Abstract
The kidneys develop from an intermediate mass of mesoderm (the nephrogenic cord) situated on the posterior wall of the intraembryonic coelom between the dorsal somites and the lateral plate mesoderm. Three successive excretory organs develop in the early human embryo—the pronephros, the mesonephros and the metanephros. These three “kidneys” form sequentially and progressively and more caudally, but there is considerable overlap both chronologically and topographically. The pronephros and mesonephros are transient vestigial structures, and the definitive kidney forms from the metanephros. The mesonephric (or Wolffian) duct persists in male embryos as the duct of the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrahamson J (1961) Double bladder and related anomalies, clinical and embryologic aspects and a case report. Br J Urol 33: 195
Allen DM, Diamond LK, Howell DA (1960) Anaphylactoid purpura in children (Schönlein-Henoch syndrome): review with a follow-up of the renal complications. Am J Dis Child 99: 833
Alport AC (1927) Hereditary familial congenital haemorrhagic nephritis. Br Med J I: 504
Andreassen M (1953) Vesical neck obstruction in children. Acta Chir Scand 105: 398
Anonymous (1978) (V.U.R. + I.R.R.) +U.T.I. = C.P.N. Lancet II: 301 (leading article)
Anonymous (1979) Nephronophthisis — just a pretty name? Lancet I: 141 (leading article)
Anthony BF, Kaplan EL, Chapman SS, Oyie PG, Wannamaker LW (1967) Epidemic acute nephritis with reappearance of type-49 streptococcus. Lancet II: 787
Ask-Upmark E (1929) Über juvenile maligne Nephrosklerose und ihr Verhältnis zu Störungen in der Nierenentwicklung. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 6: 383
Atkins RC, Holdsworth SR, Glasgow EF, Matthews EF (1976) The macrophage in human rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Lancet I: 830
Bailey RR (1973) The relationship of vesico-ureteric reflux to urinary tract infection and chronic pyelonephritis—reflux nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 1: 132
Bailey RR (1977) The relationship of vesico-ureteric reflux. Arch Dis Child 52: 804 (letter)
Balodimos MC, Legg MA, Bradley RF (1970) Diabetic glomerulosclerosis in children. Diabetes 20: 622
Barratt TM, Soothill JF (1970) Controlled train of cyclophosphamide in steroid-sensitive relapsing nephrotic syndrome of childhood. Lancet II: 479
Barrington FJF, Wright HD (1930) Bacteraemia following operations on the urethra. J Pathol Bacteriol 33: 871
Bartter FC, Pronove P, Gill JR Jr, MacCardle RC (1962) Hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemic alkalosis: a new syndrome. Am J Med 33: 811
Baxter TJ (1961) Morphogenesis of renal cysts. Am J Pathol 38: 721
Beck AD (1971) Effects of intra-uterine obstruction upon the development of the fetal kidney. J Urol 105: 784
Belman AB, Kropp KA, Simon NM (1968) Renal-pressor hypertension secondary to unilateral hydronephrosis. N Engl J Med 278: 1133
Berdon WE, Baker DH, Becker JA, Uson AC (1968) Ectopic ureterocele. Radiol Clin North Am 6: 205
Beresford SAA, Holland WW (1975) Levels of blood pressure in children: a familial study. Proc R Soc Med 66: 1009
Berger J (1969) IgA glomerular deposits in renal disease. Transplant Proc 1: 939
Berger J, Galle P (1963) Deposits denses au sein des membranes basales du rein. Presse Med 49: 2351
Bernstein J (1968) Developmental abnormalities of the renal parenchyma—renal hypoplasia and dysplasia. Pathol Annu 3: 213
Bernstein J (1971) Heritable cystic disorders of the kidney. Pediatr Clin North Am 18: 435
Bernstein J, Meyer R (1964) Some speculations on the nature and significance of developmentally small kidneys (renal hypoplasia). Nephron 1: 137
Bernstein J, Meyer R (1972) Parenchymal maldevelopment of the kidney. In: Kelley V (ed) Brennemann’s practice of pediatrics, vol 3, chap 26. Harper & Rowe, Hagerstown
Berry CL (1978) Hypertension and arterial development: long-term considerations. Br Heart J 40: 709
Berry CL, Pinto T, Baitham SI, Giwam YAM (1982) The Prune-Belly Syndrome — a possible pathogenisis. Diag Histopathol 5: 195
Betts PR, Forrest-Hay I (1973) Juvenile nephronophthisis. Lancet II: 475
Bhathena DB, Weiss JH, Holland NH, McMorrow RG, Curtis JJ, Lucas BA, Luke RC (1979) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in reflux nephropathy (chronic pyelonephritis). Am J Med 63: 886
Bialestock D (1965) Studies of renal malformations and pyelonephritis in children, with and without associated vesicoureteral reflux and obstruction. Aust NZ J Surg 35: 120
Bigler JA, Killingworth WP (1949) Cartilage in the kidney. Arch Pathol 47: 487
Blyth H, Ockendon BG (1971) Polycystic disease of the kidneys and liver presenting in childhood. J Med Genet 8: 257
Bodian M (1957) Some observations on the pathology of congenital ‘idiopathic bladder-neck obstruction’ (Marion’s disease). Br J Urol 29: 393
Boichis H, Passwell J, David R, Miller H (1973) Congenital hepatic fibrosis and nephronophthisis. A family study. Q J Med 165: 221
Bolande RP, Brough AJ, Izant RJ (1967) Congenital mesoblastic nephroma of infancy. Pediatrics 40: 272
Brain MC (1969) The haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Semin Hematol 6: 162
Bredin HC, Winchester P, McGovera JH, Degnan M (1975) Family study of vesico-ureteral reflux. J Urol 113: 623
Buchi KF, Seigler RL (1986) Hypertension in the first month of life. J Hypertens 4: 525
Burk D, Beaudoin AR (1977) Aresenate-induced renal agenesis in rats. Teratology 16: 247
Cameron JS, White RHR (1965) Selectivity of proteinuria in children with the nephrotic syndrome. Lancet I: 463
Campbell MF (1951) Clinical pediatric urology. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 698
Cannon PJ, Leeming JM, Sommers SC, Winters BW, Laragh JH (1968) Juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia and secondary aldosteronism (Bartter’s syndrome): a reevaluation of the patholophysiology. Medicine 47: 107
Chrispin AR (1972) Medullary necrosis in infancy. Br Med Bull 18: 233
Churg J, Habib R, White RHR (1970) Pathology of the nephrotic syndrome in children: a report for the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Lancet I: 1299
Coppoletta JM, Wolbach SB (1933) Body length and organ weights of infants and children: study of body length and normal weights of more important organs of the body between birth and 12 years of age. Am J Pathol 9: 55
Cotran RS (1969) The renal lesion in chronic pyelonephritis: Immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies. J Infect Dis 120: 109
Counahan R, Simmons MJ, Charlwood GJ (1976) Multifocal osteolysis with nephropathy. Arch Dis Child 51: 717
Courtecuisse V, Habib R, Monnier C (1967) Non-lethal hemolytic and uremic syndromes in children. An electron microscope study of renal biopsies from six cases. Exp Mol Pathol 7: 327
Darmady EM, Offer J, Woodhouse MA (1970) Toxic metabolic defect in polycystic disease of the kidney. Evidence from microscopic studies. Lancet I: 547
Delaney V, Mullaney J, Bourke E (1978) Juvenile nephronophthisis congenital hepatic fibrosis and retinal hypoplasia in twins. Q J Med 186: 281
Delver R, Griggs D, Lackey DA, Kagan BM (1974) Familial renal agenesis and total dysplasia. Am J Dis Child 128: 377
de Navasquez S (1956) Further studies in experimental pyelonephritis produced by various bacteria with special reference to renal scarring as a factor in pathogenesis. J Pathol 71: 27
de Vargas A, Rosenberg A, Barratt TM, Ransley PG, Williams DI, Carter CO (1978) Vesico-ureteric reflux—a family study. J Clin Genet 15: 85
Dixon FJ (1961) Experimental glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis of a laboratory model resembling the spectrum of human glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 113: 899
Dixon F J (1968) The pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Am J Med 44: 493
Dreyfuss ML, Fliess M (1941) Patient urachus with stone formation. J Urol 46: 77
Dunn JS (1934) Nephrosis or nephritis? J Pathol Bacteriol 39: 1
Dunnill MS, Millard PR, Oliver D (1977) Acquired cystic disease of the kidneys: a hazard of long-term intermittent maintenance haemodialysis. J Clin Pathol 30: 868
Dwoskin JY (1976) Sibling uropathology. J Urol 115: 726
Ehrenreich T, Churg J (1968) Pathology of membraneous nephropathy. Pathol Annu 3: 145
Ekström T (1955) Renal hypoplasia. A clinical study of 179 cases. Acta Chir Scand [Suppl] 203
Ekström T, Engfeldt B, Lagergren C, Lindvall N (1959) Medullary sponge kidney. Almqvist & Wicksell, Stockholm
Elkin M, Bernstein J (1969) Cystic disease of the kidney. Clin Radiol 20: 65
Ericsson NO, Ivemark BI (1958a) Renal dysplasia and urinary tract infection. Acta Chir Scand 115: 58
Ericsson NO, Ivemerk BI (1958b) Renal dysplasia and pyelonephritis in infants and children. 2. Primitive ductules and abnormal glomeruli. Arch Pathol 66: 264
Fairley KF, Leighton PW, Kincaid-Smith P (1963) Familial visual defects associated with polycystic kidney and medullary sponge kidney. Br Med J I: 1060
Fanconi G, Hanhart E, von Albertini A, Euhlinger R, Dohvo E, Prader A (1951) Die familiäre juvenile Nephronopthise. Helv Paediatr Acta 6: 1
Fantel AG, Shepard RH (1975) Potter syndrome: nonrenal features induced by oligoamnios. Am J Dis Child 129: 1346
Farrington GH (1969) Histologic observations in cryptorchidism: the congenital germinal-cell deficiency of the undescended testis. J Pediatr Surg 4: 606
Fetterman GH, Habib R (1969) Congenital bilateral oligonephronic renal hypoplasia with hypertrophy of nephrons (oligomeganephronie): studies by microdissection. Am J Clin Pathol 52: 199
Forsythe IW, Smyth BT (1959) Diverticulum of the bladder in children: a study of 13 cases. Pediatrics 24: 322
Germuth FG Jr, Rodriquez E (1972) Immunopathology of the renal glomerules: immune complex deposit and antibasement membrane disease. Little Brown, Boston
Glasgow EF, Moncrieff MW, White RHR (1970) Symptomless haematuria in childhood. Br Med J II: 687
Glen JF (1959) Agenesis of the bladder. JAMA 169: 2016
Habib R, Gubler MC (1971) Les lésions glomérulaires focales des syndromes néphrotiques idiopathiques de l’enfant: à propos de 49 observations, nephron 8: 382
Habib R, Gubler MC (1973) Focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis. In: Kincaid-Smith P, Mathew TH, Becker EL (eds) Glomerulonephritis. Wiley, New York, p 263
Habib R, Gubler MC (1975) Focal glomerulosclerosis, associated with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In: Rubin MI, Barrait TM (eds) Pediatric Nephrology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 499
Habib R, Kleinknecht C (1975) Membranous nephropathy (extramembranous glomerulonephritis). In: Rubin MI, Barrait TM (eds) Pediatric pathology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 515
Habib R, Mouzet Massa MT, Coutecuisse V, Royer P (1965) L’ectasie tubulaire précalicielle chex l’enfant. Ann Pediatr 12: 288
Heptinstall RH (1974a) Pyelonephritis: pathologic features. In: Pathology of the kidney, 2nd edn. Little Brown, Boston, p 878
Heptinstall RH (1974b) Pyelonephritis: pathologic features. In: Pathology of the kidney, 2nd edn. Little Brown, Boston p 913
Herdman RC, Langer LO (1968) The thoracic asphyxiant dystrophy and renal disease. Am J Dis Child 116: 192
Hill GS, Jenis EH, Goodloe S Jr (1974) The nonspecificity of the ultrastructural alterations in hereditary nephritis. Lab Invest 31: 516
Hilton C, Keehng JW (1973) Neonatal renal tumours. Br J Urol 46: 157
Hinglais N, Grünfeld J-P, Bois E (1972) Characteristic ultra-structural lesion of the glomerular basement membrane in progressive hereditary nephritis (Alport’s syndrome). Lab Invest 27: 473
Hodson CJ, Maling TMJ, McMamamon PJ, Lewis MG (1975) The pathogenesis of reflux nephropathy (chronic atrophic pyelonephritis). Br J Urol Suppl 13
Holdsworth SR, Thomason NM, Glasgow EF, Dowling JP, Atkins RC (1978) Tissue culture of isolated glomeruli in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 147: 98
Jennings RB, Earle DP (1961) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Histopathologic and clinical studies of the acute, subsiding acute and early chronic latent phases. J Clin Invest 40: 1525
Johnson HL, Mix LW (1976) The Ask-Upmark kidney: a form of ascending pyelonephritis? Br J Urol 48: 393
Jones DN, Risdon RA, Hayden K, Barratt TM, Crispin AR (1973) Juvenile nephronophthisis: clinical radiological and pathological correlationships. Pediatr Radiol 1: 164
Joshi W, Banerjee AK, Krishna Y, Pathak IC (1977) Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma. Cancer 40: 489
Kay S, Pratt CB, Salzberg AM (1966) Hamartoma (leiomyomatous type) of the kidney. Cancer 19: 1825
Kincaid-Smith P (1979) Glomerular lesions in atrophic pyelonephritis (PN). In: Hodson CJ, Kincaid-Smith P (eds) Reflux nephropathy. Masson, New York, p 268
Kissane JM (1973) Hereditary disorders of the kidney. II. In: Rosenberg HS, Bolande RP (eds) Perspectives in pediatric pathology, vol 1. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, p 117
Kleinman H (1954) Epidemic acute glomerulonephritis at Red Lake. Minn Med 37: 479
Knepshield JH, Roberts PL, Davies CJ, Moser RH (1968) Hereditary chronic nephritis complicated by nephrotic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 122: 156
Kohler HH (1940) Multiseptate bladder. J Urol 44: 63
Kouvalainen K, Hjelt L, Hallman N (1962) Placenta in congenital nephrotic syndrome. Ann Paediatr Fenn 8: 181
Krickstein HI, Gloor IJ, Blagk K (1966) Renal pathology in hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness and renal foam cells. Arch Pathol Lab Med 82: 506
Landing BH, Hughes ML (1962) Analysis of weights of kidneys in children. Lab Invest 11: 452
Lepoutre C (1939/40) Sur un cas d’absence congénital de la vessie (persistance du cloaque). J Urol Med Chir 48: 334
Lerner RA, Glassock RJ, Dixon FJ (1967) The role of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody in the pathogenesis of human glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 126: 989
Levy M, Loirat C, Haibb R (1973) Idopathic membranoproli-ferative glomerulonephritis in children (correlations between light, electron, immunofluorescent microscopic appearances and serum C3 and C3 levels). Biomedicine [Express] 19: 447
Lieberman E, Heuser E, Donnell GN, Landing B, Hammond GD (1969) Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical and pathological considerations. N Engl J Med 281: 833
Ljungqvist A, Largergren C (1963) The Ask-Upmark kidney: a congenital renal anomaly studied by micro-angiography and histology. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 56: 277
Marie J, Lévêque R, Lyon G, Bêbe M, Watchi J-M (1963) Acro-ostéolyse essentielle compliquée d’insuffisance rénale d’évolution fatale. Presse Med 71: 249
Marsden HB, Lawler W (1978) Bone metastasising renal tumour of childhood. Br J Cancer 38: 437
Marsden HB, Newton WA (1986) New look at mesoblastic nephroma. J Clin Pathol 39: 508
Marshall AG (1953) Persistence of foetal structures in pyelonephritic kidneys. Br J Surg 41: 38
Meadow SR (1975) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis—a rare disease. Arch Dis Child 50: 379
Miller HL (1948) Agenesis of the urinary bladder and urethra. J Urol 59: 1156
Mitchell JD, Baxter TJ, Blair-West JR, McCredie DA (1970) Renin levels in nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour). Report of a renin-secreting tumour. Arch Dis Child 45: 376
Moolten SE (1942) Hamartial nature of tuberous sclerosis complex and its bearing on the tumour problem: a report of a case with tumour anomaly of the kidney and adenoma sebaceum. Arch Intern Med 69: 589
Morris RC, Yamacuchi H, Pulubinskas AJ, Howenstein J (1965) Medullary sponge kidney. Am J Med 38: 883
Nagington J, Wreghitt TG, Gandy G, Roberton NRC, Berry PJ (1978) Fatal echo virus 11 infections in outbreak in special care baby unit. Lancet II: 725
Ngu JL, Barratt TM, Soothill JF (1970) Immunoconglutinin and complement changes in steroid-sensitive relapsing nephrotic syndrome of children. Clin Exp Immunol 6: 109
Olson DL, Anand SK, Landing BH, Heuser E, Grushkin CM, Lieberman E (1980) Diagnosis of hereditary nephritis by failure of glomeruli to bind antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies. J Pediatr 93: 767
Opitz JM, Howe JJ (1969) The Meckel syndrome (dysencephalia splanchnocystica, the Gruber syndrome). Birth Defects 5: 167
Osthanondh V, Potter EL (1963a) Development of human kidneys as shown by microdissection. I. Preparation of tissue with reasons for possible misinterpretation of observations. Arch Pathol 76: 271
Osthanondh V, Potter EL (1983b) Development of human kidneys as shown by microdissection. II. Renal pelvis, calyces and papillae. Arch Pathol 76: 277
Osthanondh V, Potter EL (1963c) Development of human kidneys as shown by microdissection. III. Formation and interrelationships of collecting tubules and nephrons. Arch Pathol 76: 290
Osthanondh V, Potter EL (1964) Pathologenesis of polycystic kidneys: historical survey; type 1 due to hyperplasia of interstitial portions of collecting tubules; type 2 due to inhibition of ampullary activity; type 3 due to multiple abnormalities of development; type 4 due to urethral obstruction; survey of results of microdissection. Arch Pathol 77: 459
Osthanondh V, Potter EL (1966a) Development of human kidneys as shown by microdissection. IV. Development of tubular portions of nephrons. Arch Pathol 82: 391
Osthanondh V, Potter EL (1966b) Development of human kidneys as shown by microdissection. V. Development of vascular glomerulus. Arch Pathol 82: 403
Palmer JM, Zweiman RG, Assay Keen TA (1970) Renal hypertension secondary to hydronephrosis with normal plasma renin activity. N Engl J Med 283: 1032
Pathak IG, Williams DI (1963) Multicystic and cystic dysplastic kidneys. Br J Urol 36: 318
Perkof TGT, Nugent CA Jr, Dolowitz DA, Stephens FE, Carnes WH, Tyler FH (1958) A follow-up study of hereditary chronic nephritis. Arch Intern Med 102: 733
Peters DK, Williams DG (1975) Pathogenic mechanisms in glomerulonephritis. In: Jones NF (ed) Recent advances in renal disease. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, p 90
Peters DK, Williams DG, Charlesworth JA, Boulton-Jones JM, Sissons JGP, Evans DJ, Kourilsky O, Morel-Maroger L (1973) Mesangiocapillary nephritis, partial lipodystrophy and hypocomplementaemia. Lancet II: 535
Piel CF, Phibbs RH (1966) The hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 13: 295
Potter EL (1946) Facial characteristics of infants with bilateral renal agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 51: 885
Powell T, Schackmann R, Johnson HD (1951) Multilocular cysts of the kidney. Br J Urol 23: 142
Poznanski AK, Nosanchuk JS, Baublis J, Holt JF (1970) The cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome (CHRS) (Zellweger’s syndrome). Am J Roentgenol 109: 313
Ransley PG (1978) Vesico-ureteric reflux: continuing surgical dilemma. Urology 12: 246
Ransley PG, Risdon RA (1975a) Renal papillary morphology and intrarenal reflux in the young pig. Urol Res 3: 105
Ransley PG, Risdon RA (1975b) Renal papillary morphology in infants and young children. Urol Res 3: 111
Ransley PG, Risdon RA (1978) Reflux and renal scarring. Br J Radiol Suppl 14
Reilly BJ, Neuhauser EBD (1960) Renal tubular ectasia in cystic disease of the kidney and liver. Am J Roentgenol 84: 546
Rich AR (1957) Hitherto undescribed vulnerability of juxtamedullary glomeruli in lipoid nephrosis. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 100: 173
Richart R, Benirschke K (1960) Penile agenesis: Report of a case, review of the world literature and discussion of pertinent embryology. Arch Pathol 70: 252
Risdon RA (1971a) Renal dysplasia. Part I: A clinicopathological study of 76 cases. J Clin Pathol 24: 57
Risdon RA (1971b) Renal dysplasia. Part II: A necropsy study of 41 cases. J Clin Pathol 24: 65
Risdon RA (1975) Gross anatomy of the kidney. In: Rubin MI, Barratt TM (eds) Pediatric nephrology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 2
Risdon RA, Young LW, Crispin AR (1975) Renal hypoplasia and dysplasia. A radiological and pathological correlation. Pediatr Radiol 3: 213
Robertson PW, Klidjian A, Harding LK, Walters G, Lee MR, Robb-Smith AHT (1967) Hypertension due to a renin-secreting tumour. Am J Med 43: 963
Rolleston GL, Maling TMJ, Hodson CJ (1974) Intrarenal reflux and the scarred kidney. Arch Dis Child 49: 531
Roosen-Runge EC (1949) Retardation of postnatal development of kidneys in persons with early cerebral lesions. Am J Dis Child 77: 185
Royer P, Habib R, Mathieu H, Courtevuisse V (1962) L’hypoplasie rénale bilatérale congénitale avec reduction du nombre et hypertrophie des néphrons chez l’enfant. Ann Pediatr 9: 1330
Royer P, Habib R, Broyer M, Nauaille Y (1971) Segmental hypoplasia of the kidney in children. In: Advances in nephrology, vol 1. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, p. 145
Rubenstein M, Meyer R, Bernstein J (1961) Congenital abonormalities of the urinary system. I. A postmortem survey of development anomalies and acquired congenital lesions in a children’s hospital. J Pediatr 58: 356
Schacht RG, Gluck MC, Gallo GR, Baldwin DS (1976) Progression to uremia after remission of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 295: 977
Schimke RN (1971) Hereditary renal-retinal dysplasia. Ann Intern Med 74: 47
Schimke RN King CR (1980) Hereditary urogenital adysplasia. Clin Genet 18: 417
Schorer CG (1956) Incidence of incomplete descent of the testicle at birth. Arch Dis Child 31: 198
Scott WW (1929) Blood stream infections in urology: a report of 82 cases. J Urol 21: 527
Scruggs CD, Ainsworth T (1961) Renal cell carcinoma in children: review of the literature and report of two cases. J Urol 86: 728
Shannon FT (1970) The significance and management of vesicoureteric reflux in infancy. In: Kincaid-Smith PE, Fairley KF (ed) Renal infection and renal scarring. Mercedes, Melbourne, p 241
Shapiro AH (1967) Pumping and retrograde diffusion in peristaltic waves. In: Glen JF (ed) Proceedings of a Workshop in Ureteral Reflux in Children. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, p 109
Shapiro LR (1982) Disorders of female sex differentiation. In: Blaustein A (ed) Pathology of the female genital tract, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 479
Sherman FE, Studnicki FM, Felterman GH (1971) Renal lesions of familial juvenile nephronophthisis examined by microdissection. Am J Clin Pathol 55: 391
Smith CH, Graham JB (1948) Congenital medullary cysts of the kidney in severe refractory anemia. Am J Dis Child 69: 369
Smith DR (1969) Critique on the concept of vesical neck obstruction in children. JAMA 207: 1686
Sohar E, Gatni J, Pras M, Heller H (1967) Familial mediterranean fever: a survey of 470 cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 43: 227
Soothill JF, Steward MV (1971) The immunopathological significance of the heterogeneity of antibody affinity. Clin Exp Immunol 9: 193
Spitzer RE, Vallota EH, Forristal J, Sudora E, Stitzel A, Davis NC, West CD (1969) Serum C3 lytic system in patients with glomerulonephritis. Science 164: 436
Stephens FD (1956) Double ureter in the child. Aust NZ J Surg 26: 81
Strauss MB, Sommers SC (1967) Medullary cystic disease and familial juvenile nephronophthisis. N Engl J Med 277: 863
Sworn MJ, Eisinger AJ (1972) Medullary cystic disease and juvenile nephronophthisis in separate members of the same family. Arch Dis Child 47: 278
Thorn G, Koepf GF, Clinton M Jr (1944) Renal failure simulating adrenocortical insufficiency. N Engl J Med 231: 76
Treser G, Semar M, Ty A, Sagel I, Franklin MA, Lange K (1970) Partial characterization of antigenic streptococcal plasma membrane components in acute glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 49: 762
Tuchman-Duplessis H, Haegel P (1974) In: Illustrated human embryology, vol 2. Organogenesis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 102
Turner DR (1978) Glomerulonephritis. In: Anthony PP, Woolf N (eds) Recent advances in histopathology, vol 10. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 245
Unanue ER, Dixon FJ (1967) Experimental glomerulonephritis: immunological events and pathogenic mechanisms. Adv Immunol 6: 1
Urizar RE, Schwartz A, Top F, Vernier RL (1969) The nephrotic syndrome in children with diabetes mellitus of recent origin. N Engl J Med 281: 173
Vernier RL, Papermaster BW, Olness K, Binet E, Good RA (1960) Morphologic studies of the mechanisms of proteinuria. Am J Dis Child 100: 476
Walker EW (1897) A floating kidney containing three dermoid cysts and several serous cysts: laparotomy; recovery. Trans Am Surg Assoc 15: 591
Wall B, Wachter HE (1952) Congenital ureteral valve. Its role as a primary obstructive lesion: classification of the literature and report of an authentic case. J Urol 68: 684
Waller JF, Roll WA (1957) Bladder carcinoma in a teen-age girl. J Urol 78: 764
Warkany J (1971) Congenital malformations. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago
Warkany J, Passarge E, Smith LB (1966) Congenital malformations in autosomal trisomy syndromes. Am J Dis Child 112: 502
Wattenberg CA, Rape MG, Beare JB (1949) Perineal testicle. J Urol 62: 858
West CD, McAdams AJ, McConville JM, Davies MC, Holland NH (1965) Hypocomplementemic and normocomplementemic persistent (chronic) glomerulonephritis: clinical and pathological characteristics. J Pediatr 67: 1089
Westberg NG, Michael AF (1972) Immunohistopathology of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Diabetes 21: 163
Whitaker RG (1976) Congenital disorders of the testicle. In: Blandy J (ed) Urology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, p 1157
White P (1956) Natural course and prognosis of juvenile diabetes. Diabetes 5: 445
White RHR, Glasgow EF, Mills RJ (1970) Clinicopathological study of nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet II: 1353
White RR, Wyatt GM (1942) Surgical importance of the aberrant renal vessel in infants and children. Am J Surg 58: 48
Wigger HJ, Blanc WA (1977) The prune belly syndrome. Pathol Annu 12(1): 17
Williams DI (1962) Reflux in double ureters. Proc R Soc Med 55: 423
Williams DI (1968) Renal dysplasia. In: Williams DI (ed) Paediatric urology. Butterworths, London, p 36
Williams DI, Burkholder GF (1967) The prune belly syndrome. J Urol 98: 244
Williams DI, Schistad G (1961) Lower urinary tract tumours in children. Br J Urol 36: 51
Winkelman J (1967) Coexistent megacolon and megaureter: report of a case with normal vesical autonomic innervation. Pediatrics 39: 258
Young HH, McKay RW (1929) Congenital valvular obstruction of the prostatic urethra. Surg Gynecol Obstet 48: 509
Zinner SH, Levy PS, Kass EH (1971) Familial aggregation of blood pressure in childhood. N Engl J Med 284: 401
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Risdon, R.A. (1989). Diseases of the Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract. In: Berry, C.L. (eds) Paediatric Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3337-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3337-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3339-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3337-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive