Abstract
Adequate imaging to allow percise visualization of the septum and defect is a cornerstone of the patent foramen ovale closure procedure. The advent of intracardiac echocardiography has allowed for very accurate imaging capabilities while allowing the patient to remain awake for the procedure. In this chapter the authors review options for intracardiac echocardiography imaging and go through the protocol used for patent foramen ovale closure.
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Holoshitz, N., Hijazi, Z.M. (2015). ICE: Intra-Procedural Evaluation and Guidance During Closure of PFO. In: Amin, Z., Tobis, J., Sievert, H., Carroll, J. (eds) Patent Foramen Ovale. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4987-3_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4987-3_6
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