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Haptic Aspects

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Virtual Reality in Medicine

Abstract

The term haptics originates from the 19th century, where it was used mainly in relation to psychophysics research. It is derived from the Greek word haptikos, which means “able to touch/grasp”. Today it is used to describe all tactile (related to skin deformation), kinesthetic (related to muscle forces) and proprioceptive (related to joint positions) sensations in the body. An important aspect to note about haptics is that it involves both a passive receptive and an active explorative component, thus, requiring bi-directional input and output.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) is a type of robot that is frequently used in industrial applications, it resembles the human arm in terms of kinematics, and its most frequent realization has four degrees of freedom in serial configuration.

  2. 2.

    A DC motor runs on Direct Current (DC), whereas an AC motor runs on Alternating Current (AC). Both types of motors generate torque by exploiting the interaction of magnetic and electric fields.

  3. 3.

    The word avatar is normally used in the context of full embodiment in virtual worlds.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sensory-Motor Systems Lab ETH Zurich, University Hospital Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland

    Robert Riener

  2. Computer Vision Lab, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

    Matthias Harders

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  1. Robert Riener
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Riener, R., Harders, M. (2012). Haptic Aspects. In: Virtual Reality in Medicine. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4011-5_4

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