Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanisms of Haemostasis

  • Chapter
Care of the Critically Ill Patient

  • 900 Accesses

Abstract

Normal haemostatic reactions can be classified into several overlapping and sequential events: localized vasoconstriction at the site of vessel injury; the adhesion of circulating platelets to the damaged vessel wall; formation of a platelet aggregate or plug; activation of the coagulation cascade leading to formation of fibrin which reinforces the platelet plug; and finally activation of the fibrinolytic system, which digests the haemostatic plug, re-establishes vascular patency and allows growth of new vascular endothelial cells to complete the repair process [2]. To control and limit any excessive or inappropriate activation of the haemostatic system a complex system of physiological inhibitors and control mechanisms also exists.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bachmann F, Kriuthof EKO (1984) Tissue plasminogen activator: chemical and physiological aspects. Semin Thromb Hemost 10: 6–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bennett B (1977) Coagulation pathways: interrelationship and control mechanisms. Semin Haematol XIV 3: 301–318

    Google Scholar 

  3. Born GV, Bergguist D, Arfors KE (1976) Evidence for inhibition of platelet activation in blood by a drug effect on erythrocytes. Nature 259: 233–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bowie EWJ, Owen CA (1987) Nonthrombocytopenic vascular disorders. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Morder VJ, Salyman EW (eds) Haemostasis and thrombosis. Lip- pincott, Philadelphia, pp 816–824

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bull HA, Machin SJ (1987) The haemostatic function of the vascular endothelial cell. Blut 55: 71–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Carleton RA, Johnson AD (1974) Coronary arterial spasm. Modern Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 43: 87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Carrell RW, Christey PB, Boswell DR (1987) Serpins: antithrombin and other inhibitors of coagulation and fibrinolysis. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J (eds) Thrombosis and haemostasis, 1987. Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chanarin I, Machin SJ, Cawley JC, Contreras M (1989) Laboratory haematology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chignard M, Le Couedic JP, Vargaftig BB, Benveniste J (1980) Platelet activating factor (PAF-acether) secretion from platelets: effect of aggregating agents. Br J Haematol 46: 455–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Collen D (1980) On the regulation and control of fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 43: 77–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Esmon CT (1983) Protein C: biochemistry, physiology and clinical implications. Blood 62: 1155–1158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Friedman PA (1984) Vitamin K dependent proteins. N Engl J Med 310: 1458–1460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gaffney PJ (1987) Fibrinolysis. In: Bloom AL, Thomas DP (eds) Haemostasis and thrombosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 223–244

    Google Scholar 

  14. Giddings JC (1986) Von Willebrand factor: physiology. In: Gimbrone MA (ed) Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 142–168

    Google Scholar 

  15. Giddings JC, Peake IR (1985) Laboratory support in the diagnoses of coagulation disorders. Clin Haematol 14: 571–595

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Harker LA, Slichter SJ (1972) The bleeding time as a screening test for the evaluation of platelet function. N Engl J Med 287: 155–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Haslam RJ (1987) Signal transduction in platelet activation. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J (eds) Thrombosis and haemostasis, 1987. Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp 147–174

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hermons J, McDonagh J (1982) Fibrin: structure and interactions. Semin Thromb Haemost 8: 11–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hoyer LW (1981) The factor VIII complex: structure and function. Blood 58: 1–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lewis SM (1987) Thromboplastin and oral anticoagulant control. Br J Haematol 66: 1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mackie IJ, Neal CR (1987) The platelet. In: Pittilo RM, Machin SJ (eds) Platelet vessel wall interactions. Sprin- ger-Verlag, London, pp 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  22. Marcum J A, Rosenberg JS, Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD (1987) The heparin antithrombin mechanism and vessel wall function. In: Gimborne MA (ed) Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 70–98

    Google Scholar 

  23. Moncada S, Higgs EA (1986) Arachidonate metabolism in blood cells and the vessel wall. Clin Haematol 15: 273–292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nawroth PP, Handley DA, Stern DM (1986) The multiple levels of endothelial cell coagulation factor interactions. Clin Haematol 15: 293–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nemerson Y (1988) Tissue factor and haemostasis. Blood 71: 1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nurden AT (1987) Platelet membrane glycoproteins and their clinical aspects. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J (eds) Thrombosis and haemostasis, 1987. Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp 93–125

    Google Scholar 

  27. Olson RE (1984) The functional metabolism of vitamin- K. Annu Rev Nutr 4: 281–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Olson RE, Meyer RG, Chao J, Lewis JH (1984) The vitamin-K requirement in man. Circulation 70: 97–107

    Google Scholar 

  29. Packham MA, Mustard JF (1977) Clinical pharmacology of platelets. Blood 50: 555–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Poller L (1983) Standardization of oral anticoagulant treatment. Br Med J 287: 1379–1381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Poller L, Thomson JM (1983) Standardization of prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. In: Colman RW (ed) Methods in haematology disorders of thrombin formation. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 53–83

    Google Scholar 

  32. Poller L, Thomson JM, Tomenson JA (1984) The bleeding time: current practice in the UK. Clin Lab Haematol 6: 369–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ratnoff OD (1985) The significance ol contact activation. In: Bowie EJW, Sharp AA (eds) Haemostasis and thrombosis. Butterworths, London, pp 75–97

    Google Scholar 

  34. Remuzzi G (1988) Bleeding in renal failure. Lancet: 1205–1208

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rosenberg RD (1975) Actions and interactions of antithrombin and heparin. N Engl J Med 292: 146–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ruggeri ZM, Zimmermann TS (1987) Von Willebrand factor and von Willebrand disease. Blood 70: 895–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sixma JJ, Sakariassen KS, Beeser-Visser NH, Oltenhof- Rovers M, Bolhuis PA (1984) Adhesion of platelets to human artery subendothelium: effect of factor VIII von Willebrand factor of various multimeric composition. Blood 63: 128–139

    Google Scholar 

  38. Smith JB (1987) Prostaglandins in platelet aggregation and haemostasis. In: Bloom AL, Thomas DP (eds) Haemostasis and thrombosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 78–89

    Google Scholar 

  39. Sprengers ED, Kluft C (1987) Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 69: 381–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. van Hinsberg VWM, Bertina RM, van Wijngarden A (1985) Activated protein C decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in endothelial cell conditioned medium. Blood 65: 444–451

    Google Scholar 

  41. Weksler BB, Jaffe EA (1987) Prostacyclin and the endothelium. In: Gimborne MN (ed) Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 40–56

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yardumian DA, Mackie IJ, Machin SJ (1986) Laboratory investigation of platelet function: a review of methodology. J Clin Pathol 39: 701–712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zwaal RFA, Hemker HC (1982) Blood cell membranes and haemostasis. Haemostasis 11: 12–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. S. J. Machin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of London, London WC1, UK

    Jack Tinker BSc, FRCP, FRCS, DIC (Dean of Postgraduate Medicine, Honorary Consultant Physician) (Dean of Postgraduate Medicine, Honorary Consultant Physician)

  2. The Middlesex Hospital, London W1, UK

    Jack Tinker BSc, FRCP, FRCS, DIC (Dean of Postgraduate Medicine, Honorary Consultant Physician) (Dean of Postgraduate Medicine, Honorary Consultant Physician)

  3. Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Warren M. Zapol MD (Professor of Anaesthesia) (Professor of Anaesthesia)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Machin, S.J. (1992). Mechanisms of Haemostasis. In: Tinker, J., Zapol, W.M. (eds) Care of the Critically Ill Patient. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3400-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3400-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3402-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3400-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation