Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lactate Dehydrogenase and its Isoenzymes

  • Chapter
Cardiac Markers

Part of the book series: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ((PLM))

  • 334 Accesses

Abstract

Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27; L-Lactate:NAD+ Oxidoreductase; LD)* belongs to the class of enzymes that catalyze oxidoreduction reactions and is widely distributed in all human tissues. It is involved in the last step of anaerobic glycolysis to regulate the pyruvate-lactate conversion for the replenishment of oxidized coenzyme, NAD+ (1–3). In the glycolytic pathway (Embden-Meyerhof), NAD+ is consumed with concomitant production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinocleotide (NADH). LD catalyzes the of reduction of pyruvate to L-lactate with the mediation of NADH as a hydrogen donor. The reaction is reversible and strongly favors the production of lactate with an equilibrium constant of 3.6 × 104 M-l (4)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Schwert GW and Winer AD (1963) Lactate dehydrogenase. In: The Enzymes, vol. 7, Boyer PD, Lardy HA, and Myrback K, eds. Press, New York, Academic, pp. 127–148.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Everse J and Kaplan NO (1973) Lactate dehydrogenase. Structure and function. Adv. Enzymol. 61–133.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Holbrook JJ, Liljas A, Steindel SJ, and Rossmann MG (1975) Lactate dehydrogenase. In: The Enzymes, 3rd ed., vol 11, Boyer PD, ed., New York, Academic, pp. 191–292.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hakala MT, Glaid AJ, and Schwert GW (1956) Lactate dehydrogenase. II. Variation of kinetic and equilibrium constants with temperature. J. Biol. Chem. 221:191–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. McComb RB (1983) The measurement of lactate dehydrogenase. In Clinical and Analytical Concepts in Enzymology, Hom-burger, HA, ed., Skokie, IL, College of American Pathologists, pp. 157–171.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gay RS, McComb RB, and Bowers GN Jr (1968) Optimum reaction conditions for human lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme as they affect total lactate dehydrogenase activity. Clin. Chem. 14:740–747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Prochazka B and Wachsmuth ED (1972) Isozyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, phosphoglucomu-tase and aldolase of guinea pig tissue during ontogeny. J. Exp. Zool. 182:201–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Virji N and Naz RK (1995) The role of lactate dehydrogenase C4 in testicular function and infertility. Int. J. Androl. 18:1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stambaugh R and Buckley J (1967) The enzymic and molecular nature of the lactate dehydrogenase subbands and X4 isoenzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 242:4053–4059.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Taylor SS, Allison WS, and Kaplan NO (1975) The amino acid sequence of the tryp-tic peptides isolated from dogfish M4 lactate dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 8740–8747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ernes AV, Gallimore MJ, Hodson AW, and Latner AL (1974) The preparation of crystalline human L-lactate-nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide oxidoreductase isoenzyme 1 involving preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biochem. J. 143:453–460.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Elliot BA, Jepson EM, and Wilkinson JH (1962) Serum alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase: A new test with improved speci-ficity for myocardial lesions. Clin. Sci. 23:305–316.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wong SS and Wong L-JC (1983) A one-step PMR determination of hydrogen transfer stereospecificity of NADP+-linked oxidore-ductases. Int. J. Biochem. 15:147–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Latner AL and Skillen AW (1968) Iso-zymes in biology and medicine. New York, Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Busch H and Nair PV (1957) Inhibition of lactic acid dehydrogenase by fluoropyruvic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 229:377–387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Demetriou JA, Drewes PA, and Gin JB (1974) Enzymes. In: Clinical chemistry principles and technics, 2nd ed., Henry RJ, Cannon DC, and Winkleman JW, eds. Hagerstown MD, Harper and Row, pp. 815–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shifahase Y, Watazu Y, Kaneda N, Uji Y, Okabe H, and Karmen A (1992) Specific assay of serum lactate dehydrogenase iso-enzyme 1 by proteolysis with alpha-chymotrypsin and protein denaturation. Clin. Chem. 38:2193–2196.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Panteghini M, Bonora R, and Pagani F (1990) Evaluation of a new commercial assay kit for quantification of isoenzyme 1 in serum. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 28: 545–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tanishima K, Hayashi M, Matsushima M, and Mochikawa Y (1985) Activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes LD1 and LD2 in serum as determined by using an inhibitor of the M-subunit. Clin. Chem. 31:1175–1177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Onigbinde TA, Wu AHB, Wu Y-S, Simmons MJ, and Wong SS (1992) Mechanism of differential inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the BMC LD1 assay. Clin. Biochem. 25:425–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dixon M and Webb EC (1964) Enzymes, 2nd ed., New York, Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lott JA and Nemesanszky E (1986) Lactate dehydrogenase (LD). In: Clinical enzymol-ogy. A case-oriented approach, Lott JA and Wolf PL., eds. New York, Field and Rich/ Year Book, pp. 213–244.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lott JA and Turner K (1982) Lactate dehydrogenase in serum. In: Selected methods for the small clinical chemistry laboratory, Meites S and Faulkner W, eds. Washington, DC, American Association for Clinical Chemistry, p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bais R and Philcox M (1994) Approved recommendation on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 8. IFCC method for lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD+ Oxidore-ductase, EC 1.1.1.27). International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 32:639–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lorentz K, Kauke R, and Schmidt E (1993) Recommendation for the Determination of the catalytic concentration of lactate dehydrogenase at 37°C. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 31:897–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Marshall T, Williams J, and Williams KM (1991) Electrophoresis of serum isoenzymes and proteins following acute myocardial infarction. J. Chromatogr. 569:323–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Moses GC, Ross ML, and Henderson AR (1988) Ten electrophoretic methods compared with a selected method for quantifying lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum. Clin. Chem. 34:1885–1890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Van der Helm JJ, Zondag HA, Hartog HAP, and Van der Kooi MW (1962) Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in myocardial infarction. Clin. Chim. Acta. 7:540–549.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. McKenzie D and Henderson AR (1983) Electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Selected Methods of Clin. Chem. 10:58–67.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lott JA and Stang JM (1980) Serum enzyme and isoenzymes in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and necrosis. Clin. Chem. 26:1241–1250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Vasudevan G, Mercer DW, and Varat MA (1978) Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme determination in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 57: 1055–1057.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Otto A and Birkenmeier G (1993) Recognition and separation of isoenzymes by metal chelates. Immobilized metal ion affinity partitioning of lactate dehydrogenase isoen-zymes. J. Chromatogr. 644:25–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Usategui-Gomez M, Wicks RW, and Warshaw M (1979) Immunochemical determination of the heart isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH1) in human serum. Clin. Chem. 25:729–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bruns DE, Emerson JC, Intemann S, Berthoff R, Hille KE, and Savory J (1981) Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1: changes during the first day after acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 27:1821–1823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gordesky SE and Winsten S (1982) LD-1/ LD ratio as a diagnostic determinant for myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 28:1239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Emerson PM and Wilkinson JH (1965) Urea and oxalate inhibition of the serum lactate dehydrogenase. J. Clin. Pathol. 18:803–807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Scharer KA, Karcher RE, Epstein E, and Kiechle FL (1989) Comparison of agarose gel electrophoresis and a chaotropic method for lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1. Clin. Chem. 35:2250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Paz JM, Garcia A, Gonzales M, Trevino M, Tutor JC, Jaquet M, and Rodringuez-Segade S (1990) Evaluation of determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 by chemical inhibition with perchlorate or with 1,6-hexanediol. Clin. Chem. 36:355–358.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shamberger RJ (1987) Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 as determined by inhibition with 1,6-hexanediol and by two other methods in patients with myocardial infarction or cardiac-bypass surgery. Clin. Chem. 33:589–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lazarus EF and Kapke GF (1991) Use of chemical denaturation for centrifugal analyzer determination of lactate dehydrogenase 1 [Letter]. Clin. Chem. 37:1464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Onigbinde TA, Wu AHB, Johnson M, Wu Y-S, Collinsworth WL, and Simmons MJ (1990) Clinical evaluation of an automated chemical inhibition assay for lactate dehy-drogenase isoenzyme 1. Clin. Chem. 36: 1819–1822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Painter PC, Van Meter S, Dabbs RL, and Clement GE (1994) Analytical evaluation and comparison of DuPont aca lactate dehy-drogenase-1 (LD1) isoenzyme assay diagnostic efficiency for acute myocardial infarction detection with other LD1 methods and aca CK-MB. A two-site study. Angiology 45:585–595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rotenberg Z, Davidson E, Weinberger I, Fuchs J, Sperling O, and Agmon J (1988) The efficiency of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme determination for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112:895–897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Batsakis JG and Briere RO (1967) Interpretative Enzymology, Springfield, IL, American Society of Clinical Pathology.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Leung FY and Handerson AR (1979) Thin-layer agarose electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum: A note on the method of reporting and on the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1/isoen-zyme-2 ratio in acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 25:209–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Blomberg DJ, Kimber WD, and Burke MD (1975) Creatine kinase isoenzymes. Predictive value in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Med. 59:464–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Smith DA, Leung FY, Jablonsky G, and Henderson AR (1987) Determination, by radioimmunoassay, of the mass of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in human serum and of its rate of removal from serum after a myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 33: 1863–1868.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ellis AK (1991) Serum protein measurements and the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 83:1107–1109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Roe CR (1977) Diagnosis of myocardial infarction by serum isoenzyme analysis. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 7:201–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lott JA (1984) Serum enzyme determinations in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. An update. Human Pathol. 15:706–716.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Galen RS and Gambino SR (1975) Beyond normality: the predicative value and efficiency of medical diagnosis. New York, John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Rotenberg Z, Weinberger I, Davidson E, Fuchs J, Sperling O, and Agmon J (1988) Does serial determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 and 2 ratios contribute to the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction? Clin. Chem. 34:1506–1507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ruzich RS (1992) Cardiac enzymes. How to use serial determinations to confirm acute myocardial infarction. Postgrad. Med. 92(7):85–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Vermeer F and Van der Laarse A (1993) Cumulative enzyme release as a measure of infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic therapy. Arch. Mal. Coeur. Vaiss. 4:25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Graeber GM, Shawl FA, Head HD, Wolf RE, Burge JR, Cafferty PJ, Lough FC, and Zajtchuk R (1986) Changes in serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase caused by acute perioperative myocardial infarction and by transatrial cardiac surgical procedures. J. Thorac. Cardiol. Surg. 92: 63–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kazmierczak SC, Castellani WJ, van Lente F, Hodges ED, and Udis B (1990) Effect of reticulocytosis on lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme distribution in serum. In vivo and in vitro studies. Clin. Chem. 36:1638–1641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zimmerman HJ and Henry JB (1979) Clinical enzymology. In: Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods, Henry JB, ed., Philadelphia, Saunders, p. 368.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cohen L, Djordjevich J, and Jacobsen, S (1966) The contribution of isoenzymes of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LD) to the diagnosis of specific organ injury. Med. Clin. North Am. 50:193–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Runde I and Dale J (1966) Serum enzymes in acute tachycardia. Acta. Med. Scand. 179:535–541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Glick JH (1969) Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and total lactate dehydrogenase values in health and disease, and clinical evaluation of these tests by means of discrininant analysis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 52:320–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Auvinen S (1974) Evaluation of serum enzyme tests in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Acta. Med. Scand. Suppl. 539:7–62.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Michie DD, Conley MA, Carretta RF, and Booth RN (1970) Serum enzyme changes following cardiac catheterization with and without selective coronary arteriography. Am. J. Med. Sci. 260:11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kutsal A, Saydam GS, Yucel D, and Balk M (1991) Changes in the serum levels of CK-MB, LD, LDI, SGOT and myoglobin due to cardiac surgery. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 32:516–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Trujillo NP, Nutter D, and Evans JM (1967) The isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase. II. Pulmonary embolism, liver disease, the postoperative state and other medical conditions. Arch. Intern. Med. 119:333–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Forman DT, Kieffer H, and Grayson SH (1977) Serum creatine kinase inhibition in Reye’s syndrome. Clin. Chem. 23: 1364–1365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Minutiello L (1993) The enzymatic and elec-trocardiographic changes falsely indicative of an acute myocardial infarct during hypothyroidism [Italian]. Minerva Car-dioangiol. 41:597–602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Konttinen A, Somer H, and Auvinen S (1974) Serum enzymes and isoenzymes, extrapulmonary sources in acute pulmonary embolism. Arch. Intern. Med. 133:243–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Reiffei JA, McCarthy DM, and Leahey EB Jr (1979) Does DC cardioversion affect isoenzyme recognition of myocardial infarction? Am. Heart J. 97:810–811.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kielblock AJ, Manjoo M, Booyens J, and Katzeff IE (1979) Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels after ultra long-distance running. S. Afr. Med. J. 55:1061–1064.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wolfson S, Rose LI, Brousser JE, Parisi AF, Acosta AE, Cooper KH, and Schechter E (1972) Serum enzyme levels during exercise in patients with coronary heart disease: effects of training. Am. Heart J. 84:478–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Wieme RJ and Herpol JE (1962) Origin of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern found in the serum of patients having primary muscular dystrophy. Nature 194:287–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cohen L, Block J, and Djordjevich J (1967) Sex related differences in isoenzymes of serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 126:55–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Spector R, Choudhury A, Cancilla P, and Lakin R (1979) Alcohol myopathy. Diagnosis by alcohol challenge. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242:1648–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Perez-Carceles MD, Osuna E, Vieira DN, Martinez A, and Luna A (1995) Biochemical assessment of acute myocardial ischaemia. J. Clin. Pathol. 48:124–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tietz NW, and Finley PR, eds. (1983) Clinical guide to laboratory tests. Philadelphia, Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology (1974) Recommended methods for the determination of four enzymes in blood. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 33:291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Giorgio J (1971) Determination of serum lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes by use of the “diagnostest” cellulose acetate elec-trophoresis system. Clin. Chem. 17:326–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Dietz AA, Lubrano T, and Rubinstein HM (1972) LDH isoenzymes. Stand Methods Clin. Chem. 7:49–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Jablonsky G, Leung FY, and Henderson AR (1985) Changes in the ratio of actate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 during the first day after acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 31:1621–1624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Loughlin JF, Krijnen PM, Jablonsky G, Leung FY, and Henderson AR (1988) Diagnostic efficiency of four lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 ratios in serum after myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 34: 1960–1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Harris EK and Yasaka T (1983) On the calculation of a “reference change” for comparing two consecutive measurements. Clin. Chem. 29:25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kairisto V, Virtanen A, Uusipaikka E, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Nanto V, Peltola O, and Irjala K (1993) Method for determining referene changes from patient’s serial data: examples of cardiac enzymes. Clin. Chem. 39:2298–2304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Magid E, Hyltoft, Petersen P, and Christensen M (1992) A note on the theory of reference changes. Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 52(Suppl 208):95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kraft J, Aastrup H, and Schroder P (1978) Diagnostic value for acute myocardial infarction of creatine kinase and lactate dehydro-genase isoenzymes compared with total enzymes. Acta. Med. Scand. 203:167–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wagner GS, Roe CR, Limbird LL, Rosti RR, and Wallace AG (1973) The importance of identification of the myocardial specific isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (MB form) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 47:263–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rehurek J and Snopkova J (1995) Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. (Czech). Cesk. Oftalmol. 51:14–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kanowski D and Clague A (1994) Increased lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 in a case of glucagonoma [Letter]. Clin. Chem. 40:158–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rodrigue F, Boyer O, Feillet F, and Lemonnier A (1995) Lactate dehydrogenase isoen-zyme LD5/LD2 ratio as an indicator of early graft function and complications following pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 27:1871–1874.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Schwartz MK (1978) Enzymes in cancer. Clin. Chem. 19:10–22.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Langvad F and Jemec B (1975) Prediction of local recurrence in colorectal carcinoma: an LDH isoenzymatic assay. Br. J. Cancer 35:661–664.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Liu F, Fritsche HA, Trujillo JM, and Samuels ML (1982) Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 in patients with advanced testicular cancer. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 78:178–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Seronie-Vivien S, Favre G, Chevreau C, and Soula C (1992) Abnormal lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in serum of a patient with a testicular tumor [Letter]. Clin. Chem. 38:2354–2355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Buchsbaum RM, Liu FJ, and Trujillo JM (1991) Serum lactate dehydrogenase-3 (LD-3) isoenzyme in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 96:464–469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Fleisher M, Wasserstrom W, Schold S, Schwartz MK, and Posner J (1981) Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the cere-brospinal fluid of patients with systemic cancer. Cancer 41: 105–107.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Verma PK, Singh JN, and Quadros M (1993) LDH-X in azoospermia: A new diagnostic alternative to vasography and testicul biopsy. Indian J. Med. Sci. 47:204–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wong SS and Huie R (1995) Comparison of Trace and BMC LD-1 isoenzyme reagents on DuPont Dimension AR and Hitachi 717 analyzers. Clin. Chem. 41:S177.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sandstad JS, McKenna RW, and Keffer JH, eds. (1992) Handbook of clinical pathology. Chicago, American Society of Clinical Pathology Press, pp. 69–72.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Levinson SS and Hobbs GA (1994) Usefulness of various lactate deydrogenase isoenzyme 1 profiles after myocardial infarction. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 24: 364–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Lum G (1988) Evaluation of a protocol for lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 90:613–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Reis GJ, Kaufman HW, Horowitz GL, and Pasternak RC (1988) Usefulness of lactate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Card. 61: 754–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Jaff AS, Landt Y, Parvin AC, Abendschein DR, Geltman EM, and Ladenson JH (1996) Comparative sensitivity of cardiac troponin I and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 42: 1770–1776.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Martins JT, Li DJ, Baskin LB, Jialal I, and Keffer JH (1996) Comparison of cardiac troponin I and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes for the late diagnosis of myocardial injury. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 106:705–708.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Konttinen A and Somer H (1973) Specifity of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Br. Med. J. 1:386–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Galen RS, Reiffei JA, and Gambino SR (1975) Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Relative efficiency of serum enzyme and isoenzyme measurements. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 232:145–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Grande P, Christianseim C, and Pedersen A (1978) Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Acta. Med. Scand. Suppl. 623:48–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Gann D, Cabello B, DiBella J, Rywlin AM, and Samet P (1978) Optimal enzyme test combination for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. South Med. J. 71: 1459–1462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Obzansky D and Lott JA (1980) Clinical evaluation of an immunoinhibition procedure for creatine kinase MB. Clin. Chem. 26:150–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Strauss HD and Roberts R (1980) Plasma creatine kinase activity and other conventional enzymes. Arch. Intern. Med. 140:336–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Shan S. Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA

    Alan H. B. Wu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wong, S.S. (1998). Lactate Dehydrogenase and its Isoenzymes. In: Wu, A.H.B. (eds) Cardiac Markers. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1806-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1806-7_11

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7292-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1806-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation