Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra)

  • Chapter
Book cover Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 157))

Abstract

The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra L.) has been declining in large parts of Western and Central Europe over the past decades (Foster-Turley et al. 1990; Macdonald and Mason 1994). Part of this decline may have resulted from the increased contamination of aquatic systems, which has occurred in the same period. Of special concern are compounds that are both hydrophobic and persistent because such compounds tend to accumulate in the body fat of organisms in aquatic systems. The otter, being a piscivorous top predator, may accumulate large amounts of these substances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahlborg UG, Becking GC, Birnbaum LS, Brouwer A, Derks HJGM, Feeley M, Golor G, Hanberg A, Larsen JC, Liem AKD, Safe SH, Schlatter C, Wwrn F, Younes M, Yrjänheikki E (1994) Toxic Equivalency Factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Report on a WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation, December 1993. Chemosphere 28(6):1049–1067.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KL (1981) Population and reproduction characteristics of the river otter in Virginia and tissue concentrations of environmental contaminants. MS thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blackburg, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Bledsoe KL, Scanlon PF (1983) Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Virginia river otters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 30:442–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aulerich RJ, Ringer RK (1977) Current status of PCB toxicity to mink and effect on their reproduction. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 6:279–292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aulerich RJ, Bursian SJ, Breslin WJ, Olson BA, Ringer RK (1985) Toxicological manifestations of 2,4,5,2’,4’,5’-2,3,6,2’,3’,6’-, and 3,4,5,3’4’5’-hexachlorobiphenyl and AROCLOR 1254 in mink. J Toxicol Environ Health 15:63–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck DL (1977) Pesticide and heavy metal residues in Louisiana river otter. MS thesis, University of Texas, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben Shaul DM (1962) The composition of the milk of wild animals. Int Zoo Yearb 4: 333–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg M van den, Craane BLHJ, Sinnige T, Mourik S van, Dirksen S, Boudewijn TJ, Gaag MA van der, Lutke-Schipholt U, Spenkelink B, Brouwer A (1994) Biochemical and toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) on the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) after in ovo exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 13:803–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman A, Olsson M (1985) Pathology of Balthic grey seal and ringed seal females with special reference to adrenocortical hyperplasia. Is environmental pollution the cause of a widely distributed disease syndrome? Finn Game Res 44:47–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman A, Haraguchi K, Athanasiadou M, Larsson C (1993) Selective retention of PCB methyl sulphones in liver of mammals. In: Proceedings, 13th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Dioxin ‘83, Vienna, Austria, September 20–24, 1993, vol 14, pp 199–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackmore DK (1963) The toxicity of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to British wild foxes (Vulpes vulpes). J Comp Pathol Ther 73:391–409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleavins MR, Aulerich RJ, Ringer RK (1980) Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors 1016 and 1242): effects on survival and reproduction in mink and ferrets. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 9:627–635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boer J de (1988) Chlorobiphenyls in bound and non-bound lipids of fishes; comparison of different extraction methods. Chemosphere 17:1803–1810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boer J de, Hagel P (1994) Spatial differences and temporal trends of chlorobiphenyls in yellow eel (Anguilla anguilla) from inland waters of the Netherlands. Sci Total Environ 141:155–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boer MH den (1984) Reproduction decline of harbour seals: PCBs in the food and their effect on mink. RIN Jaarverslag 1983:77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon JP, Reijnders PJH, Dols J, Wensvoort P, Hillebrand MTJ (1987) The kinetics of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in female harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), with evidence for structure-related metabolism. Aquat Toxicol 10:307–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkhuizen DC (1992) Het dieet van de otter (Lutra lutra) in De Deelen en de Oude Venen (Friesland) bepaald door middel van analyse van spraints. Stichting Otterstation Nederland, Groninger Stichting voor Archaeozoölogisch Onderzoek.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuizen S (1989) Belasting van otters met zware metalen en PCB’s. De Levende Natuur 90(2):43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuizen S, Ruiter-Dijkman EM de (1988) Otters Lutra lutra met PCB’s: de zeehondjes van het zoete water? Lutra 31:68–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer A (1987) Interference of 3,4,3’,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl in vitamin A (retinoids) metabolism: possible implications for toxicity and carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Thesis, University of Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer A, Reijnders PJH, Koeman KH (1990) Polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated fish induces vitamin A and thyroid hormone deficiency in the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Aquat Toxicol 15:99–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunström B (1992) Induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme activities in female mink (Mustela vison) and their kits by technical PCB preparations and fractions thereof. Ambio 21(8):585–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chanin PRF, Jefferies DJ (1978) The decline of the otter Lutra lutra in Britain: an analysis of hunting records and discussion of causes. Biol J Linn Soc 10:305–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark JD, Jenkins JH, Bush PB, Moser EB (1981) Pollution trends in river otters in Georgia. Proc Annu Conf Southeast Assoc Game Fish Wildl Agencies 35:71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen THL (1989) De kwaliteit van het aquatisch milieu voor de Otter. De Levende Natuur 2:47–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumbie PM (1975) Mercury levels in Georgia otter, mink and freshwater fish. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 14:193–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delibes M, Adrián I (1987) Effects of crayfish introduction on otter Lutra lutra food in the Doñana National Park, SW Spain. Biol Consery 42:153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delong R, Gilmartin GW, Simpson JG (1973) Premature births in California sea lions: association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels. Science 181:1168–1169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erlinge S (1972) The situation of the otter population in Sweden. Viltrevy Swed Wildl 8:379–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlinge S, Nilsson T (1976) Hur skall det ga for uttern? Sven Jakt 114:822–824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erlinge S, Nilsson T (1978) Nedsláende inventeringsresultat: Uttem fortsätter att minska. Sven Jakt 116:154–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkner R, Simonis W (1982) Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) im Lebensraum Wasser (Aufnahme and Anreicherung durch Organismen—Probleme der Weitergabe in der Nahrungspyramide). Arch Hydrobiol 17:1–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming WJ, Bunck CM, Linscombe G, Kinler N, Stafford CJ (1985) PCBs, organochlo-rine pesticides, and reproduction in river otters from Louisiana. Proc Annu Conf Southeast Assoc Fish Wildl Agencies 39:337–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley RE, Jackling SJ, Sloan RI, Brown MK (1988) Organochlorine and mercury residues in wild mink and otter: comparison with fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 7(5):363–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foley RE, Martin T, Caputo G (1991) Mink and otter in New York State: contaminants and preliminary population studies. In: Addison EM, Fox GA, Gilbertson M (eds) Proceedings, Expert Consultation Meeting on Mink and Otter, March 5 and 6, 1991. Great Lakes Science Advisory Board’s Ecological Committee, Report to the International Joint Committee, p 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster-Turley P, Macdonald S, Mason C (eds) (1990) Otters: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaethlich M, Mason CF (1986) The pollutant burden of a Greek otter. Physis (Flor) 33: 50–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert FF (1969) Physiological effects of natural DDT residues and metabolites on ranch mink. J Wildl Manage 33(4):933–943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson M, Kubiak T, Ludwig J, Fox G (1991) Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick-edema disease. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:455–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutleb AC (1995) Umweltkontaminanten and Fischotter in Österreich. Eine Risikoabschätzung für Lutra lutra (L, 1758). Dissertation, Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hákansson H, Manzoor E, Ahlborg UG (1992) Effects of technical PCB preparations and fractions thereof on vitamin A levels in the mink (Mustela vison). Ambio 21(8): 588–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbrook RS (1978) Environmental pollutants in the river otter of Georgia. MS thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbrook RS, Jenkins JH, Bush PB Seabolt ND (1981) Selected environmental contaminants in river otters (Lutra canadensis) of Georgia and their relationship to the possible decline of otters in North America. In: Chapman JA, Pursely D (eds) Proceedings, Worldwide Furbearers Conference, Frostburg, MD, pp 1752–1762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton SN, Bursian SJ, Giesy JP, Tillitt DE, Render JA, Jones PD, Verbrugge DA, Kubiak TJ, Aulerich RJ (1995) Dietary exposure of mink to carp from Saginaw Bay, Michigan: 1. Effects on reproduction and survival, and the potential risks to wild mink populations. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 28(3):334–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helle E, Olsson M, Jensen S (1976a) DDT and PCB levels and reproduction in ringed seals in the Bothnian Bay. Ambio 5:188–189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helle E, Olsson M, Jensen S (1976b) PCB levels correlated with pathological changes in seal uteri. Ambio 5:261–263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henny CJ (1991) Chemicals in mink and river otter from the Columbia River area and population studies. In: Addison EM, Fox GA, Gilbertson M (eds) Proceedings, Expert Consultation Meeting on Mink and Otter, March 5 and 6, 1991. Great Lakes Science Advisory Board’s Ecological Committee, Report to the International Joint Committee, p 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henny CJ, Blus LJ, Gregory SV, Stafford CJ (1981) PCB and organochlorine pesticide levels in wild mink and otters from Oregon. In: Chapman JA, Pursely D (eds) Pro-ceedings, World Furbearers Conference, Frostburg, MD, pp 1763–1780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez LM, Gonzalez MJ, Rico MC, Fernandez MA, Baluja G (1985) Presence and biomagnification of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals in mammals of Do-ñana National Park (Spain), 1982–1983. J Environ Sci Health 20:633–650.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill EP, Lovett JW (1975) Pesticide residues in beaver and river otter from Alabama. In: Proc 29th Annu Conf Southeastern Assoc Game Fish Comm, pp 365–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hlavac V, Toman A (1991) Finding of dead otters (Lutra lutra) and preliminary results of analyses of dead animals. Vydra Bull 2:7–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornshaw TC, Aulerich RJ, Johnson HE (1983) Feeding Great Lakes fish to mink: effects on mink and accumulation and elimination of PCBs by mink. J Toxicol Environ Health 11:19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferies DJ (1988) The demise of the otter population of the Rivers Glaven and Stifikey and adjacent coastal marshes. In: Weir V (ed). The Otter Vincent Wildlife Trust, London, pp 37–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferies DJ, Hanson HM (1988) The Minsmere otter release and information gained from a detailed examination and analysis of the two casualties. Otters (J Otter Trust) 2(1):19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S, Kihlström JE, Olsson M, Lundberg C, Örberg J (1977) Effects of PCB and DDT on mink (Mustela vison) during the reproductive season. Ambio 6:239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonge Poerink B, Huls R (1987) Organische microverontreinigingen en zware metalen in Friese otterhabitats. Stichting Otterstation Nederland; Provincie Friesland, Hoofdgroep Waterstaat en Milieu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato Y, Haraguchi K, Kawashima M, Kameyama T, Yamada S, Isogai M, Masuda Y, Kimura R (1993) Contribution of methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs to the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme induction by the parent compounds in rat liver. In: Proceedings, 13th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Dioxin ‘83, Vienna, Austria, September 20–24, 1993, vol 14, pp 203–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keymer IF, Wells GAH, Mason CF, Macdonald SM (1988) Pathological changes and organochlorine residues in tissues of wild otters (Lutra lutra). Vet Rec 122:153–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kihlström JE, Olsson M, Jensen S, Johansson A, Ahlbom J, Bergman A (1992) Effects of PCB and different fractions of PCB on the reproduction of the mink (Mustela vison). Ambio 21:563–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimbrough RD, Jensen AA (eds) (1989) Halogenated biphenyls, terphenyls, naphtha-lenes, dibenzodioxins and related products, (2nd Ed). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk H (1995) Wild Otters: Predation and Populations. Oxford University Press, Ox-ford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk H, Conroy JWH (1991) Mortality of otters (Luira lutra) in Shetland. J Appl Ecol 28:83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk H, Conroy JWH, Moorhouse A (1987) Seasonal reproduction, mortality and food of otters Lutra lutra L. in Shetland. Symp Zool Soc Lond 58:263–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk H, Conroy JWH, Carss DN (1993) Otters, eels and contaminants. ITE Report to Scottish Natural Heritage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucera E (1983) Mink and otter as indicators of mercury in Manitoba waters. Can J Zool 61:2250–2256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kucera E (1987) Mercury in mink, otter, and small mammals from the Churchill River Diversion, Manitoba. In: Canada-Manitoba Agreement on the Study and Monitoring of Mercury in the Churchill River Diversion, Technical Applications, vol 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafontaine L, Joncour G, Menanteau P (1990) Otters and bioaccumulation of pollutants: first data for western France. IUCN Otter Spec Group Bull 5:51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson P, Collvin L, Okla L, Meyer G (1992) Lake productivity and water chemistry as governors of the uptake of persistent pollutants in fish. Environ Sci Technol 26(2): 346–352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Cren ED (1951) The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch Perca fluviatilis. J Anim Ecol 20:201–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonards PEG, Broekhuizen S, Hattum B van, Voogt P de, Brinkman UATH, Straalen NM van, Cofino WP (1993) Planar PCB levels and patterns in aquatic and terrestrial mustelids in relation to food sources. In: Proceedings, 13th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Dioxin ‘83, Vienna, Austria, September 20–24, 1993, vol 14, pp 101–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonards PEG, Smit MD, Jongh AWJJ de, Hattum BGM van (1994) Evaluation of dose-response relationships for the effects of PCBs on the reproduction of mink (Mustela vison). Institute for Environmental Studies, Dutch Otterstation Foundation, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonards PEG, Zierikzee Y, Brinkman UAT, Cofino WP, Straalen NM van, Hattum B van (1997) The selective dietary accumulation of planar polychlorinated biphenyls in the otter (Lutra lutra). Environ Toxicol Chem 16:166–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libois RM, Rosoux R (1989) Ecologie de la loutre (Lutra lutra) dans le Marais Poitevin I Etude de la consommation d’Anguilles. Vie Milieu 39(3/4):191–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald SM, Mason CF (1994) Status and conservation needs of the otter (Lutra lutra) in the western Palearctic. Council of Europe Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Nature and Environment, no 67, Strasbourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madej A, Forsberg M, Edqvist L-E (1992) Urinary excretion of cortisol and oestrone sulfate in pregnant mink fed PCB and fractions of PCB. Ambio 21(8):582–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF (1988) Concentrations of organochlorine residues and metals in tissues of otter Lutra lutra from the British Isles, 1985–1986. Lutra 31:62–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF (1989a) Water pollution and otter distribution: a review. Lutra 32(2):97–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF (1989b) Relationships between organochlorine concentrations in liver and muscle of otters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43:548–549.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF (1993a) Organochlorine contaminants in spraints from captive otters. IUCN Otter Spec Group Bull 8:18–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF (1993b) Regional trends in PCB and pesticide contamination in northern Brit-ain as determined in otter (Lutra lutra) scats. Chemosphere 26(5):941–944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF (1993c) PCB and organochlorine pesticide residues in a sample of otter (Lutra lutra) spraints from Northern Ireland. Biol Environ Proc R fish Acad 93B:111–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Macdonald SM (1986) Otters: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge Univer-sity Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Macdonald SM (1993a) PCBs and organochlorine pesticide residues in otter (Lutra lutra) spraints from Welsh catchments and their significance to otter conservation strategies. Aquat Consery Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 3:43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Macdonald SM (1993b) Impact of organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs on otters (Lutra lutra): a study from western Britain. Sci Total Environ 138: 127–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Macdonald SM (1993c) Impact of organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs on otters (Lutra lutra) in eastern England. Sci Total Environ 138:147–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Macdonald SM (1993d) Pollution and otter conservation in a European context. In: Morris PA (ed) Proceedings, National Otter Conference, Mammal Society, pp 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Madsen AB (1993) Organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs in Danish otters (Lutra lutra). Sci Total Environ 133:73–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, O’Sullivan WM (1992) Organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs in otters (Lutra lutra) from Ireland. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48:387–393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, O’Sullivan WM (1993a) Relationships between PCBs in otter livers and spraints from gut and environment. IUCN Otter Spec Group Bull 8:20–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, O’Sullivan WM (1993b) Further observations on PCB and organochlorine pesticide residues in Irish otters (Lutra lutra). Biol Environ Proc R Irish Acad 93B: 187–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Ratford JR (1994) PCB congeners in tissues of European otter (Lutra lutra). Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 53:548–554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Reynolds P (1988) Organochlorine residues and metals in otters from the Orkney Islands. Mar Pollut Bull 19:80–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Ford TC, Last NI (1986) Organochlorine residues in British otters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36:656–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason CF, Macdonald SM, Bland HC, Ratford J (1992) Organochlorine pesticide and PCB contents in otter (Lutra lutra) scats from western Scotland. Water Air Soil Pollut 64:617–626.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland VA, Clarke JU (1989) Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners; considerations for a congener-specific analysis. Environ Health Perspect 81:225–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij (1989) De otter in perspectief; een perspectief voor de otter. Herstelplan leefgebieden otter. Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Dir NMF, Gravenhage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nebert DW, Jensen NM (1979) The Ah locus: Genetic regulation of the metabolism of carcinogens, drugs, and other environmental chemicals by cytochrome P-450-mediated monoxygenases. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 6(4):401–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor DJ, Nielsen SW (1981) Environmental survey of methyl mercury levels in wild mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) from the Northeastern United States and experimental pathology of methyl mercurialism in the otter. In: Chapman JA, Pursely D (eds) Proceedings, Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Frostburg, MD, pp 1728–1745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson M (1986) PCBs in the Baltic environment. In: Waid JS (ed) PCBs and the Environment vol III, pp 181–208. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson M, Sandegren F (1983a) Is PCB partly reponsible for the decline of the otter in Europe? Proceedings, 3rd International Otter Symposium, Strasbourg, November 2427, 1983. In: Reuther C, Röchert R (eds) Proc V Int Otter Colloquium Habitat 6, Hankensbüttel, 1991, pp 223–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson M, Sandegren F (1983b) The otter situation in Sweden and the Smäland-Södermanland otter surveys of 1983. In: Proceedings, Otter Symposium, Strasbourg, November 24–27, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson M, Sandegren F (1991) Otter survival and toxic chemicals—implication for otter conservation programmes. In: Reuther C, Röchert R (eds) Proc V Int Otter Colloquium Habitat 6, Hankensbüttel, 1991, pp 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson M, Reutergârdh L, Sandegren F (1981) Var är uttern? Sveriges Natur 6:234–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson M, Sandegren F, Sjöäsen T (1988) Utterinventering, Norrland 1986–1987—Rapport frail Naturhistoriska riksmuseet och Svenska Jägare förbundet till Vattenfall, WWF, Statens naturvârdsverk och länsstyrelser, 1988–10–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan WM, Macdonald SM, Mason CF (1993) Organochlorine pesticide residues and PCBs in otter spraints from southern Ireland. Biol Environ Proc R Irish Acad 93B(1):55–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reijnders PJH (1986) Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal water. Nature (Lond) 324:456–457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuther C (1992) Einige methodenkritische Betrachtungen zur Untersuchung der PCB-Belastung von Ottern. Habitat 7, Hankensbütte1, pp 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuther C, Mason CF (1992) Erste Ergebnisse von Kotanalysen zur Schadstoff-Belastung Deutscher Otter. In: Reuther C (ed) Otterschutz in Deutschland, Habitat 7, Hankensbiittel, pp 7–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts EA, Shear NH, Okey AB (1985) The Ah receptor and dioxin toxicity: from rodent to human tissues. Chemosphere 14(6/7):661–674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert R (1987) Gefährdung der niedersächsischen Restvorkommen von Lutra lutra L. durch einige Schwermetalle und chlororganische Verbindungen? Eine Schadstoffkartierung als Beitrag zum Schutz des Europäischen Fischotters. Diplomarbeit, Universitat Bielefeld, Fakultät Biologie

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert R (1989) Contamination of an otter found dead in the FRG. IUCN Otter Spec Group Bull 4:25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ropek RM, Neely RK (1993) Mercury levels in Michigan river otters, Lutra canadensis. J Freshwater Ecol 8:141–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Olmo J (1994) Estudio bionómico de la nutria (Lutra lutra L., 1758) en aguas continentales de la Península Ibérica. PhD thesis, University of Barcelona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Olmo J, López-Martín JM (1994) Otters and pollution in north-east Spain. In: Council of Europe, Directorate of Environment and Local Authorities (ed) Seminar on the Conservation of the European Otter (Lutra lutra), Leeuwarden, The Netherlands, 7–11 June 1994, pp 144–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Olmo J, López-Martín JM, Delibes M (in press) Organochlorine residue levels in otters (Lutra lutra L.) from Spain. In: Reuther C, Rowe-Rowe D, Santiapillai C (eds) Habitat 8. Proceedings, VIth International Otter Colloquium, Pietermaritzburg, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safe S (1987) Determination of 2,3,7,8,-TCDD toxic equivalence factors (TEFs): support for the use of the in vitro AHH induction assay. Chemosphere 16:791–802.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safe S (1990) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Crit Rev Toxicol 21:51–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safe S (1993) Polychlorinated biphenyls—toxicology and risk assessment. In: Proceedings, 13th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Dioxin ‘83, Vienna, Austria, September 20–24, 1993, vol 14, pp 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandegren F, Olsson M, Reutergârdh L (1980) Der Rückgang der Fischotterpopulation in Schweden. In: Reuther C, Festetics A (eds) Der Fischotter in Europa. Verbreitung, Bedrohung, Erhaltung. Selbstverlag, Oderhaus Göttingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffy TB (1977) Mercury burdens in furbearers of the Wisconsin River watershed. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffy TB, St Amant JR (1982) Mercury burdens in furbearers in Wisconsin. J Wildl Manage 46:1117–1120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherburne JA, Dimond JB (1969) DDT persistence in wild hares and mink. J Wildl Manage 33(4):944–948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidorovich VE, Savchenko, VV, Denisova AV (1994) Heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and radionuclides in otters and their habitats in Belarus. In: Council of Europe, Directorate of Environment and Local Authorities (ed) Seminar on the Conservation of the European Otter (Lutra lutra), Leeuwarden, The Netherlands, 7–11 June 1994, pp 126–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skarén U (1988) Chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCBs and cesium isotopes in otter (Lutra ) lutra L.) from central Finland. Ann Zool Fenn 25:271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skarén U, Kumpulainen J (1986) Recovery of the otter Lutra lutra population in North Savo, central Finland, with an analysis of environmental factors. Lutra 29:117–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit MD (1990) De belasting van waterbodems en biota (vis en otter) met microverontreinigingen. Stichting Otterstation Nederland; Provincie Friesland, Hoofdgroep Waterstaat en Milieu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit MD, Leonards PEG, Hattum B van, Jongh AWJJ de (1994) PCBs in European otter (Lutra lutra) populations. Dutch Otterstation Foundation, Institute for Envrironmental Studies, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers JD (1985) Pesticide and PCB residues in Northeastern Alberta otter. AECV85R4. Alberta Environmental Centre, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers JD, Goski BC, Barrett MW (1987) Organochlorine residues in northeastern Alberta otters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 39:783–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuht J (1991) Polychlorinated biphenyls in river otters from Michigan. In: Addison EM, Fox GA, Gilbertson M (eds) Proceedings, Expert Consultation Meeting on Mink and Otter, March 5 and 6, 1991, Great Lakes Science Advisory Board’s Ecological Committee, Report to the International Joint Committee p 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S (1988) PCB problems in the future: foresight from current knowledge. Environ Pollut 50:5–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor WD, Carey JH Lean DRS, McQueen DJ (1991) Organochlorine concentrations in the plankton of lakes in southern Ontario and their relationship to plankton biomass. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:1960–1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillit DE, Ankley GT, Giesy JP Ludwig JP, Kurita-Matsuba H, Weseloh DV, Ross PS, Bishop CA, Sileo L, Stromberg KL, Larson J, Kubiak TJ (1992) Polychlorinated biphenyl residues and egg mortality in double-crested cormorants from the Great Lakes. Environ Toxicol Chem 11:1281–1288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voogt P de, Wells DE, Reutergårdh L, Brinkman UAT (1990) Biological activity, determination and occurrence of planar, mono-and di-ortho PCBs. hit J Environ Anal Chem 40:1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voogt P de, Velzen MJM van, Leonards PEG (1993) Patterns and toxic potency of persistent PCDD and PCDF congeners in liver of mustelids from the Netherlands. Organohalogen compounds. In: Proceedings, Dioxin 1993, 13th International Symposium on Dioxins and Related Compounds, Vienna, Austria, September 20–24, 1993, pp 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vries T de (1989) Effecten van PCB’s op de voortplanting van marterachtigen. Doctoraal scriptie, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstuken, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayre P (1979) The Private Life of the Otter. Batsford, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijngaarden A van, Peppel J van de (1970) De otter, Lutra lutra (L.) in Nederland. Lutra 12:1–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wlodek K (1980) Der Fischotter in der Provinz Pomorze Zachodnie (West-Pommern) in Polen. In: Reuther C, Festetics A (eds) Der Fischotter in Europa—Verbreitung, Bedrohung, Erhaltung. Aktion Fischotterschutz, pp 187–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wobeser GA, Nielsen NO, Schiefer B (1976) Mercury and mink. II. Experimental methyl mercury intoxication. Can J Comp Med 40:34–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD (1984) Distribution of metals in tissues of beaver, raccoon and otter from Ontario, Canada. Sci Total Environ 34:177–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD (1985) Probable case of mercury poisoning in a wild otter in northwestern Ontario. Can Field Nat 99:112–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD (1991) Cause-effect linkages between chemicals and populations of mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) in the Great Lakes basin. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:549–585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD, Fischer KL, Stokes PM (1988) Levels of lead, cadmium and other elements in mink and otter from Ontario, Canada. Environ Pollut 52:193–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD, Stokes PM, Fischer KL (1986) Mercury levels in Ontario mink and otter relative to food levels and environmental acidification. Can J Zool 64:2854–2859.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD, Hunter DB, Leatherland JF, Stokes PM (1987a) The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury, singly and in combination, on mink. I: Uptake and toxic responses. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16:441–447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wren CD, Hunter DB, Leatherland JF, Stokes PM (1987b) The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and methylmercury, singly and in combination, on mink II: Reproduction and kit development. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16:441–454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita N, Tanabe S, Ludwig JP, Kurita H, Ludwig ME, Tatsukawa R (1993) Embryonic abnormalities and organochlorine contamination in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) from the upper Great Lakes in 1988. Environ Pollut 79:163–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dutch Otterstation Foundation, De Groene Ster 2, Leeuwarden, 8926 XE, The Netherlands

    Maarten D. Smit & Addy W. J. J. de Jongh

  2. Institute for Environmental Studies (Vrije Universiteit), De Boelelaan 1115, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands

    Pim E. G. Leonards & Bert G. M. van Hattum

Authors
  1. Maarten D. Smit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pim E. G. Leonards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Addy W. J. J. de Jongh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bert G. M. van Hattum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. 5794 E. Camino del Celador, Tucson, Arizona, 85750, USA

    George W. Ware

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smit, M.D., Leonards, P.E.G., de Jongh, A.W.J.J., van Hattum, B.G.M. (1998). Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) . In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 157. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0625-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0625-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6843-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-0625-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation