effect of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging on the microbial and sensory quality of pork stored at refrigeration temperatures. Int J Food Sci Technol 26: 507–519.
Grant IL Patterson MF (1992) Sensitivity of foodborne pathogens to irradiation in the components of a chilled ready meal. Food Microbiol (Load) 9: 95–103.
Grant IR, Nixon CR, Patterson MF (1993) Effect of low-dose irradiation on growth and toxin prt,luction by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in roast beef and gravy. Rh J Food Microbiol 18: 25–36.
Grodner RM, Andrews LS (1991) Irradiation. In: Ward DR, Hackney C (eds) Microbiol- ogy of Marine Food Products. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 429–440.
Grodner RM, Gutierrez de Zubiaurre MB (1992) Low dose gamma irradiation of Plesiomonas shigelloides in Louisiana rangia clams (Rangia cuneata). Trop Subtrop Fish Technol Soc Am 17: 111–116.
Grodner RM, Hinton A Jr (1987) Low dose gamma irradiation of Vibrio cholerae in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). In: Proceedings of the 11th Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Conference. TAMU-SG-86–101:248–260, Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technological Society of America, Fla. Sea Grant, Gainesville, FL, pp 248–260.
Grodner RM, Hinton A Jr (1988) Gamma irradiation of Vibrio cholerae in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Gerard), In: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference, Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Society of America. SGR-92:429–441.
Hackwood S (1994) An introduction to the irradiation processing of foods. In: Thorne S (ed) Food Irradiation. Elsevier, London.
Haggblom P (1994) Monitoring and control of Salmonella in animal feed. In: Control of Foodborne Diseases in Humans and Animals. WHO/ZOON/94. 171, World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 62–73.
Hardin MD, Acuff GR, Lucia LM, Oman JS, Savell JW (1995) Comparison of methods for contamination removal from beef carcass surfaces. J Food Prot 58: 368–374.
Harris NV, Thompson D, Martin DC, Nolan CM (1986) A survey of Campylobacter and other bacterial contaminants of pre-market chicken and retail poultry and meats, King County, Washington. Am J Public Health 76: 401–406.
Hashisaka AE, Weagant SD, Fong FM (1989) Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in mozzarella cheese and ice cream exposed to gamma irradiation. J Food Prot 52 (7): 490–492.
Hayashi T (1991) Comparative effectiveness of gamma-rays and electron beams in food irradiation. In: Thorne S (ed) Food Irradiation. Elsevier, London, pp 169–206.
Haynes JW, Smith JW (1993) Sterilizing boll weevils with nine fractionated irradiation doses: selecting an optimum total treatment. J Agric Entomol 10 (2): 83–95.
Hilchey JD (1957) Action of ionizing radiations on insects. Radiation preservation of foods. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Hinton A Jr (1983) Survival of Vibrio cholerae 01, bio El Tor, sero Inaba in seafoods. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Houwing H (1976) Irradiation of fishery products 1. Shrimps. Voedingsmiddelentechnologie 9: 10–15.
Huhtanen CN, Jenkins RK, Thayer DW (1989) Gamma radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 52 (9): 610–613.
Huhtanen CN, Shieh J, Wierbicki J, Zaika L, Jenkins RK, Buchanan RL, Thayer DW (1986) Effect of sugar and low-dose irradiation on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in comminuted bacon. J Food Prot 49: 112–116.
Idziak ES, Incze K (1968) Radiation treatment of foods. I. Radurization of fresh eviscerated poultry. Appl Microbiol 16: 1061–1066.
IFT (Institute of Food Technologists) (1983a) Radiation preservation of foods. IFT Expert Panel. Food Technol 1: 1–4.
IFT (Institute of Food Technologists) (1983b) Radiation preservation of foods. Scientific Status Summary. Institute of Food Technologists, Chicago, IL.
International Trade Center UNCTAD/GATT (1982) Spices, a Survey of the World Market, Vols. 1,2. ITC, Geneva.
Jimes S (1967) Clostridium botulinum E in Gulf shrimp and shucked oysters, and toxin production as affected by irradiation dosage, temperature, storage time, and mixed spore concentration. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Johns HE, Cunningham JR (1983) Radiobiology. In: Thomas CT (ed) The Physics of Radiology. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, pp 670–718.
Josephson ES, Peterson MS (1983) Preservation of Food by Ionizing. Radiation, Vols. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Josephson ES, Heiligman F, Wadsworth CK„ Howker JJ, Wierbicki E (1977) Low dose irradiation at Natick. Report TR-181003, Fell-65. U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Command, Natick, MA.
Juneau BP (1989) The effect of low dose gamma irradiation on Listeria monocytogenes found in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). M.S. thesis, Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Juri ML, Ito H, Watanabe H, Tamura N (1986) Distribution of microorganisms in spices and their decontamination by gamma-irradiation. Agric Biol Chem 50: 347–355.
Kader AA (1986) Potential applications of ionizing radiation in postharvest handling of fresh fruits and vegetables, Food Technol 404 (6): 117.
Karnop G, Antonacopoulos N (1977) Effects of x-ray irradiation on the quality of fresh fish in ice. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch 73: 217–222.
Kehler A, Bellamy WD, Stapleton GE, Zeile MR (1955) Symposium on radiation effects on cells and bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 19 (1): 22–43.
Kendall JH (1969) Low-dose gamma irradiation of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in Gulf shrimp. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Kwon ill, Byun MW, Cho HO (1985) Effects of gamma irradiation dose and timing of treatment after harvest on the store ability of garlic bulbs. J Food Sci 50 (2): 379.
Lambert AD, Maxey RB (1984) Effect of gamma radiation on Campylobacter jejuni. J Food Sci 49: 665–667.
Lambert AD, Smith JP, Dodds KL (1991a) Effect of headspace CO2 concentration on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in MAP, irradiated fresh pork. J Food Prot 54: 588–592.
Lambert AD, Smith JP, Dodds KL (1991b) Effect of initial 02 and CO2 and low-dose irradiation on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in MAP fresh pork. J Food Prot 54: 939–944.
Langley PA, Maly H (1971) Control of Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitus capitata [Wied]) using sterile males: effects of nitrogen and chilling during gamma irradiation of puparia. Entomol Exp App! 14: 137–146.
Larrigaudiere C, Latche A, Pech JC, Triantaphylides C (1991) Relationship between stress ethylene production induced by gamma irradiation and ripening of cherry tomatoes. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116 (6): 1000.
Lasta J, Blackwell JH, Sadir A, Gallinger A, Marcoveccio F, Zamorano M, Ludden B, Rodriguez R (1992) Combined treatments of heat, irradiation, and pH effect on infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine tissues. J Food Sci 57: 36–39.
Lebepe S, Molins RA, Charoen SP, Farrar HIV, Skowronski RP (1990) Changes in microflora and other characteristics of vacuum-packaged pork loins irradiated at 3.0 kGy. J Food Sci 55: 918–924.
Lee CC (1959) The baking quality and maltose value of flour irradiated with 6°Co gamma rays. Cereal Chem 36: 70–77.
Lee EP (1966) Destruction of E. coil in shellfish by gamma irradiation. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Lee TH, McGlasson WB, Edwards RA (1968) Effects of gamma irradiation on tomato fruit picked at four stages of development. Radiat Bot 8: 259.
Lewis TM (1986) Destruction of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on Gulf Coast shrimp and oysters by gamma irradiation. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Licciardello JJ, Nickerson ilk, Goldbirth SA (1968) Elimination of Salmonella in poultry with ionizing radiation in elimination of harmful organisms from food and feed by irradiation. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Liston J, Matches JR (1968) Single and multiple doses in the radiation pasteurization of seafood. Food Technol 22: 81–84.
Liuzzo JA, Ransibrahtnanakul V, Rao RM, Grodner RM (1996) Inactivation of lipase activity in brown rice by gamma irradiation (abstr). Proc S Reg Sec Inst Food Technol 33:D-12.
Loaharanu P (1973) Gamma irradiation of fishery products in Thailand with special reference to their microbiological aspects. In: International Atomic Energy Agency Conference Proceedings, pp 21–32.
Lorenz K (1975) Irradiation of cereal grain products. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 6: 317–382.
Luchsinger SE, Kropf DH, Garcia-Zepeda CM, Chambers E IV, Hollingsworth ME, Hunt MC, Marsden JL„ Stroda SL, Rubio Caias El, Kastner CL, Kuecker WG, Mata T (1996a) Consumer acceptance of irradiated boneless pork chops. In: Abstracts, annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technology, New Orleans, p 38–7.
Luchsinger SE, Kropf DH, Garchi Aa-Zepeda CM, Marsden JL, Stroda SL, Hunt MC, Chambers E IV, Hollingsworth ME, Kastner CL (1996b) Sensory analysis, color and product life of irradiated frozen raw ground beef patties. In: Abstracts, annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technology, New Orleans, p 68–3.
Luh BS, Roberts RL, Li CF (1980) Quick cooking rice. In: Luh BS (ed) Rice: Production and Utilization. AVI Publishing, Westport, CT, p 566.
Ma K, Maxey RB (1981) Factors influencing radiation resistance of vegetative bacteria and spores associated with radappertization of meat. J Food Sci 46: 612–616.
MacKenzie MA, Bains BS (1976) Dissemination of Salmonella seros from raw feed ingredients to chicken carcasses. Poult Sci 55: 957–960.
Marcotte M (1992) Irradiated strawberries enter the US market. Food Technol 46 (5): 80.
Matches JR, Liston J (1971) Radiation destruction of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Food Sci 36:339–340
Matsuyama A, Thornley MJ, Ingram M (1964) The effect of freezing on the radiation sensitivity of bacterial spores. J Appl Bacterial 27 (1): 125–133.
Matsuyama A, Umeda K (1983) Sprout inhibition in tubers and bulbs. In: Josephson ES, Peterson MS (eds) Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation, Vol. III. CRC Press, Boca’ Raton, FL.
Mattison ML, Kraft AA, Olson DG, Walker HW, Rust RE, James DB (1986) Effect of low dose irradiation of pork loins on the microflora, sensory characteristics and fat stability. J Food Sci 51: 284–287.
Maxie EC, Abdel-Kader A (1966) Food irradiation—physiology of fruits as related to feasibility of the technology. Adv Food Res 15: 105.
Maxie EC, Sommer NF (1965) Irradiation of fruits and vegetables. In: Radiation Preservation of Foods. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 39–56.
Maxie EC, Sommer NF (1968). Changes in some chemical constituents in irradiated fruits and vegetables. In: Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables by Radiation. Publ. 1273. National Academy of Sciences, National. Research Council, Washington, DC.
Maxie EC, Sommer NF, Michel FG (1971) Infeasibility of irradiating fruits and vegetables. Hortscience 6 (3): 202.
Maxie EC, Amezquita R, Hassan BM, Johnson CF (1968) Effects of gamma irradiation on ripening of bananas. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 92 (2): 235.
McCabe I (1976) Quick-cooking brown rice. U.S. Patent 3,959,515. In: Robine PM (ed) Convenience Foods: Recent Technology. Noyes Data Corp, NJ, pp 127–128.
Miller WR, Mitcham EJ, McDonald RE, King JR (1994) Postharvest storage quality of gamma-irradiated “Climax” rabbiteye blueberries. Hortscience 29 (2): 98.
Monk JD, Calvero MRS, Beuchat LR, Doyle MP, Brackett RE (1994) Irradiation inactivation of Listeria monocyto genes and Staphylococcus aureus in low-and high-fat, frozen and refrigerated ground beef. J Food Prot 57: 969–974.
Moy JH (1983) Radurization and Radicidation: Fruits and Vegetables. J. Food Sci. 48(3): 928, pp 83–108.
Moy JH (1985) Radiation Disinfestation of Food and Agricultural Products. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
May JH, Kaneshiro KY, Ohta AT, Nagai N (1983) Radiation disinfestation of California stone fruits infested by medfly-effectiveness and fruit quality. J Food Sci 48 (3): 928.
Mulder RWAW, Bolder NM (1991) Experience with competitive exclusion in the Netherlands. In: Blankenship LC (ed) Colonization Control of Human Bacterial Enteropathogens in Poultry. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 77–89.
Munasiri MA, Parte MN, Ghanekar AS, Sharma A, Desai SRP, Nadkarni GB (1987) Sterilization of ground prepacked Indian spices by gamma irradiation. J Food Sci 52: 823–826.
Murano PS, Murano EA, Olson DG (1995) Quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of meat irradiated under various packaging conditions. In: Abstracts, annual meeting of the Recip Meat Conference, San Antonio, TX.
Murray TH (1983) Nutritional aspects of food irradiation. In: Elias PS, Cohen AJ (eds) Recent Advances in Food Irradiation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 203–216.
Nelson SO (1962) Radiation processing in agriculture. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 5: 20–25, 30.
Nelson SO (1967) Electromagnetic energy. In: Kilgore WW, Doutt RL (eds) Pest Control—Biological, Physical and Selected Chemical Methods. Academic Press, New York, pp 89–145.
NIH Japan (1996) Outbreaks of enteroliemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157: H7 infection (1996). Rep. 198, Vol. 17(8). Japan Infectious Agent Surveillance Center, Tokyo.
Niemand JG, Van der Linde HJ, Holzapfel WH (1981) Radurization of prime beef cuts. J Food Prot 44: 677.
Niemand JG, Van der Linde HJ, Holzapfel WH (1983) Shelf life extension of minced beef through combined treatments involving radurization. J Food Prot 46: 791–796.
O’Brien RD, Wolfe LS (1964) Radiation, Radioactivity and Insects. Academic Press, New York.
Ohinata K, Ashraf M, Harris EJ (1977) Mediterranean fruit flies: sterility and sexual competitiveness in the laboratory after treatment with gamma irradiation in air, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, or partial vacuum. J Econ Entomol 70: 165–168.
Onyenekwe PC, Ogbadu GH (1995) Radiation sterilization of red chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens). J Food Biochem 19: 121–137.
Flosterhuis JJ (1976) Irradiation of fishery products. II. Fish fillets. Voedingsmiddelentechnologie 9: 10–16.
Palumbo S, Jenkins RK, Buchanan RL Thayer DW (1986) Determination of irradiation D-values for Aeromonas hydrophilia. J Food Prot 49: 189–191.
Patterson M (1989) Sensitivity of Listeria monocvtogenes to irradiation on poultry meat and in phosphate-buffered saline. Lett App] Microbiol 8: 181–184.
Paul P, Venugopal V, Nair PM (1990) Shelf-life enhancement of lamb meat under refrigeration by gamma irradiation. J Food Sci 55: 865–866.
Paull RE, Chen NJ, Goo TTC (1988) Control of weight loss and sprouting of ginger rhizome in storage. Hortscience 23 (4): 734.
Piggott JR, Othman S (1993) Effect of irradiation on volatile oils of black pepper. Food Chem 46: 115–119.
Pomeroy BS, Nagaraja KV, Ausherman IT, Peterson IL, Friendshuh KA (1989) Studies on feasibility of producing Salmonella-free turkeys. Avian Dis 33: 1–7.
Powers EL, Boag JW (1959) The role of dose rate and oxygen tension in the oxygen effect in dry bacterial spores. Radiat Res 11: 461.
Prasai RK, Acuff GR, Lucia LM, Hale DS, Savell JW, Morgan JB (1991) Microbiological effects of acid decontamination of beef carcasses at various locations in processing. J Food Prot 54: 868–872.
Przybylski L, Finerty M, Grodner R (1989) Extension of shelf-life of fresh channel catfish fillets using modified atmospheric packaging and low dose irradiation. J Food Sci 54 (2): 269–273.
Pszczola DE (1992) Irradiated produce reaches midwest market. Food Technol 46 (5): 89.
Pszczola D (1993) Irradiated poultry makes US debut in Midwest and Florida markets. Food Technol 47: 89–96.
Radomyski T, Murano EA, Olson DG, Murano PS (1994) Elimination of pathogens of significance in food by low-dose irradiation: a review. J Food Prot 57 (1): 73–86.
Rao VS, Vakil UK (1985) Effects of gamma-irradiaton on cooking quality and sensory attributes of four legumes. J Food Sci 50: 372–375.
Ray B (1996) Sources of microorganisms in foods. In: Fundamental Food Microbiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 33–39.
Razem BK, Matic S, Razem D, Mihokovic V (1988) Radiation decontamination of tea herbs. J Food Sci 53: 1120–1126.
Reagan JO, Acuff GR, Buege DR, Buyck MJ, Dickson JS, Kastner CL, Marsden JL, Morgan JB, Nickelson R, Smith GC, Sofos JN (1996) Trimming and washing of beef carcasses as a method of improving microbial quality of meat. J Food Prot 59: 751–756.
Richard GM (1966) Destruction of Salmonella typhimurium in Gulf Coast oysters with gamma irradiation. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Roberts RL (1972) Quick-cooking rice. In: Houston AF (ed) Rice: Chemistry and Technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, pp 381–399.
Roberts RL, Carlson RA, Farkas DF (1980) Preparation of a quick-cooking brown rice product using a centrifugal fluidized bed drier. J Food Sci 45: 1080–1081.
Rodriguez HR, Lasta JA, Mallo RA, Marchevsky N (1993) Low-dose gamma irradiation and refrigeration to extend shelf life of aerobically packed fresh beef round. J Food Prot 56: 505–509.
Rollins DM (1991) Potential for reduction in colonization of poultry by Campylobacter from environmental sources. In: Blankenship LC (ed) Colonization Control of Human Bacterial Enteropathogens in. Poultry. Academic Press, San Diego.
Romani RJ (1966) Radiobiological parameters in the irradiation of fruits and vegetables. Adv Food Res 15: 57.
Rowley DB, Brynjolfsson A (1980) Potential uses of irradiation in the processing of food. Food Technol 34 (10): 75.
Russell SM (1996) The effect of refrigerated and frozen storage on populations of mesophilic and coliform bacteria on fresh broiler chicken carcasses. Poult Sci 75: 2057–2060.
Sabularse VC, Liuzzo JA, Rao RM, Grodner RM (1991) Cooking quality of brown rice as influenced by gamma irradiation, variety and storage. J Food Sci 56: 96–98, 108.
Sabularse VC, Liuzzo JA, Rao RM, Grodner RM (1992) Physicochemical characteristics of brown rice as influenced by gamma irradiation. J Food Sci 57: 143–145.
St. Louis ME, Morse DL, Potter ME, DeMelfi TM, Guzewich JJ, Tauxe RV, Blake PA (1988) The emergence of grade-A eggs as a major sources of Salmonella enteritidis infections. JAMA 259: 2103–2107.
Sasayama S, Amano K (1970) Effect of gamma irradiation on the preservation of cooked fish. II. Storage life of cooked and irradiated fillets of horse mackerel at 12–15 °C. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Res Lab 63: 115–122.
Satin M (1993) Food Irradiation. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, pp 1–182.
Savagon KA (1975) Commercial studies on radiation preservation of fish and shell-fish in Canada. Fish Technol 12: 160–161.
Schmitz JA (1993) Preharvest food safety, an international concern. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202: 718–720.
Shamsuzzaman K, Lucht L (1993) Resistance of Clostridium sporogenes spores to radia-tion and heat in various nonaqueous suspension media. J Food Prot 56: 10–12.
Shane SM (1991) The significance of Campylobacter jejuni infection in poultry: a re-view. Avian Pathol 21: 189–213.
Shane SM, Montrose MS (1985a) The occurrence and significance of Campylobacter jejuni in man and animals. Vet Res Commun 9: 167–198.
Shane SM, Montrose MS, Harrington KS (1985b) Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni by the housefly (Musca domestica). Avian Dis 29: 384–391.
Sharma A, Ghanekar AS, Desai SRP, Nadkarni GB (1984) Microbiological status and antifungal properties of irradiated spices. J Agric Food Chem 32: 1061–1063.
Sharma A, Desai SRP, Nair PM (1989) Assessment of microbiological quality of some gamma irradiated Indian spices. J Food Sci 54: 498–490.
Silliker JH (1980) Microbial Ecology of Foods, Vol. II. Academic Press, New York.
Silverman GJ (1983) Sterilization by ionizing irradiation. In: Block SL, Febiger S (eds) Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 89–105.
Smith DA, Rao RM, Liuzzo JA, Champagne E (1985) Chemical treatment and process modification for improved quick-cooking rice. J Food Sci 50: 926–936.
Smith JL, Fratamico PM (1995) Factors involved in the emergence and persistence of food-borne diseases. J Food Prot 58: 696–708.
Smith MG, Graham A (1978) Destruction of Escherichia coli and Salmonellae in mutton carcasses by treatment with hot water. Meat Sci 2: 119–128.
Smittle BJ (1967) Effects of aeration on gamma irradiation of house fly pupae. J Econ Entomol 60: 1594–1596.
Sommer NF, Fortlage RJ (1966) Ionizing radiation for control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Adv Food Res 15: 57.
Sommer NF, Mitchell FG (1986) Gamma irradiation—a quarantine treatment for fresh fruits and vegetables. Hortscience 21 (3): 35.
Sparrow AH, Underbink AG, Sparrow RC (1967) Chromosomes and cellular radiosensitivity. I. The relationship of Do to chromosome volume and complexity in seventy nine different organisms. Radiat Res 32: 915.
Stapleton GE, Hollaender A (1952) Mechanism of lethal and mutagenic action of ionizing radiations on Aspergillis terreus, II. Use of modifying agents and conditions. J Cell Comp Physiol 39: 101–113.
Steele JH, Engel RE (1992) Radiation processing of food. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201: 1522–1529.
Sullivan R, Scarpino PV, Fassolitis AC, Larkin EP, Peeler J (1973) Gamma radiation inactivation of coxsackievirus B-2. Appl Microbiol 26: 14–17.
Szczawinski J, Szczawinska M, Szulc M (1989) Effect of irradiation on antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite. J Food Sci 54: 1313–1317.
Tarkowski JA, Staffer SCC, Beumer RR, Kampelmacher EH (1984a) Low dose gamma irradiation of raw meat. I. Bacteriological and sensory quality effects in artificially contaminated samples. Int J Food Microbial 1: 13–23.
Tarkowski JA, Beumer RR, Kampelmacher EH (1984b) Low gamma irradiation of raw meat. II. Bacteriological effects on samples from butcheries. Hit J Food Microbiol 1: 25–31.
Tarté R, Murano EA, Olson DG (1996) Survival and injury of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Listeria ivanoyii in ground pork following electron beam irradiation. J Food Prot 59: 596–600.
Thayer DW, Boyd G (1994) Control of enterotoxic Bacillus cereus on poultry and red meats and in beef gravy by gamma irradiation. J Food Prot 57: 758–764.
Thomas P (1984a) Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. Part 1, Potatoes and other tuber crops. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 19: 327.
Thomas P (1984b) Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. Part 2, Onions and other bulb crops. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 21: 95.
Thomas P (1986) Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. Part 3, Tropical fruits: bananas, mangoes and papayas. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 23: 147.
Thornley MJ (1963) Radiation resistance among bacteria. J Appl Bacteriol 26: 334–343.
Tilton EW, Brower JH (1973) Status of US Department of Agriculture research on irradiation infestation of grain and grain products. In: Radiation Preservation of Food, Proceedings of International Symposium on Radiation Preservation of Food, Bombay, India, November 13–17,1972, pp 295–309
Tilton EW, Brower JH (1983) Radiation effects on arthropods.
Tilton EW, Brower JH (1985) Supplemental treatments for increasing the mortality of insects during irradiation of grain. Food Technol 39: 75–79.
Tilton EW, Brower HI (1987) Ionizing radiation for insect control in grain and grain products. Cereal Foods World 32: 330–335.
Tilton EW, Burkitt AK Jr (1983) Insect disinfestation of grain and fruit. In: Josephson ES, Peterson MS (eds) Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation, Vol. III. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Tilton EW, Vardell HH (1982) Progeny production of Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella ( Hubner) subjected to gamma irradiation and partial vacuum. J GA Entomol Soc 17: 172–177.
Todd ECD (1985) Economic loss from foodborne disease and non-illness related recalls because of mishandling by food processors. J Food Prot 48: 621–633.
Tnmtnc OO (1401) Foodborne staphylococcal illness. In: Waites WM, Arbuthnott JP (eds) Fxodhomc illness. Arnold, London, pp 97-l0l
Underdal B, Rossebo L (1972) Inactivation of strains of Salmonella senftenberg by gamma irradiation in fish meal. J App Bacteriol 35: 371–377.
United States Federal Register (1981) USFR 46(59)18992; March 27.
United States Federal Register (1991) USFR 5343 FR 42 #43, February 20. Urbain WM 19860 Food Irradiation. Academic Pn:ow, Orlando.
Urbain WM (1989) Food irradiation: the past fifty years as prologue to tomorrow. Food Technol 43: 6–92.
USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) (1985) Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling oy food. Fed Reg 50 (l40): 29658.
Vajdi M, Pereira RR (1973) Comparative effects of ethylene ovido, gamma irradiation and microwave treatments on selected spices. J Food Sö 38: 893–895.
Vakil UK, Aravindakshan M, Srinivas H, Chauhan PS, Sreenivasan A (1973) Nutritional and wholesomeness studies with irradiated foods: India’s program. In: Proceedings, Radiation Preservation Food Symposium, Bombay, India, November 13–17. 1972. STI PUB817. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Veilitz B. Hahn I, Voss M, Bachmeier J (1990) Vaccines for Salmonella control. In: Proceedings, 45th Western Poultry Disease Cuofereoce, Cancun, Mexico,288–291.
Verster A, du Plessis TA, van den Heever LW (1977) The eradication of tapeworms in pork and beef carcasses by irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem 9: 769–773.
Wasserman RH (1985) Meat and Poultry Inspection: The Scientific Basis of the Nation’s Program. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Watson M (1987) Destruction of Vibrio,x/niftu, in shrimp (Penaeus otifenus) and blue crab (Ca/0nectessapidus) by gamma irradiation. M.S. thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Wills PA, Macfarlane D,Shay BJ, Egan AF (1987) Radiation preservation of vacuum packagedoücedcomudhcef.IntPoodMic,ohol 4:3l3–322.
WHO (World Health Or anization) (1977) Report of the joint FAA/WBUoxpou committee on wholesomeness of irradiated food. Tech Rep 607. WHO, Geneva.
WHO (World Health Organization) (1081) Report of the joint FA0/IAEA/W0 expert committee on wholesomeness of irradiated food. Tech Rep 659. WHO, Geneva.
WHO (World Health Organization) (1986) International Consuhive Group on Food Irradiation. Task force meeting on the use of irradiation to ensure hygienic quality of food. WHO/EHE/FOS 87. 2. World Health Organization, Geneva.
WHO (World Health Organization) (1988) Food iundubnu, a technique for preserving and improving the safety of food. WHO, Geneva, pp 18–32.
WHO (World Health Organization) (1996) World Health Organization Homepage, http://www.who.org
Wierup M (1991) The control of salmonella in food producing animals in Sweden. In: Snoyenbos GH (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on Diagnosis and Control of Salmonella. U.S. Animal Health Association, Richmond, VA, pp 65–77.
Wray C (1994) Mammalian salmonellosis. In: Beran GW (ed) Handbook of Zoonoses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 289–302.
Yeh LT, Hau LB (1983) Preservation of grass shrimp by low dose radiation. J Chin Agric Chem Soc 226: 92–102.
Yogasundram K, Shane SM, Grodner RM, Lambremont EN, Smith RE (1987) Decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken drumsticks using chemicals and radiation. Vet Res Commun 11: 3140.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Andrews, L.S. et al. (1998). Food Preservation Using Ionizing Radiation. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 154. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2208-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2208-8_1
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7459-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2208-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive