Abstract
Methods for installing offshore wind turbines developed in Europe from techniques used for offshore civil engineering and oil and gas development; however, as specialized equipment for foundation and turbine installation became available, differences between offshore wind and other offshore industries emerged. Installation methods in Europe and the U.S. are expected to be largely similar due to similar technical requirements, but differences may arise due to differing vessel markets and a lack of specialized equipment in the U.S. In this chapter we describe the installation strategies of European offshore wind projects and quantify activity statistics and correlations to inform and baseline U.S. development pathways. Three primary installation stages are identified (foundation, turbine and cable installation) and the processes involved across each stage and options available are described. Factors impacting each stage are reviewed and we describe proposed techniques in the most advanced U.S. development, Cape Wind. We conclude with European installation time statistics which are used in later chapters to verify the parameterization of installation cost estimates.
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Notes
- 1.
Lifting operations typically require wind speeds <8Â m/s and swells <0.5Â m.
- 2.
Submarine power cable installation is documented in [3].
- 3.
A boat day is one boat used for one day. Two boats used for one day would equal two boat days.
- 4.
For the most part, burial depth falls within a narrow range and is probably not an important factor in the sample statistics.
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Kaiser, M.J., Snyder, B.F. (2012). Installation Strategies and Options. In: Offshore Wind Energy Cost Modeling. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2488-7_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2488-7_5
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