Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurophysiology of Consciousness pp 68–116Cite as

Birkhäuser

Electrical Stimulation of Cortex in Human Subjects and Conscious Sensory Aspects

  • Chapter

  • 505 Accesses

Part of the book series: Contemporary Neuroscientists ((CN))

Abstract

Most problems in neurophysiology can be attacked more fruitfully in animals other thar, man, for the obvious reasons of controllability of conditions and of our moral restraints on the experimental procedures which are tolerable for human studies. But if one wants to investigate cerebral mechanisms underlying subjective experience (of sensation, in the present context), it should also be obvious that recourse must be had to human subjects for primary validation of the subjective phenomenon under study. Direct approaches to the brain of waking subjects are of course limited by compatibility with therapeutic procedures and by the patient’s condition and informed consent. Electrical stimulation of (and, more recently, recording from) the cerebral cortex and deeper structures has provided one approach which, when suitably utilized, makes possible informative studies with no irreversible effects on the subject. The problems susceptible to investigation can be much broader than the initial classical one of the topographical relations of cortical sites to the body sites of the subjectively referred sensations, and some of these problems will be considered in this article.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J.K.: Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness. Psychol. Bull. 54, 383–405 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, E.D.: Afferent discharges to the cerebral cortex from peripheral sense organs. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 100, 159–191 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albe-fessard, D.: Organization of somatic central projections. In: Contributions to sensory physiology, 2, 101–167. Ed. by W.D. Neff. New York: Academic Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albe-fessabd, D., Bowsher, D.: Central pathways for painful messages. Proc. Int. Congr. Physiol. Sci. XXIV, Washington, D.C. 6, 241–242 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberts, W.W.: A stimulus pulse polarity reversal unit. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 10, 172–173 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alberts, W.W., Feinstein, B., Libet, B.: Electrical stimulation of “ silent” cortex in conscious man. (abs) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 293 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberts, W.W., Feinstein, B., Levin, G., Wright, E.W., Jr.: Electrical stimulation of therapeutic targets in waking dyskinetic patients. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 559–566 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amassian, V.E., Berlin, L.: Early cortical projection of Group I afferents in forelimb muscle nerves of cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 143, 61P (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, P., Andersson, S.A.: Physiological basis of the alpha rhythm. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma, H., Sakata, H.: Functional organization of a cortical efferent examined with focal depth stimulation in cats. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 35–54 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Békésy, G. VON}: Auditory backward inhibition in concert halls. Science 171, 529–536 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergamini, L., Bergamasco, B.: Cortical evoked potentials in man. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, G.: Spinal efferent pathways from the supplementary motor area. Brain 79, 461–473 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Perl, E.R.: Response of cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated fibers to noxious stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 1025–1043 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, W.: Subliminal stimulation: a pervasive problem for psychology. Psychol. Bull. 61, 81–99 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biokford, R.G., Jacobson, J.L., Cody, D.T.R.: Nature of average evoked potentials to sound and other stimuli in man. In: Sensory evoked response in man. Ed. by R. Katzman. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 205–223 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignall, K.E., Imbert, M.: Polysensory and cortico-cortical projections to frontal lobe of squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 206–215 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bikdman, L.J., Lippold, O.C.J., Redfearn, J.W.T.: The non-selective blocking action of γ-aminobutyric acid on the sensory cerebral cortex of the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 162, 105–120 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonin, G. VON, Mehler, W. R.: In: The structural and functional organization of the neocortex. Ed. by K.L. Chow and A.L. Leiman. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 8, 174–175 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brindley, G. S., Merton, P.A.: The absence of position sense in the human eye. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 127–130 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brotughton, R.J.: In: Averaged evoked potentials. Methods, results, and evaluation. Ed. by E. Donchin and D.B. Lindsley. Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-191 (1969) pp. 79–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. G.: Studies in the physiology of the nervous system. XXII: On the phenomena of facilitation. I. Its occurrence in reactions induced by stimulation of the “motor” cortex of the cerebrum in monkeys. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 9, 81–99 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. G.: Studies in the physiology of the nervous system. XXVII: On the phenomena of facilitation. 6. The motor activation of parts of the cerebral cortex other than those included in the so-called “motor” areas in monkeys; with a note on the theory of cortical localization of function. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 10, 103–143 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchthal, P., ROSENFALCK}, A.: Evoked action potentials and conduction velocity in human sensory nerves. Brain Res. 3, 1–402 (1966-1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, T.H.: Representation of information in neurons and sites for molecular participation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 60, 1058–1068 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P.R., Petit, D., Warren, R.W.: Receptor types in cat hairy skin supplied by myelinated fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 833–848 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, B.D.: The mammalian cerebral cortex. London: Arnold 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buser, P., BIGNALL}, K. E.: Nonprimary sensory projections on cat neocortex. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 10, 111–165 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia, G.C., Buproughton, R.J., Rasmussen, T., Branch, C.: Auditory evoked responses from the exposed human cortex. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 458–466 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, K. L., Leiman, A.L., eds.: The structural and functional organization of the neocortex. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 8,153–220 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D.L., BUTLER}, R.A., Rosner, B.S.: Dissociation of sensation and evoked responses by a general anesthetic in man. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 68, 315–319 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, W., Morocutti, C, eds.: The evoked potentials. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. No. 26. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W.P., NULSEN}, P.E., Randt, C.T.: Relation of peripheral nerve fiber size and sensation in man. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 3, 381–385 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colonnier, M. L.: The structural design of the neocortex. In: Brain and conscious experience, pp. 1–23. Ed. by J.C. Eccles. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, B.H.: Visual adaptation in relation to brief conditioning stimuli. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 134, 283–302 (1947).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfeldt, O.D., Watanabe, S., Lux, H.D.: Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and epicortical stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 1–18 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D.R., DUGGAN}, A.W., FELIX}, D., Johnston, G.A.R.: GABA, bicuculline and central inhibition. Nature (Lond.) 226, 1222–1224 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, H.: A note upon the faradic stimulation of the postcentral gyrus in conscious patients. Brain 32, 44–54 (1909).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H.: Enhancement of evoked cortical potentials in humans related to a task requiring a decision. Science 145, 182–183 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debecker, J., Desmedt, J.E., Manil, J.: Sur la relation entre le seuil de perception tactile et les potentiels évoqués de l’écore cé rébrale somato-sensible chez l’homme. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 260, 687–689 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delucchi, M. R., Garoutte, B., Aird, R. B.: The scalp as an electroencephalographic averager. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 14, 191–196 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey, E.W., Morison, R.S.: The electrical activity of a thalamocortical relay system. Amer. J. Physiol. 138, 283–296 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Donchin, E., Cohen, L.: Averaged evoked potentials and intramodality selective attention. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 22, 537–546 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donchin, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Averaged evoked potentials. Methods, results, and evaluation. Washington, D.C.: NASA, SP-191 (1969).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Doty, R. W.: Electrical stimulation of the brain in behavioral context. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 20, 289–320 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ecoles, J. C.: Interpretation of action potentials evoked in the cerebral cortex. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 3, 449–464 (1951).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ecoles, J.C.: Conscious experience and memory. In: Brain and conscious experience, pp.314–344. Ed. by J.C. Ecoles. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eijkman, E., Vendrik, A.J.H.: Detection theory applied to the absolute sensitivity of sensory systems. Biophys. J. 3, 65–78 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, C.W.: Discrimination and learning without awareness. Psychol. Rev. 67, 279–300 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster, O.: Motorische Felder und Bahnen. In: Handbuch der Neurologie, vol. 6, pp. 1–357. Ed. by O. Bumke und O. Foeester. Berlin: Springer 1936a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foeester, O.: Sensible coiticale Felder. In: Handbuch der Neurologie, vol. 6, pp. 358–448. Ed. by O. Bumke and O. Foerstee. Berlin: Springer 1936b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foeestee, O.: The motor cortex in man in the light of Hughling Jackson’s doctrines. Brain 59(2), 135–159 (1936c).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feitsoh, R., Hitzig, E.: Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Groβhirns. Arch. f. Anat.,Physiol. u. wissensch. Med. 37, 300–332 (1870).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisler, CD., Geestein, G.L.: The surface EEG in relation to its sources. Electroenceph.clin. Neurophysiol. 13, 927–934 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfan, S., Carter, S.: Muscle sense in man. Exp. Neurol. 18, 469–473 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giaquinto, S., Pompeiano, O., Swett, J. E.: EEG and behavioral affects of fore-and hindlimb muscular afferent volleys in unrestrained cats. Arch. ital. Biol. 101, 133–148 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giblin, D.: Somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy subjects and in patients with lesions of the nervous system. In: Sensory evoked response in man. Ed. by R. Katzman. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 93–142 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleason, C.: The use of applied DC fields in the analysis of interictal epileptiform discharges. In: The nervous system and electric currents, pp. 93–98. Ed. by N.L. Wulfson and A. Sances, Jr. New York: Plenum Press 1970.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goldiamond, I.: Indicators of perception: I. Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception. An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology. Psychol. Bull. 55, 373–411 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldeing, S., O’leary, J.L., King, R.B.: Singly and repetitively evoked potentials in human cerebral cortex with D.C. changes. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 10, 233–240 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldeing, S., Jerva, M.J., Holmes, T.G., O’leary, J.L., Shields, J.R.: Direct response of human cerebral cortex. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 4, 590–598 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D.M., Swets, J.A.: Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiot, G., Albe-fessard, D., Arfel, G., Hertzog, E., Vourc’h, G., HARD}, Y., Deeome, P., Aleonard, P.: Interpretation of the effects of thalamus stimulation in man by isolated shocks. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 254, 3581–3583 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagbaeth, K.-E., Höjeberg, S.: Evidence for subcortical regulation of the afferent discharge to the somatic sensory cortex in man. Nature (Lond.) 179, 526–527 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K.-E., Kerr, D.I.B.: Central influences on spinal afferent conduction. J. Neurophysiol. 17, 295–307 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haider, M., Spong, P., Lindsley, D.B.: Attention, vigilance, and cortical evoked-potentials in humans. Science 145, 180–182 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R.G., Galbeaith, G.C.: Sensory evoked responses recorded simultaneously from human cortex and scalp. Nature (Lond.) 212, 1535–1537 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Boman, K.K.A.: Afferent impulses in cutaneous sensory nerves in human subjects. J. Neurophysiol. 23, 564–578 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Zotteeman, Y.: The response of mechanoreceptors to thermal stimulation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 115, 16–24 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heen, J.E.C., Landgeen, S., Phillips, C.G., Porter, R.: Selective excitation of corticofugal neurons by surface-anodal stimulation of the baboon’s motor cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 161, 73–90 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: Temperature discrimination in the skin. Nature (Lond.) 204, 481–483 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: The peripheral mechanisms of cutaneous sensation. In: Studies in Physiology, pp. 92–100. Ed. by D.R. Curtis and A.K. MUPCINTYRE}. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1965.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Iwama, K., Jasper, H.: The action of gamma aminobutyric acid upon cortical electrical activity in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 138, 365–380 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, H., Lende, R., Rasmussen, T.: Evoked potentials from the exposed somatosensory cortex in man. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 130, 526–537 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, G. C.: Electrical stimulation of a human ventrolateral-subventrolateral thalamic target area, I-IV. Acta physiol. scand. 75, 433–475 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvet, M., Lapras, C, Tunisi, G., Wertheimer, P.: Mise en evidence chez l’homme au cours d’enregistrements stereotaxiques thalamiques d’un contrôle central des afférences somesthésiques. Acta neurochir. (Wien) 8, 287–292 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R., ed.: Sensory evoked responses in man. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 1–546 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D.L., Goldring, S., O’lbary, J.L.: Averaged evoked somatosensory responses from exposed cortex of man. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 13, 1–9 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kietzman, M. L., Sutton, S.: The interpretation of two-pulse measures of temporal resolution in vision. Vision Res. 8, 287–302 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreoh, D.: Does behavior really need a brain? In: WM. JAMES: Unfinished business. Ed. by R.B. Mcleod. Washington: Amer. Psychol. Assoc. 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krnjević, K., Randić, M., Straughan, D.W.: An inhibitory process in the cerebral cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 184, 16–48 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krnjević, K., Schwartz, S.: The action of gamma-aminobutyric acid on cortical neurones. Exp. Brain Res. 3, 320–326 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, W.M.: Evoked potentials. In: The neurosciences, pp. 409–482. Ed. by G.C. Quarton, T. Melnechuk and F.O. Schmitt. New York: Rockefeller Univ. Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landgren, S., Phillips, C. G., Porter, R.: Cortical fields of origin of the monosynaptic pyramidal pathways to some alpha motoneurones of the baboon’s hand and forearm. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 161, 112–125 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lansing, R.W., Schwartz, E., Lindsley, D.B.: Reaction time and EEG activation under alerted and non-alerted conditions. J. exp. Psychol. 58, 1–6 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leyton, A.S.F., Sherrington, O.S.: Observations on the excitable cortex of the chimpanzee, orang-utan, and gorilla. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 11, 135–222 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.-L., Chou, S.N.: Cortical intracellular synaptic potentials and direct cortical stimulation. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 60, 1–16 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B.: Cortical activation in conscious and unconscious experience. Perspect. Biol. Med. 9, 77–86 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B.: Brain stimulation and the threshold of conscious experience. In: Brain and conscious experience, pp. 165–181. Ed. by J.C. Ecoles. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B., Alberts, W.W., Wright, E.W., Jr., Delattre, L., Levin, G., Feinstein, B.: Production of threshold levels of conscious sensation by electrical stimulation of human somatosensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 27, 546–578 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., Jr., Levin, G., Feinstein, B.: Sensory perception by direct stimulation of human cerebral cortex: stimulus parameters. Fed. Proc. 18, 92 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B., Alberts, W.W., Wright, E.W., Jr., Feinstein, B.: Responses of human somatosensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation. Science 158, 1597–1600 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B., Alberts, W.W., Wright, E.W., Jr., Feinstein, B.: Cortical and thalamic activation in conscious sensory experience. In: Neurophysiology Studied in Man, pp. 157–168. Ed. by G.G. Somjen. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B., Alberts, W.W., Wright, E.W., Jr., Lewis, M., Feinstein, B.: Some cortical mechanisms mediating conscious sensory responses and the somatosensory qualities in man. In: Somatosensory System. Ed. by H.H. Kornhuber. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme (In press, 1972 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, J.C.: Injury and excitation by electric currents. A. The balanced pulse-pair waveform. In: Electrical stimulation of the brain, pp. 60–64. Ed. by D.E. Sheer, Austin: Univ. of Texas Press 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, J.C., Austin, G.M., Chambers, W. W.: Threshold movements produced by excitation of cerebral cortex and efferent fibers with some parametric regions of rectangular current pulses (cats and monkeys). J. Neurophysiol. 15, 319–341 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, W.J., Bidder, T.G., Rowland, V.: The production of brain lesions with electric currents. Proc. Nat. Biophys. Conf. 1st, 1957 (pub. 1959) pp. 723–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D.M.:Evoked brain potentials as indicators of sensory information processing. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 7, 184–276 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marg, E., Dierssen, G.: Somatosensory reports from electrical stimulation of the brain during therapeutic surgery. Nature (Lond.) 212, 188–189 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, W.: Spreading cortical depression of Leaö. Physiol. Rev. 39, 239–279 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H.P., III, Manning, J. W.: Peripheral nerve and cortical responses to radiant thermal stimulation of skin fields. Fed. Proc. 28, 458 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Melzack, R., Wall, P.D.: Masking and metacontrast phenomena in the skin sensory system. Exp. Neurol. 8, 35–46 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mihailović, L., Delgado, J.M.R.: Electrical stimulation of monkey brain with various frequencies and pulse durations. J. Neurophysiol. 19, 21–36 (1956).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V. B.: The problem of sensing and the neural coding of sensory events. In: The neurosciences, pp. 393–408. Ed. by G.C. Quarton, T. Melnechuk and F. O. Schmitt. New York: Rockefeller Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V.B., Powell, T.P.S.: Central nerve mechanisms subserving position-sense and kinesthesis. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 105, 173–200 (1959a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle V.B., Powell, T.P.S.: Neural mechanisms subserving cutaneous sensibility,with special reference to the role of afferent inhibition in sensory perception and discrimination. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 105, 201–232 (1959b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J.: Elements of physiology., transl, by W. Baly, Lea, and Blanchard. Book VI, Of the senses (1843).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, S.: Analysis of cellular mechanisms of direct cortical responses. Fed. Proc. 21, 642–647 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, S., Clark, P.J.: Tetrodotoxin analysis of direct cortical responses. Electroenceph. clin.Neurophysiol. 24, 101–107 (1968a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, S., Clark, F.J.: Interaction of direct cortical responses — a possible dendritic site of inhibition. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 24, 108–115 (1968b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oscarsson, O.: Proprioceptive and exteroceptive projections to the pericruciate cortex of the cat. In: Studies in physiology, pp. 221–226. Ed. by D.R. Curtis and A.K. Mcintyre. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1965.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Oscarsson, O., Rosén, I.: Projection to cerebral cortex of large muscle-spindle afferents in the forelimb nerves of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 169, 924–945 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oscarsson, O., Rosén, I.: Short latency projections to the cat’s cerebral cortex from skin and muscle afferents in the contralateral forelimb. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 182, 164–184 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, H.D., Amassian, V.E.: Single-and multiple-unit analysis of cortical stage of pyramidal tract activation. J. Neurophysiol. 17, 345–363 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W.: The excitable cortex in conscious man. Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Press 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W., Boldrey, E.: Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 60, 389–443 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W., Jasper, H.: Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W., Kristiansen, K.: Epileptic seizure patterns. Springfield: Thomas 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W., Rasmussen, T.: The cerebral cortex of man. New York: Macmillan 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W., Welch, K.: Instability of response to stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex of man. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 109, 358–365 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penfield, W., Welch, K.: The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 66, 289–317 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, E.R.: Relation of cutaneous receptors to pain. Int. Union Physiol. Sci., 24th, Washington, D.C. 6, 235–236 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C.G.: Changing concepts of the precentral motor area. In: Brain and conscious experience, pp. 389–421. Ed. by J.C. Eccles. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C.G.: Motor apparatus of the baboon’s hand. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 173, 141–174 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C.G., Porter, R.: Unifocal and bifocal stimulation of the motor cortex. J. Physiol.(Lond.) 162, 532–538 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillis, J.W., Oohs, S.: Occlusive behavior of the negative wave direct cortical response (DCR) and single cells in the cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 374–388 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillis, J.W., York, D.H.: Cholinergic inhibition in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 5, 517–520 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, T.P.S., Mountcastle, V.B.: Some aspects of the functional organization of the cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the monkey: a correlation of findings obtained in a single unit analysis with cytoarchitecture. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 105, 133–162 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince, D.A., Wilder, B. J.: Control mechanisms in cortical epileptogenic foci; “surround” inhibition. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 16, 194–202 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provins, K.A.: The effect of peripheral nerve block on the appreciation and execution of finger movements. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 143, 55–67 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, D.P.: Nature of electrocortical potentials and synaptic organizations in cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 1, 47–163 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, D.P., Girado, M., Grundfest, H.: Selective blockade of excitatory synapses in the cat brain by y-aminobutyric acid. Science 125, 1200–1202 (1957 a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purpura, D.P., POOL}, J.L., RANSOHOFF}, J., Frumin, M.J., Housepian, E.M.: Observations on evoked dendritic potentials of human cortex. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 9, 453–459 (1957 b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raab, D.: Backward masking. Psychol. Bull. 60, 118–129 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, J., Waller, H. J., Amassian, V.E.: An analysis of the activation of motor cor tical neurons by surface stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 844–858 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner, B.S., Goff, W. R.: Electrical responses of the nervous system and subjective scales of intensity. In: Contributions to sensory physiology, 2, pp. 169–221. Ed. by W.D. Neff. New York: cademic Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, V., Macintyre, W. J., Bidder, T. G.: The production of brain lesions with electric currents. II. Bidirectional currents. J. Neurosurg. 17, 55–69 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shagass, C, Schwartz, M.: Evoked cortical potentials and sensation in man. J. Neuropsychiat. 2, 262–270 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shevrin, H., Fritzler, D.E.: Visual evoked response correlates of unconscious mental processes. Science 161, 295–298 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigel, N.: Prick threshold stimulation with square wave current: a new measure of skin sensibility. Yale J. Biol. Med. 26, 145–154 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoglund, S.: Anatomical and physiological studies of knee joint innervation in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 36, Suppl. 124, 1–101 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stohr, P.E., Goldring, S.: Origin of somatosensory evoked scalp responses in man. J. Neurosurg. 31, 117–127 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoney, S.D., Jr., Thompson, W.D., Asanuma, H.: Excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation: effective extent of stimulating current. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 659–669 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugaya, E., Goldring, S., O’leary, J.L.: Intracellular potentials associated with direct cortical response and seizure discharge in cat. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 17, 661–669 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S.: The specification of psychological variables in an average evoked potential experiment. In: Averaged evoked potentials. Methods, results, and evaluation, pp. 237–297. Ed. by E. Donchin and D.B. Lindsley. Washington, D.C.: NASA, SP-191 1969.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, H., Ochs, S.: Laminar stimulation for direct cortical responses from intact and chronically isolated cortex. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 17, 405–413 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swets, J. A.: Is there a sensory threshold? Science 134, 168–177 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swett, J.E., Bourassa, C.M.: Comparison of sensory discrimination thresholds with muscle and cutaneous nerve volleys in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 530–545 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talairach, J., Bancaud, J.: The supplementary motor area in man. Int. J. Neurol. (Montevideo) 5, 330–347 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Towe, A.L., Amassian, V. E.: Patterns of activity in single cortical units following stimulation of the digits in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 21, 292–311 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towe, A.L., Whitehorn, D., Nyquist, J.K.: Differential activity among wide-field neurons of the cat postcruciate cerebral cortex. Exp. Neurol. 20, 497–521 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vafghan, H.G., Jr.: The relationship of brain activity to scalp recordings of event-related potentials. In: Averaged evoked potentials. Methods, results, and evaluation, pp. 45–94. Ed. by E.Z Donohin and D.B. Lindsley. Washington, D.C.: NASA, SP-191 1969.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, H. G., Jr., Costa, L. D., Gilden, L.: The functional relation of visual evoked response and reaction time to stimulus intensity. Vision Res. 6, 645–656 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagman, I., Battersby, W.S.: Neural limitations of visual excitability. V. Cerebral afteractivity evoked by photic stimulation. Vision Res. 4, 193–208 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, W. G.: The convergence and interaction of visual, auditory, and tactile responses in human nonspecific cortex. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 112, 320–361 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G.: Receptors for somatic sensation. In: Brain and Behavior, vol. I, pp. 13–48. Ed. by M.A.B. Brazier. Washington, D.O.: Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci. 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehorn, D., Towe, A.L.: Postsynaptic potential patterns evoked upon cells in sensorimotor cortex of cat by stimulation at the periphery. Exp. Neurol. 22, 222–242 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesendanger, M.: The pyramidal tract. Recent investigations on its morphology and function. Ergebn. Physiol. 61, 72–136 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolsey, C.N.: Patterns of localization in sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In: The biology of mental health and disease, Chap. 14. New York: Hoeber 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolsey, C.N., Erickson, T. C.: Study of the postcentral gyrus of man by the evoked potential technique. Trans. Amer, neurol. Ass. 75, 50–52 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. San Francisco, USA

    B. Libet

Authors
  1. B. Libet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Libet, B. (1993). Electrical Stimulation of Cortex in Human Subjects and Conscious Sensory Aspects. In: Neurophysiology of Consciousness. Contemporary Neuroscientists. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0355-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0355-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6722-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-0355-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation