Abstract
Cytology is an extremely straightforward means of diagnosing a range of neoplastic and inflammatory conditions of the urinary tract and its immediate neighboring structures, including the male urogenital structures. This may be as simple as examining voided urine microscopically and identifying the lesional constituents. Material may need to be obtained from more complicated procedures however such as fine needle aspiration or ureteroscopic brushings. In all situations, there are characteristic cytological findings that may allow a definitive diagnosis. These features are described in this chapter together with discussion of the more problematic cases where cytology may not be able to differentiate benign from malignant, or it may frankly mislead the unwary cytology into making a diagnosis of carcinoma.
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Sheaff, M.T., Singh, N. (2013). The Urinary Tract and Retroperitoneal Cytology. In: Cytopathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2419-1_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2419-1_9
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