Skip to main content

Acid Deposition Research and Ecosystem Science: Synergistic Successes

  • Chapter
Book cover Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science

Summary

In this chapter we have suggested that the relationship between acid deposition research and ecosystem science has been synergistic, and that both have benefited. Not only did ecosystem science help to initiate and contribute to acid deposition research, but significant advances have been made in the discipline of ecosystem science over the past few decades as a result of studying acid deposition and its effects.

It was through the study of ecosystems that the regional extent of air pollution and its potential ramifications were first brought to the attention of the scientific community as well as to the public. The national and international attention resulted in a high degree of public interest and substantial funding. The ecosystem research, synergism among disciplines and among scientists, and the research process itself yielded important benefits for the discipline of ecosystem science. These benefits fall into three categories of success: (1) scientific, including advances in our knowledge about the structure and function of ecosystems; (2) infrastructure, which concerns development of new physical, informational, and human resources for the field; and (3) experience on the public stage, which involves the discipline’s first tentative steps toward achieving effective science about complex issues in the public spotlight.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Air Pollution Across National Boundaries. 1971.The impact on the environment of sulfur in air and precipitation. Sweden’s case study for the United Nations conference on the human environment. Kungl. Boktryc Keriek. P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • April, R., and R. Newton. 1985. Influence of geology on lake acidification in the ILWAS watersheds.Water Air and Soil Pollution26:373–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asbury, C.E., F.A. Vertucci, M.D. Mattson, and G.E. Likens. 1989. Acidification of Adirondack lakes.Environmental Science and Technology23:362–365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, S.W., J.W. Hornbeck, C.T. Driscoll, and H.E. Gaudette. 1996. Calcium inputs and transport in a base-poor forest ecosystem as interpreted by Sr isotopes.Water Resources Research32:707–719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, L.A., A.T. Herlihy, P.R. Kaufmann, and J.M. Eilers. 1991. Acidic lakes and streams in the United States-the role of acidic deposition.Science252:1151–1154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boussingault, J.B. 1858. Recherches sur la quantité de l’acide nitrique contenue dans la pluie, le brouillard, la rosée.Compretative Rend46:1123–1130,1175–1183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brimblecombe, P. 1987.The big smoke: a history of air pollution in London since medieval times.Metheun, London and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brydges, T.G., and R.B. Wilson. 1991. Acid rain since 1985-times are changing. In F.T. Last and R. Watling, eds.Acidic deposition: its nature and impacts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, T.J., and G.E. Likens. 1991. The impact of changing regional emissions on precipitation chemistry in the eastern United States.Atmospheric Environment25A:305–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cogbill, C.V., and G.E. Likens. 1974. Acid precipitation in the northeastern United States.Water Resources Research10:1133–1139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosby, B.J., G.M. Hornberger, J.N. Galloway, and R.F. Wright. 1985. Time scales of catchment acidification.Environmental Science and Technology129:1144–1149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, C.S., W.A. Reiners, R.C. Reynolds, Jr., and G.E. Lang. 1978. Forest floor leaching: contributions from mineral, organic, and carbonic acids in New Hampshire subalpine forests.Science200:309–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronan, C.S., and C.L. Schofield. 1979. Aluminum leaching response to acid precipitation: effects on high-elevation watersheds in the northeast.Science204:304–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, P.J., R.A. Reid, and E. DeGrosbois. 1987. The rate of acidification of aquatic ecosystems in Ontario, Canada.Nature329:45–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drabl¢s, D., and A. Tollan, eds. 1980.Ecological impact of acid precipitation[Proc. Internaf. Conf. Sandefjord, Norway 383 p.] SNSF Project, Oslo-M, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C.T., J.N. Galloway, J.F. Hornig, G.E. Likens, M. Oppenheimer, K.A. Rahn, and D.W. Schindler. 1985.Is there scientific consensus on acid rain? Excerpts from six governmental reports. Ad hoc committee on acid rain:science and policy. Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C.T., G.E. Likens, L.O. Hedin, J.S. Eaton, and F.H. Bormann. 1989. Changes in the chemistry of surface waters: 25-year results at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire.Environmental Science and Technology23:137–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erisman, J.W., and G.P.J. Draaijers. 1995.Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federer, C.A., J.W. Harbeck, L.M. Tritton, C.W. Martin, and R.S. Pierce. 1989. Long-term depletion of calcium and other nutrients in eastern U.S. forests.Environmental Management13:593–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J., J.L. Stoddard, and C.F. Powers. 1993. Perspectives on environmental monitoring. An introduction to the U.S. EPA long-term monitoring project.Water, Air and Soil Pollution67:247–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, D. 1980.Removal of sulphur and nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere in rain and dry deposition. SNSF Project, Oslo-M, Norway. Ecological Impact & Acid Precipitation Proce Infernet Conf. Sande Effects Norway. Project, Oslo, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, D.G., A.M. Bartuska, J.G. Byrne, E. Cowling, R. Fisher, G.E. Likens, S.E. Lindberg et al. 1989.A screening procedure to evaluate air pollution effects on Class I wilderness areas. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM168. US Dept & Agriculfore Rocky Mantain forst & Range Experiment station. Fort Collins, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J.N. 1995. Acid deposition: perspectives in time and space.Water Air and Soil Pollution85:15–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J.N., S.A. Norton, and M.R. Church. 1983. Freshwater acidification for atmospheric deposition of sulfuric acid: a conceptual model.Environmental Science and Technology17:541A–545A.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gherini, S.A., L. Mok, R.J.M. Hudson, F.F. Pauls, C.W. Chen, and A. Goldstein. 1985. The ILWAS model: formulation and application.Water Air and Soil Pollution26:425–457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R.B., and D.W. Johnson. 1992. Inorganic sulfate dynamics. Pages 104–118 in D.W. Johnson and S.E. Lindberg, eds.Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling: a synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study.Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havas, M., and B.O. Rosseland. 1995. Response of zooplankton, benthos, and fish to acidification: an overview.Water Air and Soil Pollution85:51–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, L.O., L. Granat, G.E. Likens, T.A. Buishand, J.N. Galloway, T.J. Butler, and H. Rodhe. 1994. Steep declines in atmospheric base cations in regions of Europe and North America.Nature367:351–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, L.O., G.E. Likens, and F.H. Bormann. 1987. Decrease in precipitation acidity resulting from decreased 504 2-concentration.Nature325:244–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.W., M.S. Cresser, S.I. Nilsson, J. Turner, B. Ulrich, D. Binkley, and D.W. Cole. 1991. Soil changes in forest ecosystems: evidence for and probable causes.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh97B:81–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.W., and S.E. Lindberg, eds. 1992.Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling: a synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study. Ecological studies #91. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, C.-A., J.W.M. Rudd, R.B. Cook, and D.W. Schindler. 1982. The potential importance of bacterial processes in regulating rate of lake acidification.Limnology and Oceanography27:868–882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner, J.W. and E. Lydersen. 1995. Base cation depletion and potential longterm acidification of Norwegian catchments.Environmental Science and Technology29:1953–1960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last, F.T. 1991. Critique. Pages 273–324 In F.T. Last, and R. Watling, eds. Acidic deposition: its nature and impacts.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E. 1989. Some aspects of air pollution effects on terrestrial ecosystems and prospectus for the future.Ambio18:172–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E. 1992.The ecosystem approach: its use and abuse.Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. 166p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E. 1997a. (in press) Eugene Odum, the ecosystem approach, and the future. In G.W. Barrett, T.L. Barrett, and M.H. Smith, eds.The Institute of Ecology: past present and future.University of Georgia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E. 1997b. Limitations to intellectual progress in ecosystem science. In M.L. Pace, and P.M. Groffman, eds.Successes limitations and frontiers in ecosystem science.Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E., and F.H. Bormann. 1972. Nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Pages 25–67 in J. Wiens, ed.Ecosystem structure and function.Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E., and F.H. Bormann. 1974. Acid rain: a serious regional environmental problem.Science184:1176–1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E., F.H. Bormann, and N.M. Johnson. 1972. Acid rain.Environment14:33–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E., C.T. Driscoll, and D.C. Buso. 1996. Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem.Science272:244–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G.E., R.F. Wright, J.N. Galloway, and T.J. Butler. 1979. Acid rain.Scientific American241:43–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, S.E., G.M. Lovett, D.D. Richter, and D.W. Johnson. 1986. Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest.Science231:141–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., R. Munson, D. Johnson, S. Gherini, K. Summers, R. Hudson, K. Wilkinson et al. 1991. Application of a nutrient cycling model (NuCM) to a northern mixed hardwood and a southern coniferous forest.Tree Physiology9:173–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, G.M. 1994. Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: an ecological perspective.Ecological Applications4:629–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, G.M., and J.D. Kinsman. 1990. Atmospheric pollutant deposition to high elevation ecosystems.Atmospheric Environment244:2767–2786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, G.M., W.A. Reiners, and R.K. Olson. 1982. Cloud droplet deposition in sub-alpine balsam fir forests: hydrological and chemical inputs.Science218: 1303–1304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J.A., V.C. Bowersox, and C. Simmons. 1995. Precipitation chemistry trends in the United States: 1980–1993National atmospheric deposition program summary report.NADP/NTN, Fort Collins, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. and B.L. Ulrich. 1982. Input of atmospheric sulfur by dry and wet deposition to two central European forest ecosystems.Atmospheric Environment12:375–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, M.J., C.T. Driscoll, J.S. Kahl, G.E. Likens, P.S. Murdoch, and L.H. Pardo. 1996 Climatic controls of nitrate loss from forested watersheds in the northeast United States.Environmental Science and Technology30:2609–2612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NAPAP. 1993. 1992Report to Congress. NAPAP, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1983.Acid deposition: atmospheric processes in eastern North America. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, J., and P. Grennfelt. 1988.Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen.Report 1988:15. Nordic Council of Ministers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odén, S. 1968. The acidification of air and precipitation and its consequences on the natural environment.Swedish National Science Research Council Ecology Committee Bulletin 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odén, S. 1976. The acidity problem-an outline of concepts. Water, Air and Soil Pollution6:137–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottar, B. 1976. Organization of large range transport of air pullution monitoring in Europe. InProceedings of the first international symposium on acid precipitation and the forest ecosystem.Columbus, Ohro May 12–15,1975, USDA Forest Service general technical report NE-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overrein, L.N. 1972. Sulfur pollution patterns observed: leaching of calcium in a forest soil determined.Ambio1:145–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitelka, L.F. 1994. Introduction to special section on Air Pollution.Ecological Applications4(4):627–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, J.O., N. Christophersen, and M. Seip. 1986. A critique of models for freshwater and soil acidification.Water Air and Soil Pollution30:909–930.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, J.O., and D.W. Johnson. 1986. Effect of soil processes on the acidification of water by acid deposition.Journal of Environmental Quality14:26–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, J.O., 1986.Acid deposition and the acidification of soils and waters.Ecological studies #59, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, D.D., D.W. Johnson, and K.H. Rai. 1992. Cation exchange reactions in acid forested soils: effects of atmospheric pollutant deposition. Pages 341–357 in D.W. Johnson and S.E. Lindberg, eds.Atmospheric deposition and forest nutrient cycling: a synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study.Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenqvist, I. Th., P. Jorgensen, and H. Rueslátten. 1980. The importance of natural H+-production for acidity of soil and water. Pages 240–242 in D. Drablos, and A. Tollan, eds.Ecological impact of acid precipitation. Proceedings Internat. Conf. Sanlefjord, Norway SNSF Project, Oslo-As.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W. 1986. The significance of in-lake production of alkalinity.Water, Air and Soil Pollution30:931–944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W. 1988. Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems.Science239:149–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W. 1992. NAPAP from north of the border.Ecological Applications2:124–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.W., T.M. Frost, K.H. Mills, P.S.S. Chang, I.J. Davies, L. Findlay, D.F. Malley, et al. 1991. Comparisons between experimentally-and atmospherically-acidified lakes during stress and recovery. In F.T. Last and R. Watling, eds.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh97B:193–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, C. 1976. Acid precipitation: effects on fish.Ambio5:228–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, E.D., W. Devries, M. Haughs, K. Rosen, L. Rasmussen, C.O. Tamm, and J. Nilsson. 1989. Critical loads for nitrogen deposition of forest ecosystems.Water, Air and Soil Pollution48:451–456.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.E. 1989. Acid deposition: unraveling a regional phenomenon.Science243:753–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seip, H.M. 1980. Acidification of freshwaters: sources and mechanisms. Pages 358–366 in D. Drablos and A.M. Tollan, eds.Ecological impact of acid precipitation. Proc. Interction & Conf., Sandefjord, Norway, SNSF Project, Oslo-As, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.A. 1872.Air and rain:the beginnings of chemical climatology. Longmans, Green and Co., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, A.C., R.W. Boubel, D.B. Turner, and D.L. Fox. 1984.Fundamentals of air pollution(2nd ed). Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, T.J., D.F. Charles, J.P. Smol, B.F. Cumming, A.R. Selle, D.R. Thomas, J.A. Bernert, and S.S. Dixit. 1990. Quantification of changes in lakewater chemistry and response to acidic deposition.Nature345:54–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamm, C.O., and L. Hallbäcken. 1986. Changes in soil acidity in two forest areas with different acid deposition: 1920s-1980s.Ambio17:56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, G.E., Jr., D.W. Johnson, and C.P. Andersen. 1994. Air pollution and forests.Ecological Applications4:629–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, B., R. Mayer, and P.K. Khenna. 1980. Chemical changes due to acid precipitation in a loess-derived soil in central Europe.Soil Science130:193–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, B. 1983. Soil acidity and its relations to acid deposition. Pages 127–146 in B. Ulrich, and J. Pankrath, eds.Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems. D. Reidel, Boston, MA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Breemen, N., P.A. Burrough, E.J. Velthorst, H.F. van Dobben, Toke de Wit, T.B. Ridder, and H.F.R. Reijnders. 1982. Soil acidification from atmospheric ammonium sulphate in forest canopy throughfall.Nature299:548–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Breemen, N.J., J. Mulder, and C.T. Driscoll. 1983. Acidification and alkalinization of soils.Plant and Soil75:283–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Breemen, N.J., H.F. van Dijk. 1988. Ecosystem effects of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in The Netherlands.Environmental Pollution54:249–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P.M., J.D. Aber, R.W. Howarth, G.E. Likens, P.A. Matson, D.W. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger et al. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences.Ecological Applications7:737–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weathers, K.C., G.E. Likens, F.H. Bormann, J.S. Eaton, W.B. Bowden, J.L. Anderson, D.A. Cass et al. 1986. A regional acidic cloud/fog water event in the eastern United States.Nature319:657–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winner, W.E. 1994. Mechanistic analysis of plant responses to air pollution.Ecological Applications4:651–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.F., and A. Henriksen. 1983. Restoration of Norwegian lakes by reduction in sulfur deposition.Nature305:422–424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.F., and M. Haughs. 1991. Reversibility of acidification, soils and surface waters.Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh97B:169–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.F., E. Lotse, and A. Semb. 1988. Reversibility of acidification shown by whole-catchment experiments.Nature334:670–675.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.F., T. Dale, E.T. Gjessing, G.R. Hendrey, A. Henriksen, M. Johannessen, and I.P. Muning. 1976. Impact of acid precipitation on freshwater ecosystems in Norway. Inproceedings of the first international symposium on acid precipitation and the forest ecosystem.USDA Forest Service general technical report NE-23.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weathers, K.C., Lovett, G.M. (1998). Acid Deposition Research and Ecosystem Science: Synergistic Successes. In: Pace, M.L., Groffman, P.M. (eds) Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98475-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1724-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics