Skip to main content

An Overview of Responses of Southern Pines to Airborne Chemical Stresses

  • Chapter
Impact of Air Pollutants on Southern Pine Forests

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 118))

Abstract

The devastation of plant communities around some primitive smelters made it apparent even centuries ago that anthropogenic pollutants could severely damage forests. At first, it appeared that the effects of these pollutants diminished rapidly with increasing distance from their sources. However, as knowledge of plant communities increased, so did the realization that the effects of some pollutants were more widespread than was obvious. Over time, the emphasis of research on the impact of air pollutants on plants has shifted from the localized effects around point sources to the effects of regionally distributed pollutants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrahamsen G (1984) Effects of acidic deposition on forest soil and vegetation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 305: 369–382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahamsen G, Bjor K, Horntvedt R, Tveite B (1976) Effects of acid precipitation on coniferous forests. In: Braekke FH (ed) Impact of Acid Precipitation on Forest and Freshwater Ecosystems in Norway. SNSF Res Rep FR 6/76, SNSF Project, Oslo-As, Norway, pp 36–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams MB, Kelly JM, Edwards NT (1988) Growth of Pinus taeda L. seedlings varies with family and ozone exposure level. Water Air Soil Pollut 38: 137–150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams MB, Kelly JM, Taylor GE Jr (1990) Growth of five families during three years of ozone exposure. New Phytol 116: 689–694.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams MB, O’Neill EG (1991) Effects of ozone and acidic deposition on carbon allocation and mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus taeda L. seedlings. For Sci 37: 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams RM, Garner JHB, Kress LW, Laurence JA, Oshima R, Pell E, Reinert R, Taylor OC, Tingey DT, Gumpertz M, Lang DS (1986) Effects of ozone and other photochemical oxidants on vegetation. In: Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants. Vol. III. EPA/600/8-84/020cF. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, pp 1–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afonsi DH, Sandroni S, Viarengo S (1991) Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Moncalieri series. J Geophys Res 96: 17349–17352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albaugh TJ, Allen HL, Kress LW (1991) Biomass-D2H relationships for young loblolly pine as affected by ozone. Biomass and Bioenergy 1: 143–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen ER, Sutton RL, Evans GF (1992) Air quality characterization and acid deposition monitoring at three southern commercial forest sites. In: Flagler RB (ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 95–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altshuller AP (1983) Review: Natural volatile organic substances and their effect on air quality in the United States. Atmospheric Environ 17: 2131–2165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altshuller AP (1987) Estimation of the natural background of ozone present at surface rural locations. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 37: 1409–1417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amthor JS (1986) An estimate of the “cost” of nutrient leaching from forest canopies by rain. New Phytol 102: 359–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amundson RG, Weinstein LH (1980) Effects of airborne F on forest ecosystems. In: Proc Symp Effects of Air Pollut on Mediterranean and Temperate For Ecosystems, June 1980, Riverside, CA. USDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep PSW-43, Pacific Southwest For and Range Exp Stn, Berkeley, CA, pp 63–

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod MC, Coyne PI, Bingham GE, Kercher JR, Miller PR, Hung RC (1980) Canopy analysis of pollutant injured ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino National Forest. In: Proc Symp Effects of Air Pollut on Mediterranean and Temperate For Ecosystems, June 1980, Riverside, CA. USDA Forest Service, Gen Tech Rep PSW-43, Pacific Southwest For and Range Exp Stn, Berkeley, CA, p 227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Back J, Huttunen S (1992a) Effects of long-term exposure to simulated acid rain on conifer needle ultrastructure and hardening status. For Ecol and Management 51: 95–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Back J, Huttunen S (1992b) Structural responses of needles of conifer seedlings to acid rain treatment. New Phytol 120: 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baes CF, McLaughlin SB (1984) Trace elements in tree rings: Evidence of recent and historical pollution. Science 224: 494–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baes CF, McLaughlin SB, Hagan TA (1983) Multielemental analysis of tree rings: Temporal accumulation patterns and relationships with air pollution. In: Davi, DD, Miller AA, Dochinger L (eds) Air Pollution and Productivity of the Forest. Izaak Walton League of America, Arlington, VA, pp 273–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker TR, Allen HL, Kress LW (1994) Nutritional response of loblolly pine exposed to ozone and simulated acid rain. Can J For Res 24: 453–461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barklund P, Axelsson G, Unestam T (1984) Gremmeniella abietina in Norway spruce, latent infection, sudden outbreaks, acid rain, predisposition. In: Manion PD (ed) Sclerroderris Canker of Conifers. For Sci 13: 111–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes JD, Davison AW (1988) The influence of ozone on the winter hardiness of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). New Phytol 108: 159–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes RL (1972a) Effects of chronic exposure to ozone on photosynthesis and respiration of pines. Environ Pollut 3: 133–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes RL (1972b) Effects of chronic exposure to ozone on soluble sugar and ascorbic acid contents of pine seedlings. Can J Bot 50: 215–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bechtold WA, Ruark GA, Lloyd FT (1991) Changing stand structure and regional growth reductions in Georgia’s natural pine stands. For Sci 37: 703–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell JNB (1984) Air pollution problems in western Europe. In: Koziol MJ, Whatley R (eds) Gaseous Air Pollutants and Plant Metabolism. Butterworths, Boston, pp 3–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell JNB, Ayazloo M, Wilson GB (1982) Selection for sulphur dioxide tolerance in grass populations in polluted areas. In: Bornkman R, Lee JA, Seaward MRD (eds) Urban Ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 171–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JP, Anderson RL, Mielke ML, Ebersole JJ (1994) Foliar injury air pollution surveys of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.): A review. Environ Monitor Assess 30: 247–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit LF, Skelly JM, Moore LD, Dochinger LS (1982) Radial growth reductions of Pinus strobus L. correlated with foliar ozone sensitivity as an indicator of ozone-induced losses in eastern forests. Can J For Res 12: 673–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit LF, Skelly JM, Moore LD, Dochinger LS (1983) The influence of ozone on Pinus strobus L. pollen germination. Can J For Res 13: 184–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berrang P, Karnosky DF, Bennett JP (1991) Natural selection for ozone tolerance in Populus tremuloides:An evaluation of nationwide trends. Can J For Res 21: 1091–1097.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry CR (1961) White Pine Emergence Tipburn, a Physiographic Disturbance. USDA Forest Service, Stn Pap 130. Southeast For Exp Stn, Asheville, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry CR (1964) Differences in concentrations of surface oxidant between valley and mountaintop conditions in the southern Appalachians. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 14: 238–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry CR (1974) Age of pine seedlings with primary needles affects sensitivity to ozone and sulfur dioxide. Phytopathology 64: 207–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry CR, Ripperton LA (1963) Ozone, a possible cause of white pine emergence tipburn. Phytopathology 53: 552–557.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley D, Driscoll CT, Allen HL, Schoeneberger P, McAvoy D (1989) Acid Deposition and Forest Soils. Context and Case Studies of the Southeastern United States. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruck RI, Shafer SR, Heagle AS (1981) Effects of simulated acid rain on the development of fusiform rust on loblolly pine. (Abstract) Phytopathology 71:864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess RL (ed) (1984) Effects of Acidic Deposition on Forest Ecosystems in the Northeastern United States: An Evaluation of Current Evidence. Publ No ESF 84–016. College of Environ Sci and For, State Univ NY, Syracuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byres DP, Dean TJ, Johnson JD (1992a) Long-term effects of ozone and simulated acid rain on the foliage dynamics of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.). New Phytol 120: 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byres DP, Johnson JD, Dean TJ (1992b) Seasonal response of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) photosynthesis to long-term exposure to ozone and acidic precipitation. New Phytol 122: 91–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cape JN (1993) Direct damage to vegetation caused by acid rain and polluted cloud: definition of critical levels for forest trees. Environ Pollut 82: 176–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cape JN, Leith ID, Fowler D, Murray MB, Sheppard LJ, Eamus D, Wilson RHF (1991) Sulphate and ammonium in mist impair the frost hardening of red spruce seedlings. New Phytol 118: 119–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey WA, Kelley WD (1994) Interaction of ozone exposure and Fusarium subglutinans inoculation on growth and disease development of loblolly pine seedlings. Environ Pollut 84: 35–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers R, Hale HP (1932) The formation of ice in protoplasm. Proc R Soc B110: 337–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chameides WL (1989) The chemistry of ozone depletion in plant leaves: Role of ascorbic acid. Environ Sci Tech 23: 595–600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chameides WL, Kasibhatla PS, Yienger J, Levy H (1994) Growth of continental-scale metro-agro-plexes, regional ozone pollution and world food production. Science 264: 74–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chameides WL, Lindsay RW, Richardson J, Kiang CS (1988) The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. Science 241: 1473–1475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chameides WL, Lodge JP (1992) Tropospheric ozone: Formation and fate. In: Lefohn AS (ed) Surface Level Ozone Exposures and Their Effects on Vegetation. Lewis Publ, Chelaea, MI, pp 5–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao TT, Harwood ME, Fang SC (1964) Iron or aluminum coatings in relation to sulfate adsorption characteristics of soils. Soil Sci Am Proc 28: 632–635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chappelka AH, Chevone BI (1992) Tree responses to ozone. In: Lefohn AS (ed) Surface Level Ozone Exposures and Their Effects on Vegetation. Lewis Publ, Chelsea, MI, pp 271–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappelka AH, Kush JS, Meldahl RS, Lockaby BG (1990a) An ozone-low temperature interaction in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) New Phytol 114:721–726.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chappelka AH, Kush JS, Runion GB, Meier S, Kelley WD (1991) Effects of soilapplied lead on seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine. Environ Pollut 72: 307–316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chappelka AH, Lockaby BG, Mitchell RJ, Meldahl RS, Kush JK, Jordan DN (1990b) Growth and Physiological Responses of Loblolly Pine Exposed to Ozone and Simulated Acidic Rain in the Field. Presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1990. Paper no 90–187.5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevone BI, Seiler JR, Melkonian J, Amundson RG (1990) Ozone-water stress interactions. In: Alscher RG, Cumming JR (eds) Stress Responses in Plants: Adaptation and Acclimation Mechanisms. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 311–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland GD, Haines LW, Jahromi ST, Bryant RL (1992) No evidence of growth decline in International Paper’s southern commercial loblolly and slash pine forests. In: Flagler RB (ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole DW, Johnson DW (1977) Atmospheric sulfate additions and cation leaching in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. Water Resources Research 13: 313–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constantinidou HA, Kozlowski TT, Jensen K (1976) Effects of sulfur dioxide on Pinus resinosa seedlings in the cotyledon stage. J Environ Quality 5: 141–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costonis AC (1970) Acute foliar injury of eastern white pine induced by sulfur dioxide and ozone. Phytopathology 60: 994–999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costonis AC, Sinclair WA (1969) Relationships of atmospheric ozone to needle blight of eastern white pine. Phytopathology 59: 1566–1574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox RM (1988) The sensitivity of pollen from various coniferous and broad-leaved trees to combinations of acidity and trace metals. New Phytol 109: 193–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne PI, Bingham CE (1982) Variation in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in an ozone-stressed ponderosa pine stand: Light response. For Sci 28: 257–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darrall NM (1989) The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants. Plant Cell Environ 12: 1–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davi DD (1984) Description of leaf injury caused by gaseous air pollutants. In:Davi DD, Miller AA, Dochinger L (eds) Air Pollution and Productivity of the Forest, Proc Symp October 1983, Washington DC. Izaak Walton League Amer, Arlington, VA, pp 77–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davi DD, Wilhour RG (1976) Susceptibility of Woody Plants to Sulfur Dioxide and Photochemical Oxidants: A Literature Review. Publ No EPA-600/3-76-102. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davi DD, Wood FA (1973) The influence of environmental factors on the sensitivity of Virginia pine to ozone. Phytopathology 63: 371–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean TJ, Johnson JD (1992) Growth response of young slash pine trees to simulated acid rain and ozone stress. Can J For Res 22: 839–848.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeHayes DH (1992) Winter injury and developmental cold tolerance of red spruce. In: Eager C, Adams MB (eds) Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 295–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeHayes DH, Thornton FC, Waite CE, Ingle MA (1991) Ambient cloud deposition reduces cold tolerance of red spruce seedlings. Can J For Res 21: 1292–1295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dochinger LS, Seliskar CE (1970) Air pollution and the chlorotic dwarf disease of eastern white pine. For Sci 16: 46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doley D (1989) Fluoride-induced enhancement and inhibition of shoot growth in four taxa of Pinus New Phytol 112: 543–552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn DB (1959) Some effects of air pollution on Lupinus in the Los Angeles area. Ecology 40: 621–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eamus D, Leith I, Fowler D (1989) The influence of acid mist upon transpiration, shoot water potential and pressure-volume curves of red spruce seedlings. Ann Sci For 46(suppl): 577s–580s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards GS, Kelly JM (1992) Ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine seedlings during three growing seasons in response to ozone, acidic precipitation, and soil Mg status. Environ Pollut 76: 71–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards GS, Friend AL, O’Neill EG, Tomlinson PT (1992a) Seasonal patterns of biomass accumulation and carbon allocation in Pinus taeda seedlings exposed to ozone, acidic deposition, and reduced soil Mg. Can J For Res 22: 640–646.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards GS, Kelly JM, Mays PA (1992b) Ozone, acidic precipitation, and soil Mg impacts on soil and loblolly pine seedling nutrient status after three growing seasons. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut 63: 281–294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards GS, Pier PA, Kelly JM (1990) Influence of ozone and soil magnesium status on the cold hardiness of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. New Phytol 115: 157–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NT (1991) Root and soil respiration responses to ozone in Pinus taeda L. seedlings. New Phytol 118: 315–321.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NT, Edwards GL, Kelly JM, Taylor GE Jr (1992) Three-year growth responses of Pinus taeda L. to simulated rain chemistry, soil magnesium status, and ozone. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut 63: 105–118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards NT, Taylor GE Jr, Adams MB, Simmons GL, Kelly JM (1990) Ozone, acidic rain and soil magnesium effects on growth and foliar pigments of Pinus taeda L. Tree Physiol 6: 95–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsik CG, Flagler RB, Boutton TW (1992) Effects of ozone and water deficit on growth and physiology of Pinus taeda and Pinus echinata. In: Flagler RB(ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 225–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1978) Diagnosing Vegetation Injury Caused by Air Pollution. US Environmental Protection Agency 450/3-78-005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1993) Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen. US EPA Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA 600/8-9l/049bF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esher RJ, Marx DH, Ursic SJ, Baker RL, Brown RL, Coleman DC (1992) Simulated acid rain effects on fine roots, ectomycorrhizae, microorganisms, and invertebrates in pine forests of the southern United States. Water Air and Soil Pollut 61: 269–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans LS, Fitzgerald GA (1993) Histological effects of ozone on slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa). Environ Exp Bot 33: 505–513.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fairfax JAW, Lepp NW (1975) Effect of simulated “acid rain” on cation loss from leaves. Nature (Lond) 255: 861–875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fangmeier A, Kress LW, Lepper P, Heck WW (1990) Ozone effects on the fatty acid composition of loblolly pine needles (Pinus taeda L.). New Phytol 115:639–647.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar JF, Relton J, Rutter AJ (1977) Sulphur dioxide and the growth of Pinus sylvestris. J Appl Ecol 14: 861–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner P, Schoeneberger MM, Kress LW (1991) Belowground changes in loblolly pine as indicators of ozone stress. In: Coleman SS, Neary DG (eds) Proc 6th Biennial South Silvicultural Res Conf, Memphis, TN, October 1990. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern For Exp Stn, Asheville, NC, Gen Tech Rep SE-70, pp 332–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feder WA (1968) Reduction in tobacco pollen germination and tube elongation, induced by low levels of ozone. Science (Washington DC) 160:1122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn ME, Dunn PH, Wilborn R (1990) Black stain root disease in ozone-stressed ponderosa pine. Plant Dis 74: 426–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez IJ, Czapowskyj MM (1986) Selected Relationships for Trace Metals in Maine Low Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest Floors. Maine Agric Exp Stn Tech Bull 119, University of Maine, Orono.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fincher J, Cumming JR, Alscher RG, Rubin G, Weinstein L (1989) Long-term ozone exposure affects winter hardiness of red spruce (Picea Sarg.) seedlings. New Phytol 113: 85–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flagler RB, Chappelka AH, Sasek TW, Kress LW (1990) Effects of regional air pollutants on southern pine species. In: The Potential Impact of Acidic Deposition and Ozone on Southern Commercial Pine Forests (Draft Copy). Southern Commercial Forest Research Cooperative of the Forest Response Program, pp 55–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flagler RB, Lock JE, Elsik CG (1994) Leaf-level and whole-plant gas exchange characteristics of shortleaf pine exposed to ozone and simulated acid rain. Tree Physiol 14: 361–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flagler RB, Spruill SE, Chappelka AH, Dean TJ, Kress LW, Reardon JC (1992) Growth of three southern pine species as affected by acid rain and ozone: a combined analysis. In: Flagler RB (ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 207–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foy CD, Chaney RC, White MC (1978) The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 29: 511–566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler D, Cape JN, Deans JD, Leith ID, Murray MB, Smith RI, Sheppard LJ, Unsworth MH (1989) Effects of acid mist on the frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings. New Phytol 113: 321–335.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland AJ, Johnson AJ, Siccama TG (1984) Accumulation of trace metals in the forest floor in Vermont: Spatial and temporal patterns. Water Air Soil Pollut 21: 161–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friend AL, Tomlinson PT (1992) Mild ozone exposure alters 14C dynamics in foliage of Pinus taeda L. Tree Physiol 11: 215–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friend AL, Tomlinson PT, Dickson RE, O’Neill EG, Edwards NT, Taylor GE Jr (1992) Biochemical composition of loblolly pine reflects pollutant exposure. Tree Physiol 11: 35–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garner JHB, Pagano T, Cowling EB (1989) An Evaluation of the Role of Ozone, Acid Deposition, and Other Airborne Pollutants in the Forests of Eastern North America. Gen Tech Rep SE-59. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Expt Stn, Asheville, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner JHB, Smith WH (1986) Effects of ozone and other photochemical oxidants on natural and agroecosystems. In: Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants. Vol III. EPA/600/8-84/020cF. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garsed SG, Rutter AJ (1984) The effects of fluctuating concentrations of sulphur dioxide on the growth of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. New Phytol 97: 175–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert OL (1983) The growth of planted trees subject to fumes from brickworks. Environ Pollut Ser A Ecol Biol 31: 301–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gschwandtner G, Gschwandtner K, Eldridge K, Mann C, Mobley D (1986) Historic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 36: 139–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo E (1973) The Torrey symposium on current aspects of fungal development: IV. Dependence of mycorrhizal fungi on hosts. Bull Torrey Bot Club 100: 217–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakkarinen C, Allan MA (1986) Forest health and acidic deposition. Publ No EA-4813-SR, Res Project 5002, Electric Power Res Inst, Palo Alto, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbwachs G (1984) Organismal responses of higher plants to atmospheric pollutants: Sulphur dioxide and fluoride. In: Treshow M (ed) Air Pollution and Plant Life. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, pp 175–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson PJ, McLaughlin SB, Edwards NT (1988) Net CO2 exchange of Pinus taeda shoots exposed to variable ozone levels and rain chemistries in field and laboratory settings. Physiologia Plantarum 74: 635–642.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart R, Biggs RH, Webb PG (1986) Effects of simulated acid rain on growth and yield of Valencia orange, floradade tomato and slash pine in Florida. Environ Toxicology and Chem 5: 79–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havas P, Huttunen S (1972) The effects of air pollution on the radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Biol Conserv 4: 361–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heagle AS (1989) Ozone and crop yield. Annu Rev Phytopath 27: 397–423.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heagle AS, Flagler RB, Patterson RP, Lesser VM, Shafer SR, Heck WW (1987) Injury and yield response of soybean to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit. Crop Sci 27: 1016–1024.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heagle AS, Miller JE, Heck WW, Patterson RP (1988) Injury and yield response of cotton to chronic doses of ozone and soil moisture deficit. J Environ Qual 17: 627–635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath RL (1980) Initial events in injury to plants by air pollutants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31: 395–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath RL (1994) Alterations of plant metabolism. In: Alscher RG, Wellburn AR (eds) Plant Responses to the Gaseous Environment. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 121–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heck WW (1984) Defining gaseous pollution problems in North America. In: Koziol MJ, Whatley FR (eds) Gaseous Air Pollutants and Plant Metabolism. Butterworths, Boston, pp 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helander ML, Ranta H, Neuvonen S (1993) Responses of phyllosphere micro-fungi to simulated sulphuric and nitric acid deposition. Mycol Res 97: 533–537.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill AC, Littlefield N (1969) Ozone: Effects on apparent photosynthesis, rate of transpiration, and stomatal closure in plants. Environ Sci and Technol 3: 52–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogsett WE, Plocher M, Wildman V, Tingey DT, Bennett JP (1985) Growth response of two varieties of slash pine seedlings to chronic ozone exposures. Can J Bot 63: 2369–2376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holopainen T, Nygren P (1989) Effects of potassium deficiency and simulated rain, alone and in combination, on the ultrastructure of Scots pine needles. Can J For Res 19: 1402–1411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsman DC, Roberts TM, Bradshaw AD (1978) Evolution of sulphur dioxide tolerance in perennial ryegrass. Nature 276: 493–494.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton SJ, Schoeneberger MM, Reinert RA, Shafer SR, Allen HL (1989) Growth, carbohydrate reserves and nutrient content of loblolly pine seedlings exposed to ozone and simulated acidic rain. (Abstract) Agronomy Abstr, ASA, Madison, WI, p 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson TC (1980) Impact of heavy metals on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In: Proc Symp Effects of Air Pollut on Mediterranean and Temperate Forest Ecosystems, June 1980, Riverside, CA. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep PSW-43, Pacific Southwest For and Range Exp Stn, Berkeley, CA, pp 158–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyink DM (1991) Comment 1. For Sci 37: 718–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson JS (1991) The effects of acidic precipitation on crops. In: Chadwick MJ, Hutton M (eds) Acid Depositions in Europe: Environmental Effects, Control Strategies, and Policy Options. Stockholm Environ Inst, Stockholm, Sweden, pp 81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • James RL, Cobb FW Jr, Wilcox WW, Rowney D (1980) Effects of photochemical oxidant injury on ponderosa and jeffrey pines on susceptibility of sapwood and freshly cut stumps to Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 70: 704–708.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AH, Siccama TG, Turner RS, Lord DG (1984) Assessing the possibility of a link between acid precipitation and decreased growth rates of trees in the northeastern United States. In: Linthurst RA (ed) Direct and Indirect Effects of Acidic Deposition on Vegetation. Butterworth, Boston, pp 81–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AH, Siccama TG, Wang D, Turner RS, Barringer TH (1981) Recent changes in patterns of tree growth rate in the New Jersey pinelands: A possible effect of acid rain. J Environ Quality 10: 427–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DW, Cole DW (1977) Sulfate mobility in an outwash soil in western Washington. Water Air Soil Pollut 7: 489–495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DW, Cole DW (1980) Anion mobility in soils: Relevance to nutrient transport from forest ecosystems. Environ Int 3: 79–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DH, Fernandez IJ (1992) Soil-mediated effects of atmospheric deposition on eastern U.S. spruce-fir forests. In: Eager C, Adams MB (eds) Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 235–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Sundberg R (1972) Has the Acidification by Atmospheric Pollution Caused a Growth Reduction in Swedish Forests? A Comparison of Growth Between Regions with Different Soil Properties. Inst Skogsproduction Res Note No 20, Inst Skogsproduction, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B, Svensson LG (1982) A Study of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forest Yield. A Follow-Up of the Report of Jonsson and Sundberg 1972 and a New Study Based on Forest Types. Avdelningen for Skogsuppskattning och Skog-sindelning, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, No 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan DN, Wright LM, Lockaby, BG (1990) Relationship between xylem trace metals and radial growth of loblolly pine in rural Alabama. J Environ Qual 19: 504–508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller T (1986) The electrical conductivity of Norway spruce needle diffusate as affected by certain pollutants. Tree Physiol 1: 85–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller T, Hasler R (1984) The influence of a fall fumigation with ozone on the stomatal behavior of spruce and fir. Oecologia (Berlin) 64: 284–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly JM, Parker GR, McFee WW (1979) Heavy metal accumulation and growth of seedlings of five forest species as influenced by soil cadmium level. J Environ Qual 8: 361–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kossuth SV, Biggs RH (1989) Response of seedlings and mature trees of the same genotype to ozone. In: Noble RD, Martin JL, Jensen KF (eds) Air Pollution Effects on Vegetation Including Forest Ecosystesm. Proc 2nd US-USSR Symp September 1988, Corvallis, OR, Raleigh, NC, and Gatlinburg, TN. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Exp Stn, Broomall, PA, p 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koziol MJ, Whatley FR (eds) (1984) Gaseous Air Pollutants and Plant Metabolism. Butterworths, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski TT, Constantinidou HA (1986) Responses of woody plants to environmental pollution. I. Sources and types of pollutants and plant responses. For Abstr 47: 5–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause CR, Shafer SR, Heagle SR (1987) Ultrastructural effects of ozone to field-grown loblolly pine seedlings. In: Abstracts of Presentations 1987 Annu Meeting Am Phytopath Soc, August 1987, Cincinnati, OH. Abstract No 558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress LW, Allen HL (1991) Impact of Ozone and Acidic Precipitation on the Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings. Presented 84th Annu Meeting Air Waste Management Assoc, June, Vancouver, BC. Paper No 91–142. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress LW, Allen HL, Mudano JE, Stow TK (1992) Impact of ozone on loblolly pine seedling foliage production and retention. Environ Toxicol Pollut 11: 1115–1128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kress LW, Skelly JM (1982) Response of several eastern forest tree species to chronic doses of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Plant Disease 66: 1149–1152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kress LW, Skelly JM, Hinkelmann KH (1982) Growth impact of O3, N02 and/or SO2 on Pinus taeda. Environ Monitoring Assess 1: 229–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriebel HB, Leben C (1981) The impact of SO2 air pollution on the gene pool of eastern white pine. In: Proc XVII IUFRO World Congress, Div 2, Kyoto, Japan, pp 185–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupa SV, Manning WJ (1988) Atmospheric ozone: Formation and effects on vegetation. Environ Pollut 50: 101–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner AL, Alexander SA (1983) Root disease and insect infestations on air-pollution sensitive Pinus strobus and studies of pathogenicity of Verticicladiella procera. Plant Dis 67: 679–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee WS, Chevone BI, Seiler JR (1990) Growth and gas exchange of loblolly pine seedlings as influenced by drought and air pollutants. Water Air and Soil Pollut 51: 105–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS (1992) The characterization of ambient ozone exposures. In: Lefohn AS (ed) Surface Level Ozone Exposures and Their Effects on Vegetation. Lewis Publ, Chelsea, MI, pp 31–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS, Benkovitz CM (1989) Air quality measurements and characterization for effects research. In: State of Science and State of Technology. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS, Hogsett WE, Tingey DT (1987) The development of sulfur dioxide and ozone exposure profiles that mimic ambient conditions in the rural southeastern United States. Atmospheric Environ 21: 659–669.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS, Knudsen HP, Shadwick DS, Hermann KA (1992a) Surface ozone exposures in the eastern United States (1985-1989). In: Flagler RB (ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS, Krupa SV, Winstanley D (1990) Surface ozone exposures measured at clean locations around the world. Environ Pollut 63: 189–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS, Shadwick DS (1991) Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located in the United States. Atmospheric Environ 25A: 491–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefohn AS, Shadwick DS, Somerville MC, Chappelka AH, Lockaby BG, Meldahl RS (1992b) The characterization and comparison of ozone exposure indices used in assessing the response of loblolly pine to ozone. Atmospheric Environ 26A: 287–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leininger TD (1989) Root disease incidence in eastern white pine plantations with and without symptoms of ozone injury in the Coweeta basin of North Carolina. Plant Dis 74: 552–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leininger TD, Miller PR, Schilling SL, Dunn PH (1991) Seedling responses of five species of western conifers to simulated ambient sulfur dioxide exposures. For Sci 37: 1538–1549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepp NW (ed) (1981) Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants. Applied Sci Publ, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg SE, Lovett GM, Turner RR, Hoffman WH (1985) Atmospheric hemistry deposition and canopy interactions. In: Johnson DW, Van Hook RI (eds) Analysis of Biogeochemical Cycling Processes in Walker Branch Watershed. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 96–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linzon SN (1966) Damage to eastern white pine by sulfur dioxide, semimature-tissue needle blight, and ozone. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 16: 140–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logan JA (1989) Ozone in rural areas of the United States. J Geophys Res 94(D6): 8511–8532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenc-Plucinska G (1988) Effect of nitrogen dioxide on CO2 exchange in Scots pine seedlings. Photosynthetica 22: 108–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovett GM, Hubbell JG (1991) Effects of ozone and acid mist on foliar leaching from eastern white pine and sugar maple. Can J For Res 21: 794–802.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luck RF (1980) Impact of oxidant air pollution on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine cone production. In: Proc Symp Effects Air Pollut on Mediterranean and Temperate For Ecosystems, June 1980, Riverside, CA. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep PSW-43. Pacific Southwest For and Range Expt Stn, Berkeley, CA, p 240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludovici KH (1990) Influence of Different Simulated Rain Chemistries on a Hapludult and the Root Growth of Pinus taeda. M.S. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald NW, Hart JB, Nguyen PV (1986) Simulated acid rain effects on jack pine seedling establishment and nutrition. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50: 219–225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra SS, Blauel RA (1980) Diagnosis of Air Pollutant and Natural Stress Symptoms on Forest Vegetation in Western Canada. Can For Service Northern For Res Centre Information Rep NOR-X-228. Northern For Res Centre, Edmonton, Alberta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandersheid R, Jager H-J, Kress LW (1992) Effects of ozone on foliar nitrogen metabolism of Pinus taeda L. and implications for carbohydrate metabolism. New Phytol 121: 623–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manderscheid R, Jager H-J, Schoeneberger MM (1991) Dose-response relationships of ozone effects on foliar levels of antioxidants, soluble poly amines and peroxidase activity of (Pinus taeda L.): Assessment of the usefulness as early ozone indicators. Angew Botanik 65: 373–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason BJ (1990) Acid rain-cause and consequence. Weather 45: 70–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurice CG, Crang RE (1989) Foliar injury and shoot growth in response to prolonged acidic misting of Pinus strobus seedlings. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 18: 277–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur P (1969) Freezing injury in plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 20: 419–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin SB (1985) Effects of air pollution on forests: A critical review. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 35: 512–534.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin SB, McConathy RK, Duvick D, Mann LK (1982) Effects of chronic air pollution stress on photosynthesis, carbon allocation, and growth of white pine trees. For Sci 28: 60–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin SB, Layton PA, Adams MB, Edwards NT, Hanson PJ, O’Neill EG, Roy WK (1994) Growth responses of 53 open-pollinated loblolly pine families to ozone and acid rain. J Environ Qual 23: 247–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McQuattie CJ, Schier GA (1992) Effect of ozone and aluminum on pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings: anatomy of mycorrhizae. Can J For Res 22: 1901–1916.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McQuattie CJ, Schier GA (1993) Effect of ozone and aluminum on pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings: Needle ultrastructure. Can J For Res 23: 1375–1387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier S, Grand LF, Schoeneberger MM, Reinert RA, Bruck RI (1990) Growth, ectomycorrhizae and nonstructural carbohydrates of loblolly pine seedlings exposed to ozone and soil water deficit. Environ Pollut 64: 11–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mengel K, Hogrebe MR, Esch A (1989) Effect of acidic fog on needle surface and water relations of Picea abies. Physiologia Plantarum 75: 201–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller PL (1973) Oxidant-induced community change in a mixed conifer forest. Advan Chem Ser 122: 101–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller PR, Longbotham GJ, Longbotham CR (1983) Sensitivity of selected western conifers to ozone. Plant Dis 67: 1113–1115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller PR, Parmeter JR, Taylor OC. Cardiff EA (1963) Ozone injury to the foliage of Pinus ponderosa. Phytopathology 53: 1072–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller PR, Parmeter JR, Flick BH, Martinez CW (1969) Ozone dosage response of ponderosa pine seedlings. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 19: 435–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison IK (1984) A review of literature on acid deposition effects in forest ecosystems. For Abstr 45: 483–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudd JB, Banerjee SK, Dooley MM, Knight KL (1984) Pollutants and plant cells: effects on membranes. In: Koziol MJ, Whatley FR (eds) Gaseous Air Pollutants and Plant Metabolism. Butterworths, Boston, pp 105–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudano JE, Allen HL, Kress LW (1992) Stem and foliage elongation of young loblolly pine as affected by ozone. For Sci 38: 324–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mumford RA, Lipke H, Loufer DA, Feder WA (1972) Ozone-induced changes in corn pollen. Environ Sci Technol 6: 427–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) (1987) Interim assessment: the causes and effects of acidic deposition. In: Hedrick CN (ed) National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Vol. 1, Executive Summary. Office of the Director of Research, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Atmospheric Deposition Program (1993) NADPINTN Annual Data Summary. Precipitation Chemistry in the United States. 1992. Natural Resource Ecology Lab, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuvonen S, Routio I, Haukioja E (1992) Combined effects of simulated acid rain and aphid infestation on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Ann Bot Fennici 29: 101–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuvonen S, Saikkonen K, Haukioja E (1990a) Simulated acid rain reduces the susceptibility of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) to its nuclear polyhidrosis virus. Oecologia 83: 209–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuvonen S, Saikkonen S, Suomela J (1990b) Effect of simulated acid rain on the growth performance of the European sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer). Scand J For Res 5: 541–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton SA, Hanson DW, Campana RJ (1980) The impact of acid precipitation and heavy metals in forest ecosystems. In: Proc Symp Effects Air Pollut on Mediterranean and Temperate For Ecosystems, June 1980, Riverside, CA. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep PSW-43. Pacific Southwest For and Range Expt Stn, Berkeley, CA, pp 152–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oleksyn J, Karolewski P, Rachwal L (1988) Susceptibility of European Pinus sylvestris L. populations to SO2, NO2, SO2 + NO2 and HF under laboratory and field conditions. Acta Soc Bot Poloniae 57: 107–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagnelli DJ, Seiler JR, Feret PR (1987) Root regeneration as an indicator of aluminum toxicity in loblolly pine. Plant and Soil 102: 115–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmeter P Jr, Bega RW, Neff T (1962) A chlorotic decline of ponderosa pine in southern California. Plant Dis Rep 46: 269–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmeter P Jr, Miller PR (1968) Studies relating to the cause of decline and death of ponderosa pine in southern California. Plant Dis Rep 52: 707–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paynter VA, Reardon JC, Shelburne VB (1991) Carbohydrate changes in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) needles exposed to acid rain and ozone. Can J For Res 21: 666–671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percy KE (1983) Sensitivity of eastern Canadian forest tree species to simulated acid precipitation. In: Proc 12th Int Meeting Specialists in Air Pollut Damages in Forests, IUFRO Section 2.09, August 23-30, 1982, Oulu, Finland. Aquilo Ser Bot 19: 41–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percy KE (1986) The effects of simulated acid rain on germinative capacity, growth and morphology of forest tree seedlings. New Phytol 104: 473–484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percy KE, Baker EA (1990) Effects of simulated acid rain on epicuticular wax production, morphology, chemical composition and on cuticular membrane thickness in two clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). New Phytol 116: 79–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percy KE, Krause CR, Jensen KF (1990) Effects of ozone and acidic fog on red spruce needle epicuticular wax ultrastructure. Can J For Res 20: 117–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SO, Skelly JM, Burkhart HE (1977) Growth fluctuation of loblolly pine due to periodic air pollution levels: interaction of rainfall and age. Phytopathology 67: 716–720.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Placet M, Battye RE, Fehsenfeld FC, Bassett GW (1991) Emissions involved in acidic deposition processes. In: Irving PM (ed) Acid Deposition: State of Science and Technology. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, DC, pp 111–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qui Z, Chappelka AH, Somers GL, Lockaby BG, Meldahl RS (1992) Effects of ozone and simulated acidic precipitation on above-and below-ground growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Can J For Res 22: 582–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu Z, Chappelka AH, Somers GL, Lockaby BG, Meldahl RS (1993) Effects of ozone and simulated acidic precipitation on ectomycorrhizal formation on loblolly pine seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 33: 423–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakowski KJ, Zwiazek JJ (1992) Early effects of hydrogen fluoride on water relations, photosynthesis and membrane integrity in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 32: 377–382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranta HM (1990) Effect of simulated acid rain on quantity of epiphytic microfungi on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles. Environ Pollut 67: 349–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings JO, Spruill SE (1992) Response model synthesis of the southern commercial forest research data. In: Flagler RB (ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 187–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynal DJ, Roman JR, Eichenlaub WM (1982) Response of tree seedlings to acid precipitation-I. Effect of substrate acidity on seed germination. Environ Exp Bot 22: 377–383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy GB, Reinert RA, Eason E (1991) Effect of acid rain and ozone on soil and secondary needle nutrients of loblolly pine. In: Wright RJ, Baligar VC, Murrmann RP (eds) Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH. Kluwer Academic, Boston, pp 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich PB (1987) Quantifying plant response to ozone: A unifying theory. Tree Physiol 3: 63–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich PB, Lassoie JP (1984) Effects of low level O3 exposure on leaf diffusive conductance and water use efficiency in hybrid poplar. Plant Cell Environ 7: 661–668.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reich PB, Schoettle AW, Amundson RG (1985) Effect of low levels of O3, leaf age, and/or water stress on leaf diffusive conductance and water use efficiency in soybean. Physiol Plant 63: 58–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich S, Turner NC (1972) Importance of moisture on stomatal behavior of plants subjected to ozone. J Air Pollut Control 22: 718–721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson CJ, Sasek TW, Fendick EA (1992a) Implications of physiological responses to chronic air pollution for forest decline in the southeastern United States. Environ Toxicology Chem 11: 1105–1114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson CJ, Sasek TW, Fendick EA, Kress LW (1992b) Ozone exposure-response relationships for photosynthesis in genetic strains of loblolly pine seedlings. For Ecol Management 51: 163–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinallo C, Raddi P, Gellini R, di Lonnardo V (1986) Effects of simulated acid deposition on the surface structure of Norway spruce and silver fir needles. Eur J For Pathol 16: 440–446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen PM, Musselman RC, Kender WJ (1978) Relationship of stomatal resistance to sulfur dioxide and ozone injury in grapevines. Sci Hortic (Amst) 8: 137–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruark CA, Thomas CE, Bechtold WA, May DM (1991) Growth reductions in naturally regenerated southern pine stands in Alabama and Georgia. South J Appl For 15: 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuss JO, Walthall PM (1988) Soil reaction and acidic deposition. In: Norton SA, Lindberg SE, Page AL (eds) Acid Precipitation, Vol. 4, Soils, Aquatic Processes, and Lake Acidification. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runeckles VC, Chevone BI (1992) Crop responses to ozone. In: Lefohn AS (ed) Surface Level Ozone Exposures and Their Effects on Vegetation. Lewis Publ, Chelsea, MI, pp 189–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasek TW, Richardson CJ, Fendick EA, Bevington SR, Kress LW (1991) Carryover effects of acid rain and ozone on the physiology of multiple flushes of loblolly pine seedlings. For Sci 37: 1078–1098.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherbatskoy T, Klein RM (1983) Responses of spruce and birch foliage to leaching by acidic mist. J Environ Quality 12: 189–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schier GA (1986) Seedling growth and nutrient relationships in a New Jersey Pine Barrens soil treated with “acid rain.” Can J For Res 16: 136–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schier GA (1987) Germination and early growth of four pine species on soil treated with simulated acid rain. Can J For Res 17: 1190–1196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schier GA, McQuattie CJ, Jensen KF (1990) Effects of ozone and aluminum on pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings: growth and nutrient relations. Can J For Res 20: 1714–1719.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiler JR, Paganelli DJ (1987) Photosynthesis and growth response of red spruce and loblolly pine to soil-applied lead and simulated rain. For Sci 33: 668–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senser M, Payer H-D (1989) The frost hardiness of young conifers exposed to different loads of ozone, sulfur dioxide or nitric oxide in environmental chambers. In: Bucher JB, Bucher-Wallin I (eds) Proc 14th Int Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollut Effects on For Ecosystems, Interlaken, Switzerland, October 1988. IUFRO P2.05, Birmensdorf, pp 523–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafer SR, Heagle AS (1989) Growth responses of field-grown loblolly pine to chronic doses of ozone during multiple growing seasons. Can J For Res 19: 821–831.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer SR, Heagle AS, Camberato DM (1987) Effects of chronic doses of ozone on field-grown loblolly pine: seedling responses in the first year. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 37: 1179–1184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer SR, Reinert RA, Eason G, Spruill SE (1993) Analysis of ozone concentration-biomass response relationships among open-pollinated families of loblolly pine. Can J For Res 23: 706–715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield RM, Cost ND, Bechtold WA, McClure JP (1985) Pine Growth Reductions in the Southeast. Resource Bull SE-83. USD A Forest Service, Southeastern For Exp Stn, Asheville, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelburne VB, Reardon JC, Paynter VA (1993) The effects of acid rain and ozone on biomass and leaf area parameters of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) Tree Physiol 12: 163–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu B-H, Chappelka AH (1993) Effects of Long-Term Ozone Exposure on Superoxide Dismutase and Peroxidase Activities in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.). Presented 86th Annu Meeting Air Waste Management Assoc, June 1993, paper no 93-TA-43.01. Denver, C

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu-Wen Y (1984) Air pollution problems and research conducted on the effects of gaseous pollutants on plants in China. In: Koziol MJ, Whatley FR (eds) Gaseous Air Pollutants and Plant Metabolism. Butterworths, Boston, pp 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons GL, Kelly JM (1989) Influence of O3, rainfall acidity, and soil Mg status on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine roots. Water Air Soil Pollut 44: 159–171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skarby L, Troeng E, Bostrom C (1987) Ozone uptake and effects on transpiration, net photosynthesis, and dark respiration in Scots pine. For Sci 33: 801–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeffington RA, Roberts TM (1985) The effects of ozone and acid mist on Scots pine saplings. Oecologia (Berl) 65: 201–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelly JM, Moore LD, Stone LL (1972) Symptoms of expression of eastern white pine located near sources of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide. Plant Dis Rep 56: 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith WH (1991) Air pollution and forest damage. Chemical and Engineering News, November 11, pp 30–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville MC, Shadwick DS, Meldahl RS, Chappelka AH, Lockaby BG (1992) Use of a non-linear model in examining growth responses of loblolly pine to ozone and acid precipitation. Atmospheric Environ 26A: 279–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence RD, Rykiel EJ Jr, Sharpe PJH (1990) Ozone alters carbon allocation in loblolly pine: Assessment with carbon-11 labeling. Environ Pollut 64: 93–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stark RW, Miller PR, Cobb FW Jr, Wood DL, Parmeter JR Jr (1968) Photochemical oxidant injury and bark beetle (Coleptera: Scolytidae) infestation of ponderosa pine. Hilgardia 39: 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone LL, Skelly JM (1974) The growth of two forest tree species adjacent to a periodic source of air pollution. Phytopathology 64: 773–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stow TK, Allen HL, Kress LW (1992) Ozone impacts on seasonal foliage dynamics of young loblolly pine. For Sci 38: 102–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutinen S (1989) Ultrastructure of conifer needles exposed to O3 and O3 + SO2 compared to needle structure in the field in Finland, Sweden and in West Germany. Aquilo Ser Bot 27: 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GE Jr (1994) Role of genotype in the response of loblolly pine to tropospheric ozone: effects at the whole-tree, stand, and regional level. J Environ Qual 23: 63–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GE Jr, Murdy WH (1975) Population differentiations of an annual plant species, Geranium carolinianum, in response to sulfur dioxide. Bot Gaz 136: 212–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temple PJ (1986) Stomatal conductance and transpirational response of fieldgrown cotton to ozone. Plant Cell Environ 9: 315–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teskey RO, Fites JA, Samuelson LJ, Bongarten BC (1986) Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to net photosynthesis in Pinus taeda L. under different environmental conditions. Tree Physiol 2: 131–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson AM (1992) The oxidizing capacity of the earth’s atmosphere: Probable past and future changes. Science 256: 1157–1165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjoelker MG, Luxmoore RJ (1991) Soil nitrogen and chronic ozone stress influence physiology, growth and nutrient status of Pinus taeda L. and Liriodendron tulipifera L. seedlings. New Phytol 119: 69–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treshow M (1970) Environment and Plant Response. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treshow M, Anderson FK (1982) Ecological assessment of potential fluoride effects on plants. In: Murray F (ed) Fluoride Emissions. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia, pp 177–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner D, Tingey DT (1989) Foliar leaching and root uptake of Ca, Mg, and K in relation to acid fog effects on Douglas-fir. Water Air Soil Pollut 49: 205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner RS, Olson RJ, Brandt CC (1986) Areas Having Soil Characteristics that May Indicate Sensitivity to Acidic Deposition Under Alternative Forest Damage Hypotheses. Environ Sci Division Publ No 2720, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turunen M, Huttunen S (1991) Effect of simulated acid rain on the epicuticular wax of Scots pine needles under northerly conditions. Can J Bot 69: 412–419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tveite B (1980) Effects of acid precipitation on soil and forest. 8. Foliar nutrient concentrations in field experiments. In: Drablos D, Tollan A (eds) Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation. Proc Int Conf, Sandefjord, Norway. SNSF Project, Oslo-A, Norway, pp 204–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Deusen PC, Barnard JE (1989) Indicator Plants in Forest Health Surveys. Proc Advanced Forest Inventory Methods, August 1989, Syracuse, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vukovich FM, Fishman J, Browell EV (1985) The reservoir of ozone in the boundary layer of the eastern United States and its potential impact on the global tropospheric budget. J Geophys Res 90(D3):5687–5698.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker RF, McLaughlin SB (1991) Growth and root system development of white oak and loblolly pine as affected by simulated acidic precipitation and ectomycorrhizal inoculation. For Ecol and Management 46: 123–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker RF, McLaughlin SB (1993) Growth and xylem water potential of white oak and loblolly pine seedlings as affected by simulated acidic rain. Am Midi Nat 129: 26–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber JA, Clark CS, Hogsett WE (1993) Analysis of the relationships among O3 uptake, conductance, and photosynthesis in needles of Pinus ponderosa. Tree Physiol 13: 157–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein LH, Alscher-Herman R (1982) Physiological responses of plants to fluorine. In: Unsworth MH, Goldstein RA (eds) Effects of Gaseous Air Pollution in Agric and Hort, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp 133–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir RJ (1977) Genetic Variation in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L)Tolerance to Ozone. Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellburn FAM, Wellburn AR (1994) Atmospheric ozone affects carbohydrate allocation and winter hardiness of Pinus halepensis (Mill.). J Exp Bot 45: 607–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler GL (1972) The Effects of Fluorine on the Cycling of Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium in Pine Plantations of Eastern North Carolina. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winner WE, Cotter IS, Powers HR Jr, Skelly JM (1987) Screening loblolly pine seedling responses to SO2 and O3: Analysis of families differing in resistance to fusiform rust disease. Environ Pollut 47: 205–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winner WE, Mooney HA, Goldstein RA (eds) (1985) Sulfur Dioxide and Vegetation: Physiology, Ecology, and Policy Issues. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood T, Bormann FH (1975) Increases in foliar leaching caused by acidification of an artificial mist. Ambio 4: 169–171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood T, Bormann FH (1977) Short-term effects of simulated acid rain upon the growth and nutrient relations of Pinus strobus L. Water Air Soil Pollut 7: 479–488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright LM, Lockaby BG, Meldahl R, Thornton F, Chappelka AH (1990-1991) The influence of acid precipitation and ozone on nitrogen of young loblolly pine. Water Air Soil Pollut 54: 135–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y-S, Skelly JM, Chevone BI (1983) Sensitivity of eastern white pine clones to acute doses of ozone, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide. Phytopathology 73: 1234–1237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahner R, Saucier JR, Meyers RK (1989) Tree-ring model interprets growth declines in the southeastern United States. Can J For Res 19: 612–621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeide B (1992) Reevaluation of forest inventory data from loblolly pine stands in the Georgia piedmont and mountain areas. In: Flagler RB (ed) The Response of Southern Commercial Forests to Air Pollution. Air and Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 18–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel A, Nighswander JE (1991) Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the necrotic areas of Austrian and red pine needles after spraying with sulphuric acid: a possbile bioindicator of air pollution. New Phytol 117: 565–574.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berrang, P., Meadows, J.S., Hodges, D.J. (1996). An Overview of Responses of Southern Pines to Airborne Chemical Stresses. In: Fox, S., Mickler, R.A. (eds) Impact of Air Pollutants on Southern Pine Forests. Ecological Studies, vol 118. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0809-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0809-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6909-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-0809-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics