Abstract
To perform an optimal transrectal ultrasound examination (TRUS) of the prostate it is necessary to have the rectum cleansed of stool. We request that the patient have an enema to cleanse the rectum 1 hour before the examination. This step is especially important if the scanner has a water standoff, as any residual particles of stool may cause acoustic shadowing and preclude adequate demonstration of the rectal wall and the prostate. With an end-fire probe it is possible to obtain adequate contact for imaging without an enema, but if biopsy is to be performed at the same time, an enema seems prudent. The patient is not required to be fasting.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brawer MK, Lange PH. Prostate-specific antigen in management of prostatic carcinoma. Urology 1989; 33(suppl): 11–16
Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 909–916
Stamey TA. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Monogr Urol 1989; 10: 50–64
Aihara M, Lebovitz RM, Wheeler TM, et al. Prostate specific antigen and Gleason grade: an immunohistochemical study of prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 151: 1558–1564
Epstein JI, Carmichael MJ, Partin AW, et al. Small high grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate in radical prostatectomy specimens performed for nonpalpable disease: pathogenic and clinical implications. J Urol 1994; 151: 1587–1592
Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Klee GG, et al. Free, complexed and total serum prostate specific antigen: the establishment of appropriate reference ranges for their concentrations and ratios. J Urol 1995; 154: 1090–1095
Littrup PJ, Kane RA, Williams CR, et al. Determination of prostate volume with transrectal US for cancer screening. Radiology 1991; 178: 537–542
Lee F, Littrup PJ, Loft-Christensen L, et al. Predicted prostate specific antigen results using transrectal ultrasound gland volume. Cancer 1992; 70: 211–219
Benson MC, Whang IS, Pantuck A, et al. Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. J Urol 1992; 147: 815–816
Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992; 267: 2215–2220
McNeal JE. The zonal anatomy of the prostate. Prostate 1981; 2: 35–49
Lee F, Torp-Pederson ST, Siders DB, et al. Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Radiology 1989; 170: 609–615
McLeary RD. Color Doppler imaging of the vascular anatomy of the prostate [abstract]. Radiology 1993; 189: 155
McNeal JE. Origin and development of carcinoma in the prostate. Cancer 1969; 23: 24–34
McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, et al. Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma: correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12: 897–906
Babaian JR, Troncoso P, Steelhammer LC, et al. Tumor volume and prostate specific antigen: implications for early detection and defining a window of curability. J Urol 1995; 154: 1808–1812
Myers RP, Goellner JR, Cahill DR. Prostate shape, external striated urethral sphincter and radical prostatectomy: the apical dissection. J Urol 1987; 138: 543–550
Villers A, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. The role of perineural space invasion in the local spread of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1989; 142: 763–769
Lee F, Siders DB, Torp-Pederson ST, et al. Prostate cancer: transrectal ultrasound and pathology comparison. Cancer 1991; 67: 1131–1142
McNeal JE, Price HM, Redwine EA, et al. Stage A verses stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate: morphological comparison and biological significance. J Urol 1988; 139: 61–65
Stamey TA, Dietrick DD, Issa MM. Large organ confined, impalpable transition cancer: association with metastatic levels of prostatic specific antigen. J Urol 1993; 149: 510–515
Hamper UM, Sheth S, Walch PC, et al. Bright echogenic foci in early prostatic carcinoma: sonographic and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1990; 176: 339–343
Byar DP, Mostofi FK. The Veterans Administration cooperative urological research group: carcinoma of the prostate: prognostic evaluation of certain pathologic features in 208 radical prostatectomies. Cancer 1972; 30: 5–13
Rifkin MD, Sudakoff GS, Archibald AA. Prostate: techniques, results, and potential applications of color Doppler US scanning. Radiology 1993; 186: 509–513
Lee F, Transrectal ultrasound; diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Urology 1989; 33(suppl): 5–10
Jones EC, McNeal JE, Bruchovsky N, et al. DNA content in prostatic adenocarcinoma: a flow cytometry study of the predictive value of aneuploidy for tumor volume, percentage Gleason grade 4 and 5, and lymph node métastases. Cancer 1990; 66: 752–757
Catalona WJ, Stein AJ. Staging errors in clinically localized prostatic cancer. J Urol 1982; 127: 452–456
Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terres MK, et al. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol 1989; 142: 71–75
Vallancien G, Prapotnich D, Veillon B, et al. Systematic prostatic biopsies In 100 men with suspicion of cancer on digital rectal examination. J Urol 1991; 146: 1308–1312
Loch T, McNeal JE, Stamey TA. Interpretation of bilateral positive biopsies in prostate cancer. J Urol 1995; 154: 1078–1083
Stone NN, Stock RG, Unger P. Indications for seminal vesicle biopsy and laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection in men with localized carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1995; 154: 1392–1396
Allepuz Losa CA, Sanz Velez JI, Gil Sanz MJ, et al. Seminal vesicle biopsy in prostate cancer staging. J Urol 1995; 154: 1407–1411
Villers AA, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. Pathogenesis and biological significance of seminal vesicle invasion in prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1990; 143: 1183–1187
Keetch DW, Catalona WJ, Smith DS. Serial prostatic biopsies in men with persistently elevated serum prostate specific antigen values. J Urol 1994; 151: 1571–1574
Weinstein MH, Epstein JI. Significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 624–629
Bostwick DG, Qian J, Frankel K. The incidence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in needle biopsies. J Urol 1995; 154: 1791–1794
Davidson D, Bostwick DG, Qain J, et al. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma: predictive accuracy in needle biopsies. J Urol 1995; 154: 1295–1299
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McLeary, R.D. (1998). Sonography of Carcinoma of the Prostate. In: Jafri, S.Z.H., Diokno, A.C., Amendola, M.A. (eds) Lower Genitourinary Radiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1648-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1648-3_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7230-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1648-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive