Abstract
The field of nuclear medicine exploits the properties of unstable, radioactive nuclei. The stability of a nucleus is dependent upon the relative number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus. Nuclei with too many neutrons or protons are unstable and decay to a stable state with the emission of radioactive energy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gomez P, et al. Radionuclide bone scintigraphy in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: when is it indicated? BJU Int. 2004;94(3):299–302.
Han M, et al. Biochemical (prostate specific antigen) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2003;169(2):517–23.
Heidenreich A, et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically localised disease. Eur Urol. 2011;59:61–71. Epub 2010 Oct 28.
Even-Sapir E, et al. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(2):287–97.
Choueiri MB, et al. The central role of osteoblasts in the metastasis of prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006;25(4):601–9.
Scott LJ, et al. Interactions of human prostatic epithelial cells with bone marrow endothelium: binding and invasion. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(10):1417–23.
Beheshti M, Langsteger W, Fogelman I. Prostate cancer: role of SPECT and PET in imaging bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39(6):396–407.
Goya M, et al. Prostate-specific antigen induces apoptosis of osteoclast precursors: potential role in osteoblastic bone metastases of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2006;66(15):1573–84.
Mease RC. Radionuclide based imaging of prostate cancer. Curr Top Med Chem. 2010;10(16):1600–16.
Cook GJR. Clinical nuclear medicine. 4th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2006. p. xxi. 915 p., [64] p. of plates.
Schmid H, Oberpenning F, Pummer K. Diagnosis and staging of prostatic carcinoma: what is really necessary? Urol Int. 1999;63(1):57–61.
Kattan MW, et al. A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(10):766–71.
Miller PD, Eardley I, Kirby RS. Prostate specific antigen and bone scan correlation in the staging and monitoring of patients with prostatic cancer. Br J Urol. 1992;70(3):295–8.
Cher ML, et al. Limited role of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in patients with prostate specific antigen elevations after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1998;160(4):1387–91.
Oesterling JE, et al. The use of prostate-specific antigen in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. JAMA. 1993;269(1):57–60.
Lin K, et al. The value of a baseline bone scan in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 1999;24(8):579–82.
Abuzallouf S, Dayes I, Lukka H. Baseline staging of newly diagnosed prostate cancer: a summary of the literature. J Urol. 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2122–7.
Dotan ZA, et al. Pattern of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure dictates the probability of a positive bone scan in patients with an increasing PSA after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):1962–8.
Oyen WJ, Witjes JA, Corstens FH. Nuclear medicine techniques for the diagnosis and therapy of prostate carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2001;40(3):294–9.
Imbriaco M, et al. A new parameter for measuring metastatic bone involvement by prostate cancer: the bone scan index. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4(7):1765–72.
Tumeh SS, Beadle G, Kaplan WD. Clinical significance of solitary rib lesions in patients with extraskeletal malignancy. J Nucl Med. 1985;26(10):1140–3.
Jacobson AF, et al. Bone scans with one or two new abnormalities in cancer patients with no known metastases: frequency and serial scintigraphic behavior of benign and malignant lesions. Radiology. 1990;175(1):229–32.
Apolo AB, Pandit-Taskar N, Morris MJ. Novel tracers and their development for the imaging of metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49(12):2031–41.
Constable AR, Cranage RW. Recognition of the superscan in prostatic bone scintigraphy. Br J Radiol. 1981;54(638):122–5.
Cook GJ, Fogelman I. The role of nuclear medicine in monitoring treatment in skeletal malignancy. Semin Nucl Med. 2001;31(3):206–11.
Gates GF. SPECT bone scanning of the spine. Semin Nucl Med. 1998;28(1):78–94.
Ghanem N, et al. Diagnostic value of MRI in comparison to scintigraphy, PET, MS-CT and PET/CT for the detection of metastases of bone. Eur J Radiol. 2005;55(1):41–55.
Han LJ, et al. Comparison of bone single-photon emission tomography and planar imaging in the detection of vertebral metastases in patients with back pain. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25(6):635–8.
Savelli G, et al. The role of bone SPET study in diagnosis of single vertebral metastases. Anticancer Res. 2000;20(2B):115–20.
Savelli G, et al. Bone scintigraphy and the added value of SPECT (single photon emission tomography) in detecting skeletal lesions. Q J Nucl Med. 2001;45(1):27–37.
Texter Jr JH, Neal CE. The role of monoclonal antibody in the management of prostate adenocarcinoma. J Urol. 1998;160(6 Pt 2):2393–5.
Hinkle GH, et al. Multicenter radioimmunoscintigraphic evaluation of patients with prostate carcinoma using indium-111 capromab pendetide. Cancer. 1998;83(4):739–47.
Jadvar H, Parker JA. Clinical PET and PET/CT. London: Springer; 2005. p. x. 279 p.
Jadvar H. FDG PET in prostate cancer. PET Clin. 2009;4(2):155–61.
Hricak H, et al. Imaging prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary perspective. Radiology. 2007;243(1):28–53.
Kao PF, Chou YH, Lai CW. Diffuse FDG uptake in acute prostatitis. Clin Nucl Med. 2008;33(4):308–10.
Shreve PD, et al. Metastatic prostate cancer: initial findings of PET with 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose. Radiology. 1996;199(3):751–6.
Pouliot F, Johnson M, Wu L. Non-invasive molecular imaging of prostate cancer lymph node metastasis. Trends Mol Med. 2009;15(6):254–62.
Ryzhkova DV, et al. Positron emission tomography with 18-fluorine deoxyglucose in the diagnosis and assessment of prostate cancer. Vopr Onkol. 2008;54(4):512–5.
Bouchelouche K, et al. PET/CT imaging and radioimmunotherapy of prostate cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 2011;41(1):29–44.
Jadvar H, et al. [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT of the normal prostate gland. Ann Nucl Med. 2008;22(9):787–93.
Hofer C, et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is useless for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 1999;36(1):31–5.
Han EJ, et al. Significance of incidental focal uptake in prostate on 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography CT images. Br J Radiol. 2010;83(995):915–20.
Monet A, Merino B, Lupo R. Interesting image. Incidental diagnosis of prostate cancer by F-18 FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2010;35(1):34–5.
Hung GU, et al. Synchronous prostate cancer incidentally detected by FDG-PET/CT in staging a patient with newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2009;34(12):962–3.
Jana S, Blaufox MD. Nuclear medicine studies of the prostate, testes, and bladder. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36(1):51–72.
Oyama N, et al. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in diagnosis of untreated prostate cancer. Nippon Rinsho. 1998;56(8):2052–5.
Oyama N, et al. Prognostic value of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography imaging for patients with prostate cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2002;4(1):99–104.
Kanamaru H, et al. Evaluation of prostate cancer using FDG-PET. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2000;46(11):851–3.
Sung J, et al. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in the diagnosis and staging of clinically advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2003;92(1):24–7.
Meirelles GS, et al. Prognostic value of baseline [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and 99mTc-MDP bone scan in progressing metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(24):6093–9.
Fogelman I, et al. Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med. 2005;35(2):135–42.
Tiwari BP, et al. Complimentary role of FDG-PET imaging and skeletal scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients of prostate carcinoma. Indian J Cancer. 2010;47(4):385–90.
Jadvar H, Pinski JK, Conti PS. FDG PET in suspected recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. Oncol Rep. 2003;10(5):1485–8.
Morris MJ, et al. Fluorinated deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 2002;59(6):913–8.
Daly PF, Cohen JS. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tumors and potential in vivo clinical applications: a review. Cancer Res. 1989;49(4):770–9.
Narayan P, et al. Characterization of prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostates using transrectal 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a preliminary report. J Urol. 1991;146(1):66–74.
Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H. PET imaging of prostate cancer using carbon-11-choline. J Nucl Med. 1998;39(6):990–5.
Podo F. Tumour phospholipid metabolism. NMR Biomed. 1999;12(7):413–39.
Breeuwsma AJ, et al. In vivo uptake of [11C]choline does not correlate with cell proliferation in human prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32(6):668–73.
Zheng QH, Gardner TA, Raikwar S, et al. [11C]choline as a PET biomarker for assessment of prostate cancer tumor models. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004;12(11):2887–93.
Picchio M, et al. Value of [11C]choline-positron emission tomography for re-staging prostate cancer: a comparison with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. J Urol. 2003;169(4):1337–40.
de Jong IJ, et al. Preoperative staging of pelvic lymph nodes in prostate cancer by 11C-choline PET. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(3):331–5.
Kotzerke J, et al. Experience with carbon-11 choline positron emission tomography in prostate carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27(9):1415–9.
Yamaguchi T, et al. Prostate cancer: a comparative study of 11C-choline PET and MR imaging combined with proton MR spectroscopy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32(7):742–8.
Reske SN, et al. Imaging prostate cancer with 11C-choline PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(8):1249–54.
Krause BJ, et al. The detection rate of [11C]choline-PET/CT depends on the serum PSA-value in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(1):18–23.
Giovacchini G, et al. Predictive factors of [(11)C]choline PET/CT in patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(2):301–9.
Reske SN, Blumstein NM, Glatting G. [11C]choline PET/CT imaging in occult local relapse of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(1):9–17.
Rinnab L, et al. Evaluation of [11C]-choline positron-emission/computed tomography in patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen levels after primary treatment for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2007;100(4):786–93.
Scattoni V, et al. Detection of lymph-node metastases with integrated [11C]choline PET/CT in patients with PSA failure after radical retropubic prostatectomy: results confirmed by open pelvic-retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;52(2):423–9.
Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H. Development of (18)F-fluoroethylcholine for cancer imaging with PET: synthesis, biochemistry, and prostate cancer imaging. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(2):187–99.
DeGrado TR, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of (18)F-labeled choline analogs as oncologic PET tracers. J Nucl Med. 2001;42(12):1805–14.
Schillaci O, et al. 18F-Choline PET/CT physiological distribution and pitfalls in image interpretation: experience in 80 patients with prostate cancer. Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31(1):39–45.
Pelosi E, et al. Role of whole-body 18F-choline PET/CT in disease detection in patients with biochemical relapse after radical treatment for prostate cancer. Radiol Med. 2008;113(6):895–904.
Cimitan M, et al. [18F]Fluorocholine PET/CT imaging for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer at PSA relapse: experience in 100 consecutive patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33(12):1387–98.
Reske SN. [11C]choline uptake with PET/CT for the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer: relation to PSA levels, tumour stage and anti-androgenic therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(9):1740–1.
Yoshimoto M, et al. Characterization of acetate metabolism in tumor cells in relation to cell proliferation: acetate metabolism in tumor cells. Nucl Med Biol. 2001;28(2):117–22.
Vavere AL, et al. 1-11C-acetate as a PET radiopharmaceutical for imaging fatty acid synthase expression in prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49(2):327–34.
Pflug BR, et al. Increased fatty acid synthase expression and activity during progression of prostate cancer in the TRAMP model. Prostate. 2003;57(3):245–54.
Oyama N, et al. 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(2):181–6.
Kotzerke J, et al. Carbon-11 acetate positron emission tomography can detect local recurrence of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(10):1380–4.
Sandblom G, et al. Positron emission tomography with C11-acetate for tumor detection and localization in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2006;67(5):996–1000.
Oyama N, et al. 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer: detection of recurrent disease at PSA relapse. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(4):549–55.
Matthies A, et al. Imaging of prostate cancer metastases with 18F-fluoroacetate using PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(5):797.
Oka S, et al. A preliminary study of anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid for the detection of prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(1):46–55.
Martarello L, et al. Synthesis of syn- and anti-1-amino-3-[18F] fluoromethyl-cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (FMACBC), potential PET ligands for tumor detection. J Med Chem. 2002;45(11):2250–9.
Schuster DM, et al. Initial experience with the radiotracer anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-[ 18F]FACBC) with PET in renal carcinoma. Mol Imaging Biol. 2009;11(6):434–8.
Nunez R, et al. Combined 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine PET scans in patients with newly progressive metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(1):46–55.
Miyazawa H, et al. PET imaging of non-small-cell lung carcinoma with carbon-11-methionine: relationship between radioactivity uptake and flow-cytometric parameters. J Nucl Med. 1993;34(11):1886–91.
Dehdashti F, et al. Positron tomographic assessment of androgen receptors in prostatic carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32(3):344–50.
Larson SM, et al. Tumor localization of 16{beta}-18F-fluoro-5{alpha}-dihydrotestosterone versus 18F-FDG in patients with progressive, metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(3):366–73.
Hoskin PJ. Radiotherapy in practice: radioisotope therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. vi. 189 p.
Bodei L, et al. EANM procedure guideline for treatment of refractory metastatic bone pain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(10):1934–40.
Robinson RG, et al. Clinical experience with strontium-89 in prostatic and breast cancer patients. Semin Oncol. 1993;20(3 Suppl 2):44–8.
Dolezal J, Vizda J, Odrazka K. Prospective evaluation of samarium-153-EDTMP radionuclide treatment for bone metastases in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urol Int. 2007;78(1):50–7.
Robinson RG, et al. Strontium 89 therapy for the palliation of pain due to osseous metastases. JAMA. 1995;274(5):420–4.
Han SH, et al. 186Re-etidronate. Efficacy of palliative radionuclide therapy for painful bone metastases. Q J Nucl Med. 2001;45(1):84–90.
Laing AH, et al. Strontium-89 chloride for pain palliation in prostatic skeletal malignancy. Br J Radiol. 1991;64(765):816–22.
Petersen LJ, et al. Samarium-153 treatment of bone pain in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Dan Med Bull. 2010;57(6):A4154.
Bauman G, et al. Radiopharmaceuticals for the palliation of painful bone metastasis-a systemic review. Radiother Oncol. 2005;75(3):258–70.
Porter AT, Ben-Josef E, Davis L. Systemic administration of new therapeutic radioisotopes, including phosphorus, strontium, samarium, and rhenium. Curr Opin Oncol. 1994;6(6):607–10.
Lam MG, de Klerk JM, Zonnenberg BA. Treatment of painful bone metastases in hormone-refractory prostate cancer with zoledronic acid and samarium-153-ethylenediaminetetramethylphosphonic acid combined. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(7):649–51.
Ren X, et al. Combined treatment for pain from bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2004;10(3):188–90.
Nilsson S, et al. Bone-targeted radium-223 in symptomatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(7):587–94.
Nilsson S, et al. First clinical experience with alpha-emitting radium-223 in the treatment of skeletal metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(12):4451–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Majuran, V.M., Vinayakamoorthy, V., Svasti-Salee, D. (2013). Nuclear Medicine in Prostate Cancer. In: Tewari, A. (eds) Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Perspective. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2864-9_44
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2864-9_44
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-2863-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-2864-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)