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Wall Catalytic Recombination and Boundary Conditions in Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Flows — with Applications

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Advances in Hypersonics

Part of the book series: Progress in Scientific Computing ((PSC,volume 8/9))

Abstract

The lecture discusses the meaning of catalysis and its relation to aerodynamic heating in nonequilibrium hypersonic flows. The species equations are described and boundary conditions for them are derived for a multicomponent gas and for a binary gas. Slip effects are included for application of continuum methods to low density flows. Measurement techniques for determining catalytic wall recombination rates are discussed. Among them are experiments carried out in arc jets as well as flow reactors. Diagnostic methods for determining the atom or molecule concentrations in the flow are included. Results are given for a number of materials of interest to the aerospace community, including glassy coatings such as the RCG coating of the Space Shuttle and for high temperature refractory metals such as coated niobium.

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Abbreviations

A,B…:

chemical species

Ca :

number of surface adsorption sites per unit area

Ci :

mass fraction of species i

Cp :

specific heat at constant pressure

D:

dissociation energy

D:

thermal desorption energy

Dij :

diffusion coefficient for multicomponent mixtures

D ij :

binary diffusion coefficient

E:

activation energy per mole

f:

stream function u/ue

f:

velocity distribution function

g:

normalized enthalpy in boundary layer equations

g12:

relative velocity in molecular collision

h:

Planck constant

h:

enthalpy

hDi :

energy per mass of dissociation

hic, hi c :

enthalpy of formation of species i

He :

total enthalpy at edge of boundary layer

j:

index indicating axisymmetric or 2-dimensional

k:

Boltzmann constant

kw :

catalytic recombination rate

L:

length of Orbiter

Le :

Lewis number

m:

mass of particle

M i :

net mass flux of ith species

M i ↓ :

incident mass flux og ith species

Mi :

normal mass flux of ith species

n:

number density

P Ay :

normal stress tensor of species A

p:

pressure

p:

chemical reaction order

Pr:

Prandtl number

qc :

chemical energy flux

RN :

nose radius

r:

radial coordinate

Re:

Reynolds number

Sc:

Schmidt number

s:

streamwise coordinate

T:

temperature

t:

time

u:

velocity

u,v,w:

velocity components

Vi :

diffusion velocity of ith species

W:

molecular weight

X:

distance

y:

coordinate normal ro surface

z:

normalized mass fraction Ca/Cae

β:

chemical energy accommodation coefficient

ε:

emittance

ε:

rarefaction parameter \(\sqrt {\operatorname{Re} }\)

η:

normalized normal boundary layer coordinate

γi:

catalytic recombination coefficient

κ:

metric coefficient

λ:

thermal conductivity

σ:

cross section

μ:

viscosity

ρ:

density

σ:

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

τ:

shear stress tensor

ξ:

boundary layer steamwise coordinate

A,B,a,b:

chemical species

a,m:

atom, molecule

e, eq:

equilibrium

e:

edge of boundary layer

FC:

fully catalytic

w:

wall

s:

edge of Knudsen layer

s:

stagnation point

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, 77058, USA

    Carl D. Scott

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87111, USA

    John J. Bertin

  2. Dept. of Aerodynamic Theory, Avions Marcel Dassault-Brequet Aviation, 92214, Saint Cloud, France

    Jacques Periaux

  3. Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Templergraben 64, Germany

    Josef Ballmann (Lehr-Und Forschungsbiet für Mechanik) (Lehr-Und Forschungsbiet für Mechanik)

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Scott, C.D. (1992). Wall Catalytic Recombination and Boundary Conditions in Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Flows — with Applications. In: Bertin, J.J., Periaux, J., Ballmann, J. (eds) Advances in Hypersonics. Progress in Scientific Computing, vol 8/9. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0371-1_6

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