Abstract
There are several types of restrictions applied on the implementation of wind energy in islands. Technical, economical and land planning aspects are the most important and are discussed in this chapter. Electricity produced by wind energy is competitive against conventional power production in sites with high wind potential, but wind penetration is restricted due to technical constraints imposed to autonomous electrical systems for reasons of safe operation. On the other hand, hybrid solutions which combine wind energy with pumped storage systems may be applied in few cases for further wind energy penetration, but this solution is considered as a rather expensive one and requires large scale civil works for the topology of the reservoirs and huge water quantities for initial fill. Although these solutions could be competitive against the current high electricity production cost and reduce the energy dependence, they lead to wind energy resource exploitation only for partial local supply. In several islands, there is abundant wind potential which could be only exploited and transported to the mainland through the development of large scale wind farms and underwater interconnections to decrease national energy dependence and contribute to the achievement of national goals for renewable energy supply. In all these cases, land planning issues associated with other land uses and protected areas set additional constraints to wind energy development.
In memory of professor Kostas Rados (1965-2013)
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Notes
- 1.
Wind power curtailment is the reduction of wind power production due to inability of the power system to absorb wind power, set by the system operator in order to ensure the safe operation of the island’s power system.
- 2.
Due to touristic development and reactions from local population against the development of new conventional power stations close to their location.
- 3.
(real capacity factor) = (capacity factor) × (percentage of annual wind energy absorbed).
- 4.
(capacity factor) = (energy produced)/[(Rated power) × (8760 h)].
- 5.
The mean annual load demand is the annual electricity demand divided by 8760 h.
- 6.
Crete, Lesvos and Serifos.
- 7.
In Fig. 5, the points’ dispersion is rather affected by the load factor of the power system and the correlation between wind and demand. Local summer north winds in Aegean Sea called “Meltemi”, permits a higher hydro-turbine’s peak demand supply for specific wind capacity and reservoir and specific energy contribution. During the short peak demand period, thanks to the correlation between wind and demand, WPS could provide more guaranteed power. During the whole year, even with lower wind potential, wind capacity is adequate for the medium loads. In other words, for specific wind capacity and reservoir, a bigger hydro turbine is justified and higher peak demand can be supplied.
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Acknowledgments
This work is partly supported by postdoctoral fellowship for young international scientists provided by Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2012 to George Caralis.
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Caralis, G., Zervos, A., Zhiqiu, G., Rados, K. (2013). The Perplexed Technical Governance of Wind Turbines in Greek Islands. In: Michalena, E., Hills, J. (eds) Renewable Energy Governance. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 23. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5595-9_11
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