Abstract
At present, the lungs are affected more commonly in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) than any other organ system (Hope and Luce 1985; Murray et al. 1984, 1987; Murray and Mills 1990). Furthermore one respiratory illness alone, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), will occur in 75% of patients who are antibody positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-positive) at some point in their disease without prophylactic treatment and still accounts for up to 50% of initial presentations of AIDS.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Advisory committee for the elimination of tuberculosis (1989) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. MMWR 38: 236–238, 243–250
Agnostini C, Trentin L, Zamballo, Semenzato G (1993) HIV-1 and the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 147: 1038–49
Allegra CJ, Chabner BA, Tuuazon CU et al. (1987) Trimetrexate for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. NEJM 317: 978–985
Allen JR, Currann JW (1985) Epidemiology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Gallin JI, Fauci AS (eds.) Advances in host defence mechanism, Vol 5. Raven Press, New York, pp 1–17
American Thoracic Society/Centres for Disease Control (1987) Mycobacterioses and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dir 138: 492–496
Autran B, Mayaud B, Guillon JM et al. (1988) Evidence for a cytotoxic T lymphocyte alveolitis in human immunodeficiency-virus infected patients. AIDS 24: 179–183
Barta K (1969) Complement fixation test for Pneumocystis. Ann Intern Med 70: 235
Bigby T, Margolskee D, Curtis J et al. (1986) The usefulness of direct sputum in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 133: 515–518
Black JR, Feinberg J, Murphy RL (1994) Clindamycin and primaquine therapy for mild to moderate episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS: AIDS clinical trials group 044. Clin Infect Dis 18: 905–913
Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J et al. (1990) A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 323: 1351–1457
Byberg IC, Lund JT, Hording M (1988) Effect of folic and folinic acid on cytopenia occurring during cotrimoxazole treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 20: 685–686.
Cameron W et al. (1992) Rifabutin therapy for the prevention of M avium complex (MAC) bacteraemia in patients with AIDS and CD4 200.VIII Intl Conf AIDS, Amsterdam, abstract WeB 1052
Centers for Disease Control (1986) Tuberculosis United States, 1985 and the possible impact of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection. MMWR 36: 385–389
Centers for Disease Control (1992) 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 41 (RR-11): 1–19
Chak L et al. (1988) Radiation therapy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 6: 863–867
Chaisson RE, Hopewell PC (1989) Mycobacteria and AIDS mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 1–3
Chaisson RE, Moore RD, Richman DD et al. (1992) Incidence and natural history of Mycobacterium Avium-complex in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated with zidovudine. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 285–289
Chaisson RE, Schecter GF, Theur CP et al. (1987) Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 136: 570–574
Chayt KS, Harper ME, Marselle LM et al. (1986) Detection of HTLV III RNA in lungs of patients with AIDS and pulmonary involvement 256: 2356–2359
Chew T et al. (1992) A phase II clinical trial of VS103 (liposomal daunorubicin). VIII Intl Conf AIDS, Amsterdam, abstract PoB 3106
Clarke JR, Fleming J, Donegan K et al. (1991) Effect of HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus in bronchoalveolar lavage cells on the transfer factor for lung carbon monoxide in AIDS patients. AIDS 5: 1333–1338
Coker RJ, Nieman R, McBride M et al. (1992) Cotrimoxazole versus dapsone-pyrimethamine for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 330: 1099
Coleman DL, Hattner RS, Luce JA, Dodek PM, Golden JA, Murray JF (1984) Correlation between gallium lung scans and fibreoptic bronchoscopy in patients with suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 130: 1166–1169
Coleman DL, Dodek PM, Golden JA (1984) Correlation between serial pulmonary function tests and fibreoptic bronchoscopy in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 129: 491–493.
Collaborative DHPG study group (1986) Treatment of serious cytomegalovirus infection with 9-(l,3- dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine in patients with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies. N Engl J Med 314: 801–805
De Lorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Mcguire GP, Stone DJ (1987) Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest 91: 323–327
Denison DM, Cramer DS, Hanson PJV (1989) Lung function testing and AIDS. Respir Med 83: 133–138
Dormann L et al. (1992) Liposomal-encapsulated cytotoxic agent daunorubicin (LD) versus conventional three drug chemotherapy (cc) in AIDS patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma - preliminary results. Third European conference on clinical aspects and treatment of HIV Infection, Paris: abstract 09
Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Santi DV, Elwood HJ, Sogun ML (1988) Ribosomal RNA sequences show Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 334: 519 - 522
El-Sadr W, Simberkoff MS (1988) Survival and prognostic factors in severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Resp Dis 137: 1264–1267
Engelberg LA, Lerner CW, Tapper ML (1984) Clinical features of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 130: 689 - 694
Fischol MA (1988) Treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS 2 (Suppl 1): S143–150
Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, La Voie L (1988) Safety and efficacy of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. JAMA 259: 1185–1189
Fitzgerald W, Bevalaqua FA, Garay SM, Aranda CP (1987) The role of open lung biopsy in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 135: 422–425
Girard PM, Gaudebout C, Lepetre A et al. (1989) Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by pentamadine aerosol in zidovudine-treated AIDS patients. Lancet i: 1348–1352
Girard PM, Landman R, Gaudebout C et al. (1993) Dapsone-pyrimethamine compared with aerosolised pentamadine as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in HIV infection. N Engl J Med 328: 1514–1520
Golden JA, Sjoerdsma A, Santi DV (1984) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated with adifluromethylornithine: a prospective study among patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. West J Med 141: 612–623
Goodman JL, Tashki DP (1983) Pneumocystis with normal chest x-ray film and arterial oxygen tension. Early diagnosis in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 81: 11–18
Goodman PC, Broaddus VC, Hopewell PC (1984) Chest radiographic patterns in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 130: 689–694
Gordin FM, Simon GL, Wofsy CB et al. (1984) Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 100: 495–499
Gordin FM et al. (1992) Rifabutin monotherapy prevents or delays Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteraemia in patients with AIDS. VIII Intl Conf AIDS, Amsterdam, abstract PoB 3172
Gottlieb MS, Knight S, Mitsiyasu R, Weisman J, Roth M, Young LS (1984) Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis infection in AIDS with pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine. Lancet i: 388–389
Grieco MH, Chinoy-Acharya P (1985) Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 131: 952–955
Grundy JE, Shenley JD, Griffiths PD (1987) Is cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonitis in transplant patients an immunopathologic condition. Lancet ii: 996–998
Hanson PJV, Harcourt-Webster JN, Gazzard BG, Collins JV (1987) Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma. Thorax 42: 269–271
Hardy WD, Feinberg J, Finkelstein DM et al. (1992) A controlled trial of trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole or aerosolised pentamadine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 327: 1842–1848
Hartman TE, Primack SL, Muller NL, Staples CA (1994) Diagnosis of thoracic complications in AIDS; accuracy of CT. AJR 162: 547–553
Hattner RS, Solitto RA, Golden JA, Coleman DL, Okerland MD (1984) Sensitivity and specificity of Ga-67 pulmonary scans for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pulmonary symptoms J Nucl Med 25: 43
Hawkins CC, Gold JWM, Whimbey E et al. (1986) Mycobacterium avium complex infections with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 105: 184–188
Helbert M, Robinson D, Buchanan D et al. (1990) Mycobacterial infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Thorax 45: 45–48
Hirsch MS (1992) The treatment of cytomegalovirus in AIDS - more than meets the eye. N Engl J Med 326: 264–266
Hirsch MS, Wormser GP, Schooley RT et al. (1985) Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HLTV-111). N Engl J Med 312: 1–4
Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, Flynn T, Rota TR, Hirsch MS (1985) Frequency of isolation of HTLV-III from saliva in AIDS. N Engl J Med 313: 1606
Hopewell PC, Luce JM (1985) Pulmonary involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Chest 87: 104–112
Horsburgh CR Jr, Selik RM (1989) The epidemiology of disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 4–7
Hughes WT, Gray VL, Gutteridge WE, Latter VS, Pudney M (1990) Efficacy of a hydroxynaph- thaquone, 566C80, in experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 225–228
Hughes W, Leoung G, Kramer F et al. (1993) Comparison of atavaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med 328: 1521–527
Jacobson MA (1988) Mycobacterial disease: tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2: 465–474
Jeffrey AA, Israel-Biet D, Andrieu JM et al. (1991) HIV isolation from pulmonary cell derived from bronchoalveolar lavage. Clin Exp Immunol 85: 488–492
Joint Tuberculous Committee of the British Thoracic Society (1992) Guidelines on the management of tuberculosis and HIV in the United Kingdom. Br Med J 304: 1231–1233
Kesten S, Rebuck AS (1988) Continuous positive airways pressure in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet ii: 1414–1415
Klein N, Duncanson FP, Lenox TH et al. (1992) Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole versus pentamadine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: results of a large prospective randomised trial. AIDS 6: 301–305
Kovacs JA, Ng VL, Masur H et al. (1988) Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 318: 589–593
Kramer EL, Sanger JJ, Garay SM (1987) Gallium-67 scans of the chest in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Nucl Med 28: 1107–1114
Krown SE (1988) AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma; pathogenesis, clinical course and treatment. AIDS 242: 426–430
Kvale PA, Rosen MJ, Hopewell PC et al. (1993) A decline in the pulmonary diffusing capacity does not indicate opportunistic lung disease in asymptomatic persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 148: 390–395
Leoung GS, Feigal DW Jr, Montgomery AB et al. (1990) Aerosolised pentamadine for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia - the San Francisco Community prophylaxis trial. N Engl J Med 323: 769–775
Luce JM, Wächter RM, Hopewell PC (1988) Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: time for a reassessment? Am Rev Resp Dis 137: 1261–1263
Magenat J-L, Nicod LP, Auckenthaler R, Junod AF (1991) Mode of presentation and diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 144: 917–922
Masur H, Ognibene FP, Yarchoan R et al. (1989) CD4 counts as predictors of the opportunistic pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 111: 223–231
Masur H, Meier P, McCutchen JA et al. (1990) Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP) in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 323: 1500–1514
Mayoud CM, Cadranel J (1993) HIV in the lung: guilty or not guilty? Thorax 48: 1191–1195
Medina I, Mills J, Leoung G et al. (1990) Oral therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A controlled trial of Trimethoprim-Sulphamoxazole versus trimethoprim-dapsone. New Engl J Med 323: 776–782
Meduri GU, Stover DE, Lee M et al. (1986) Pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma in the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 81: 11–18
Meinert CL et al. (1992) Mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with either foscarnet or gancyclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. New Engl J Med 326: 213–220
Meyer JL (1993) Whole lung irradiation for Kaposi’s sarcoma. Am J Clin Oncol 16: 372–376
Millar AB, Patou G, Miller RF et al. (1990) Cytomegalovirus in the lungs of patients with AIDS: respiratory passenger or pathogen? Am Rev Resp Dis 145: 1474–1477
Millar AB, Mitchell DM (1990) Non-invasive investigation of pulmonary disease in patients positive for the human immunodeficiency virus. Thorax 45: 57–61
Miller RF, Semple SJG (1991) Continuous positive airway pressure ventilation for respiratory failure associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Respir Med 65: 133–138
Miller RF, Godfrey-Fausett P, Semple SJG et al. (1989) Nebulised pentamadine as treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Thorax 44: 565–569
Miller RF, Foley NM, Kessel D, Jeffrey A A (1994) Community acquired lobar pneumonia in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. Thorax 49: 367–368
Milligan SA, Stulbarg MS, Gamsu G, Golden JA (1985) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia radiographically simulating tuberculosis. Am Rev Resp Dis 132: 1124–1126
Mills J, Leoung G, Medina I et al. (1988) Dapsone treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32: 1057–1060
Mitchell DM, Fleming J, Pinching AJ et al. (1992) Pulmonary function in human immunodeficiency virus infection. A prospective 18-month study of serial lung function in 474 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 146: 745–751
Montaner JSG et al. (1991) Aerosol pentamadine for secondary prophylaxis of AIDS-related PCP. A randomised placebo-controlled study. Ann Int Med 114: 948–953
Montgomery AB, Luce JM, Turner J et al. (1987) Aerosolised pentamadine as sole therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet ii: 480–483
Murphy RL et al. (1991) Aerosol pentamadine prophylaxis following PCP in AIDS patients: results of a double blind dose-comparison using an ultrasonic nebuliser. Am J Med 90: 418–426
Murray JF (1989) The white plague: down and out or up and coming? Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 1788–1795
Murray JF, Mills J (1990) Pulmonary infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Part I and II. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 1356–72, 1582–1598
Murray JF, Felton CP, Garay SM et al. (1984) Pulmonary complications of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a report of a National Heart, Lung and Blood Workshop. N Engl J Med 310: 1682–1688
Murray JF, Felton CP, Garay S et al. (1987) Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an update. Am Rev Resp Dis 135: 504–509
Naidich DP, Garay SM, Lutman BS, McCauley DI (1987) Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Semin Roentgenol 22: 14–30
Naidich DP, McGuiness G (1991) Pulmonary manifestations of AIDS: CT and radiographic correlations. Radiol Clin N Amer 29: 999–1017
Nieman RB, Fleming J, Coker RJ, Harris JRW, Mitchell DM (1993) Reduced carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) in human immunodeficiency virus type I ( HIV-I) infection as a predictor for faster progression to AIDS. Thorax 48: 481–485
O’Doherty MJ, Page CJ, Bradbeer CS et al. (1989) The place of 99mTc DTPA aerosol transfer in the investigation of lung infections in HIV-positive patients. Respir Med 5: 395–401
O’Doherty MJ, Thomas S, Page C et al. (1990) Pulmonary deposition of nebulised pentamadine isethionate: effect of nebuliser type, dose and volume of fill. Thorax 45: 460–464
O’Doherty MJ, Nunan TO (1993) Nuclear medicine and AIDS. Nucl Med Commun 14: 830–848
Ognibene FP, Steis RG, Macher AM et al. (1985) Kaposi’s sarcoma causing pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 102: 471–475
Ognibene F, Masyr A, Rogers P (1988) Non-specific interstitial pneumonitis without Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 109: 874–879
Orenstein M, Weber CA, Cash M, Heurich AE (1986) Value of broncho-alveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary infection in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Thorax 41: 345–349
Overland ES, Nolan A J, Hopewell PC (1980) Alteration of pulmonary function in intravenous drug abusers: prevalence, severity and characterisation of gas exchange abnormalities. Am J Med 68: 231–237
Pifer LL, Hughes WT, Stagno S et al. (1978) Pneumocystis carinii infection: evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunocompromised children. Paediatrics 61: 35–41
Pillay D, Lipman MIC, Lee CA et al. (1993) A clinico-pathological audit of opportunistic viral infections in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 7: 968–974
Pitchenik AE, Ganjei P, Torres A et al. (1986) Sputum examination for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 133: 515–518
Pitkin AD, Grant AD, Foley NM et al. (1993) Changing patterns of respiratory disease in HIV positive patients in a referral centre in the United Kingdom between 1986–7 and 1990-1. Thorax 48: 204–207
Polsky B, Gold JWM, Whimbey E et al. (1986) Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 104: 38–41
Rosso J, Picard C, Mayard C, Revuz J, Meignan M (1986) Comparison of 99 m TC DTPA aerosol and gallium scans in early detection of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Nucl Med 27: 951
Ruskin J, LaRiviere M (1991) Low dose cotrimoxazole for prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Lancet 337: 468–471
Sands M, Kron MA, Brown RB (1985) Pentamadine. A review. Rev Infect Dis 7: 625–637
Sattler FR, Frame P, Davis R et al. (1993) Trimetrexate with leucoverin versus trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole for moderate to severe episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS: a prospective, controlled multicentre investigation of the AIDS clinical trials group protocol 029/031. J Infect Dis 170: 165–172
Schneider MME, Hoepelman AIM, Efftink Shattenkerk JKM et al. (1992) A controlled trial of aerosolised pentamadine or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 327: 1826–1841
Selwyn PA, Härtel D, Lewis VA et al. (1989) A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 320: 545–550
Shaw RJ, Roussak C, Forster SM, Harris JW, Pinching AJ, Mitchell DM (1988) Lung function abnormalities in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with and without overt pneumonitis. Thorax 43: 436–440
Simmons JT, Suffredini AF, Lack EE et al. (1987) nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in patients with SIDS: radiologic features. AJR 149: 265–268
Small PM et al. (1991) Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. New Engl J Med 324: 289–294
Smith DE, McLuckie A, Wyatt J, Gazzard B (1988) Severe exercise hypoxaemia with normal or near normal x-rays: a feature of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Lancet ii: 1049–1051
Smith D, Davies S, Nelson M et al. (1990) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated with eflornithine in AIDS patients resistant to conventional therapy. AIDS 4: 1019–1021
Smith RL, Ripps CS, Lewis ML (1988) Elevated lactate dehydrogenase values in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 93: 987–992
Solal-Celigny P, Coudere LJ, Herman D et al. (1985) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. Am Rev Resp Dis 131: 956–960
Squire SB, Lipman MCI, Bagdades EK et al. (1992) Severe cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in HIV infected patients with higher than average CD4 counts. Thorax 47: 301–304
Staikowsky F, Lafon B, Guidet B, Denis M, Mayaud C, Offenstadt G (1993) Mechanical ventilation for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: is the prognosis really improved? Chest 104: 756–762
Stern RG, Gamsu G, Golden JA (1984) Intrathoracic adenopathy: differential features of AIDS and diffuse lymphadenopathy syndrome. AJR 142: 689–692
Stover DE, White DA, Romano PA et al. (1985) Spectrum of pulmonary disease associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 78: 429–437
Stover DE, Greeno RA, Gagliardi AJ (1989) The use of a simple exercise test for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Am Rev Resp Dis 139: 1343–1346
Stover DE, White DA, Roomano PA, Gellene RA (1984) Diagnosis of pulmonary disease in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Role of bronchoscopy and broncho-alveolar lavage. Am Rev Resp Dis 131: 659–662
Suffredini AF, Ognibene FP, Lack EE et al. (1987) Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis. A common cause of pulmonary disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 107: 7–13
Suster B, Ackerman M, Orenstein M, Wax MR (1986) Pulmonary manifestation of AIDS: review of 106 episodes. Radiology 161: 87–93
Tanabe K, Fuchimoto M, Egawa K et al. (1988) Use of Pneumocystis carinii genomic DNA clones for hybridisation analysis of infected human lungs. J Infect Dis 157: 593–596
Thuer CP, Chaisson RE, Sheckter GF, Hopewell PC (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus infection in tuberculosis patients in San Francisco. Am Rev Respir Dis 137: 121 (abstract)
Toma E, Fournier S, Poisson M et al. (1989) Clindamycin with primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet i: 1046–1048
Wakefield AE, Guiver L, Miller RF, Hopkin JM (1991) DNA amplification on induced sputum samples for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 337: 1378–1379
Wakefield AE, Peters SE, Baberji S et al. (1992) Pneumocystis carinii shows DNA homology with the ustomycetous red yeast fungi. Mol Microbiol 6: 1903–1911
Wallace JM, Hannah JB (1988) Pulmonary disease at autopsy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. West Med J 149: 167–171
Wallace JM, Rao AV, Glassroth et al. (1993) Respiratory illness in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 148: 1523–1529
Walzer PD (1988) Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Infect Dis 157: 629–632
Walzer PD, Cuslion MT, Juranek D et al. (1987) Serology and Pneumocystis carinii. Chest 91: 935
Warren JB, Shaw RJ, Weber JN, Holt DA, Keel EE, Pinching AJ (1985) Role of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in management of pneumonia in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Br Med J 291: 1012–1013
Watson JM, Fern KJ, Porter JDH, Whitmore SE (1991) Notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1982–1989. Communicable Diseases Report 1: R13 - 16
Watson JM, Meredith SK, Whitmore-Overton E, Bannister B, Darbyshire JH (1993) Tuberculosis and HIV: estimates of the overlap in England and Wales. Thorax 48: 199–203
Webster A et al. (1989) CMV infection and progression towards AIDS in patients with HIV infection. Lancet i: 63–66
Wharton M, Coleman DL, Wofsy C et al. (1986) Prospective randomised trial of trimethoprim- sulphamethoxole versus pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 105: 37–44
Youle M, Chanas A, Gazzard B (1990) Treatment with foscarnet of presumed CMV pneumonitis in patients with AIDS; a double-blind controlled study. J Infect 20: 41–50
Young LS (1987) Antigen detection in Pneumocystis carinii infection. Serodiagnosis Immunotherapy 1: 163–167
Zaman MK, Wooten OJ, Supra Manya B et al. (1988) Rapid non-invasive diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii from induced liquefied sputum. Ann Intern Med 109: 7–10
Zaman MK, White DA (1988) Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Diagnostic and prognostic significance. Am Rev Resp Dis 137: 796–800
Ziegler JL, Beckstead JA, Volberding PA et al. (1984) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 90 homosexual men. Relation to generalized lymphadenopathy and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 311: 565–570
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Millar, A. (1996). Respiratory Problems of HIV Infection and AIDS. In: Millar, A. (eds) Medical Management of HIV and AIDS. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3046-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3046-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3048-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3046-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive