Abstract
Maraging steels are high-strength steels combined with good toughness. They are used particularly in aerospace and tooling applications. Maraging refers to the ageing of martensite, a hard microstructure commonly found in steels. Research on the kinetics of precipitate formation and austenite reversion in maraging steels has received great attention due to their importance to steel properties. Judging from the literature in recent years, research into maraging steels has been very active, mainly extending to new types of steels, for new applications beyond the traditional strength requirements. This chapter provides an in-depth overview of the literature in this area. It includes a state-of-the-art review of ultra high-strength steels, and discussions on types of maraging steels, and microstructure and precipitates in maraging steels.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Coret M, Calloch S, Combescure A (2004) Experimental study of the phase transformation plasticity of 16MND5 low carbon steel induced by proportional and non-proportional biaxial loading paths. Eur J Mech A-Solid 23:823–842. doi:10.1016/j.euromechsol.2004.04.006
Dutta B, Palmiere EJ, Sellars CM (2001) Modelling the kinetics of strain induced precipitation in Nb microalloyed steels. Acta Mater 49:785–794. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00389-X
Garabagh MRM, Nedjad SH, Shirazi H, Mobarekeh MI, Ahmadabadi MN (2008a) X-ray diffraction peak profile analysis aiming at better understanding of the deformation process and deformed structure of a martensitic steel. Thin Solid Films 516:8117–8124. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.04.019
Garabagh MRM, Nedjad SH, Ahmadabadi MN (2008b) X-ray diffraction study on a nanostructured 18Ni maraging steel prepared by equal-channel angular pressing. J Mater Sci 43:6840–6847. doi:10.1007/s10853-008-2992-4
He Y, Liu K, Yang K (2003) Effect of solution temperature on fracture toughness and microstructure of ultra-purified 18Ni(350) maraging steel. Acta Metall Sin 39:381–386
Hsiao CN, Chiou CS, Yang JR (2002) Aging reactions in a 17–4 PH stainless steel. Mater Chem Phys 74:134–142. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(01)00460-6
Kim SJ, Wayman CM (1990) Precipitation behavior and microstructural changes in maraging Fe-Ni-Mn-Ti alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 128:217–230. doi:10.1016/0921-5093(90)90230-Z
Leitner H, Schober M, Schnitzer R (2010) Splitting phenomenon in the precipitation evolution in an Fe-Ni-Al-Ti-Cr stainless steel. Acta Mater 58:1261–1269. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.10.030
Lifshitz IM, Slyozov VV (1961) The kinetics of precipitation from supersaturated solid solutions. J Phys Chem Solids 19:35–50. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(61)90054-3
Meimandi SH, Nedjad SH, Yazdani S, Ahmadabadi MN (2008) Effect of chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-10Ni-6Cr-2Mn maraging steels. In: New developments on metallurgy and applications of high strength steels, TMS, Warrendale, pp 1151–1157
Mobarake MI, Nili-Ahmadabadi M, Poorganji B, Fatehi A, Shirazi H, Furuhara T, Parsa H, Nedjad SH (2008) Microstructural study of an age hardenable martensitic steel deformed by equal channel angular pressing. Mater Sci Eng A 491:172–176. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2008.02.034
Nedjad SH, Ahmadabadi MN, Mahmudi R, Furuhara T, Maki T (2006) Analytical transmission electron microscopy study of grain boundary precipitates in an Fe-Ni-Mn maraging alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 438:288–291. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.097
Nedjad SH, Garabagh MRM, Ahmadabadi MN, Shirazi H (2008a) Effect of further alloying on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Fe-10Ni-5Mn maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A 473:249–253. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.05.093
Nedjad SH, Ahmadabadi MN, Furuhara T (2008b) Correlation between the intergranular brittleness and precipitation reactions during isothermal aging of an Fe-Ni-Mn maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A 490:105–112. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.070
Nedjad SH, Ahmadabadi MN, Furuhara T (2008c) Transmission electron microscopy study on the grain boundary precipitation of an Fe-Ni-Mn maraging steel. Metall Mater Trans A 39A:19–27. doi:10.1007/s11661-007-9407-z
Nedjad SH, Ahmadabadi MN, Furuhara T (2008d) The extent and mechanism of nanostructure formation during cold rolling and aging of lath martensite in alloy steel. Mater Sci Eng A 485:544–549. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.008
Nedjad SH, Ahmadabadi MN, Furuhara T (2009a) Annealing behavior of an ultrafine-grained Fe-Ni-Mn steel during isothermal aging. Mater Sci Eng A 503:156–159. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.12.054
Nedjad SH, Teimouri J, Tahmasebifar A, Shirazi H, Ahmadabadi MN (2009b) A new concept in further alloying of Fe-Ni-Mn maraging steels. Scr Mater 60:528–531. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.11.046
Nedjad SH, Meimandi S, Mahmoudi A, Abedi T, Yazdani S, Shirazi H, Ahmadabadi MN (2009c) Effect of aging on the microstructure and tensile properties of Fe-Ni-Mn-Cr maraging alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 501:182–187. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.062
Olson GB (1997) Computational design of hierarchically structured materials. Sci 277:1237–1242. doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1237
Pereloma EV, Shekhter A, Miller MK, Ringer SP (2004) Ageing behaviour of Fe-20Ni-1.8Mn-1.6Ti-0.59Al (wt%) maraging steel: clustering, precipitation and hardening. Acta Mater 52:5589–5602. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2004.08.018
Pereloma EV, Stohr RA, Miller MK, Ringer SP (2009) Observation of precipitation evolution in Fe-Ni-Mn-Ti-Al maraging steel by atom probe tomography. Metall Mater Trans A 40A:3069–3075. doi:10.1007/s11661-009-9993-z
Primig S, Leitner H (2010) Transformation from continuous-to-isothermal aging applied on a maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A 527:4399–4405. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.084
San Martin D, van Dijk NH, Jiménez-Melero E, Kampert E, Zeitler U, van der Zwaag S (2010) Real-time martensitic transformation kinetics in maraging steel under high magnetic fields. Mater Sci Eng A 527:5241–5245. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.085
Schnitzer R, Zickler GA, Zinner S, Leitner H (2009) Structure-properties relationship of a PH 13–8 Mo maraging steel. In: Beiss P, Broeckmann C, Franke S, Keysselitz B (eds) Tool steels—deciding factor in worldwide production, Proceedings of the 8th International Tooling Conference, vol I. Aachen, Germany, pp 491–503
Schnitzer R, Schober M, Zinner S, Leitner H (2010a) Effect of Cu on the evolution of precipitation in an Fe-Cr-Ni-Al-Ti maraging steel. Acta Mater 58:3733–3741. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.03.010
Schnitzer R, Radis R, Nöhrer M, Schober M, Hochfellner R, Zinner S, Povoden-Karadeniz E, Kozeschnik E, Leitner H (2010b) Reverted austenite in PH 13–8 Mo maraging steels. Mater Chem Phys 122:138–145. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.02.058
Schnitzer R, Zickler GA, Lach E, Clemens H, Zinner S, Lippmann T, Leitner H (2010c) Influence of reverted austenite on static and dynamic mechanical properties of a PH 13–8 Mo maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A 527:2065–2070. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.046
Schnitzer R, Zinner S, Leitner H (2010d) Modeling of the yield strength of a stainless maraging steel. Scr Mater 62:286–289. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.11.020
Schober M, Schnitzer R, Leitner H (2009) Precipitation evolution in a Ti-free and Ti-containing stainless maraging steel. Ultramicroscopy 109:553–562. doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.10.016
Schober M, Lerchbacher C, Eidenberger E, Staron P, Clemens H, Leitner H (2010) Precipitation behavior of intermetallic NiAl particles in Fe-6 at.%Al-4 at.%Ni analyzed by SANS and 3DAP. Intermetallics 18:1553–1559. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2010.04.007
Sha W, Guo Z (2009) Maraging steels: Modelling of microstructure, properties and applications. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. doi:10.1533/9781845696931
Shekhter A, Aaronson HI, Miller MK, Ringer SP, Pereloma EV (2004) Effect of aging and deformation on the microstructure and properties of Fe-Ni-Ti maraging steel. Metall Mater Trans A 35A:973–983. doi:10.1007/s11661-004-0024-9
Viswanathan UK, Dey GK, Sethumadhavan V (2005) Effects of austenite reversion during overageing on the mechanical properties of 18 Ni (350) maraging steel. Mater Sci Eng A 398:367–372. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.074
Wagner C (1961) Theory of the ageing of precipitates by redissolution (Ostwald maturing). Z Elektrochem 65:581–591
Xu W, del Castillo PEJRD, van der Zwaag S (2008) Computational design of UHS stainless steel strengthened by multi-species nanoparticles combining genetic algorithms and thermokinetics. In: New developments on metallurgy and applications of high strength steels, TMS, Warrendale, pp 1167–1181
Xu W, Rivera-DÃaz-del-Castillo PEJ, van der Zwaag S (2009a) Computational design of UHS maraging stainless steels incorporating composition as well as austenitisation and ageing temperatures as optimisation parameters. Philos Mag 89:1647–1661. doi:10.1080/14786430903019081
Xu W, del Castillo PEJR, van der Zwaag S (2009b) A combined optimization of alloy composition and aging temperature in designing new UHS precipitation hardenable stainless steels. Comput Mater Sci 45:467–473. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.11.006
Xu W, del Castillo PRD, Yang K, Yan W, van der Zwaag S (2009c) Genetic computational design of novel ultra high strength stainless steels: model description and first experimental validation. In: TMS 2009 138th annual meeting and exhibition - supplemental proceedings, vol 2. Materials characterization, computation and modeling, TMS, Warrendale, pp 319–326
Xu W, Rivera-DÃaz-del-Castillo PEJ, Yan W, Yang K, San MartÃn D, Kestens LAI, van der Zwaag S (2010a) A new ultrahigh-strength stainless steel strengthened by various coexisting nanoprecipitates. Acta Mater 58:4067–4075. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.03.005
Xu W, Rivera-DÃaz-del-Castillo PEJ, Wang W, Yang K, Bliznuk V, Kestens LAI, van der Zwaag S (2010b) Genetic design and characterization of novel ultra-high-strength stainless steels strengthened by Ni3Ti intermetallic nanoprecipitates. Acta Mater 58:3582–3593. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.028
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sha, W. (2013). Ultra High-Strength Maraging Steel. In: Steels. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4872-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4872-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4871-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-4872-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)