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Basic Mechanisms of the EEG pp 231–268Cite as

Birkhäuser

Control of Vigilance and Behavior by Ascending Serotonergic Systems

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Part of the book series: Brain Dynamics ((BD))

Summary

The central serotonergic neurons are part of the (extrathalamic) reticulocortical projection systems of the vertebrate brain, which originate mainly in the paramedian and adjacent, more lateral part of the brain stem reticular core. Ascending projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus terminate within almost all neo- and allocortical areas as well as the thalamic nuclei, basal ganglia, amygdaloid complex, substantia nigra, and nucleus locus coeruleus; the projections from the central superior nucleus preferentially innervate the cortical fields, hippocampal formation, septal area, basal olfactory centers, and many hypothalamic nuclei. There is some complementary laminar specialization of terminal fields from either system within the neocortex, with axons from the dorsal raphe distributing preferentially to deep laminae and axons from the median raphe to superficial laminae. In general, there is overlapping of terminal fields from either ascending system within many targets. Due to a high degree of collateralization of their ascending main axons, individual raphe neurons innervate multiple targets along the neuraxis. Less than 40% of the contacts established by serotonergic axons to potential targets show membrane specializations; serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) released by these nonjunctional varicosities may exert widespread effects on many (noninnervated) cells via the extracellular space (neuromodulatory action). Some of the serotonin neurons synthesize peptides in addition to 5-HT [substance P, galanin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), enkephalins] which may influence the sensitivity of 5-HT binding sites apart from acting as transmitters via specific peptide receptors. The effects of 5-HT are transmitted onto the target cells by diverse types of binding sites which belong to two subclasses of the G-protein superfamily of receptors (coupled to adenylate cyclase or coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis) and the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The number (and the sensitivity) of the 5-HT-l receptors in limbic brain regions are influenced by sex steroids (mainly estrogens), and so are the behavioral consequences of 5-HT-l receptor activation (e.g., female sexual behavior across the estrous cycle).

Serotonin appears to influence a wide variety of complex behaviors (for avoiding punishment or frustration in conflict, aversive, and anxiety- inducing situations; for maintaining social interaction patterns and controlling of aggression and impulsivity, appetite, and pain sensitivity and response threshold of various excitatory and inhibitory neurons), suggesting that 5-HT provides protection of the individual against irritating, noxious, or destructive effects of sensory (over)stimulation, to provide accomodation to stress and facilitate recuperative behavior at rest. The serotonergic systems accomplish this task by adjusting target cell responsiveness to the prevailing vigilance conditions. Serotonin neurons thus display rather stable firing patterns across the sleep/wake cycle. The clinical correlates of dysregulated serotonergic transmission and therapeutic strategies for correlating 5-HT-related psychopathology and abnormal behavior are discussed.

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Authors
  1. Hans Georg Baumgarten
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  1. Neurologische Univ-Klinik, Eppendorf, D-2000, Hamburg, Germany

    Stephan Zschocke

  2. Institut für Physiologie, Universität Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany

    E.-J. Speckmann

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Baumgarten, H.G. (1993). Control of Vigilance and Behavior by Ascending Serotonergic Systems. In: Zschocke, S., Speckmann, EJ. (eds) Basic Mechanisms of the EEG. Brain Dynamics. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0341-4_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0341-4_14

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