Abstract
This tutorial chapter introduces the concepts and applications of case based reasoning (CBR) systems. The first Section briefly describes what CBR is, and when and how to use it. The second Section looks at the description and indexing of cases in CBR systems. The retrieval and adaptation processes for finding solutions are outlined in Section 1.3. Learning and maintenance of CBR, owing to the changes in domain knowledge and task environments over time, are discussed in Section 1.4. The role of soft computing in CBR is briefly described in Section 1.5. The final Section gives some examples of successful CBR applications in different areas.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J.L. Kolodner, Case-Based Reasoning. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1993.
J.L. Kolodner, An introduction to case-based reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review, 6(1):3–34, 1992.
J.L. Kolodner and W. Mark, Case-based reasoning. IEEE Expert, 7(5):5–6, 1992.
K.D. Ashley, Case-based reasoning and its implications for legal expert systems. Artificial Intelligence and Law: An International Journal, 1(2–3): 113–208, 1992.
F. Gebhardt, A. Vob, W. Grather and B. Schmidt-Beltz, Reasoning with Complex Cases, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1997.
L. Birnbaum and G. Collings, Remindings and engineering design themes: a case study in indexing vocabulary, in Proceedings of Second Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning. Pensacola Beach, FL, 1989.
K.J. Hammond, On functionally motivated vocabularies: an apologia, in Proceedings of Second Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, Pensacola Beach, FL, 1989.
A. Bonzano, P. Cunningham and B. Smyth, Using introspective learning to improve retrieval in CBR: a case study in air traffic control, in Proceedings of Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, RI, USA, 1997, pp. 291–302.
S. Bruninghaus and K.D. Ashley, Using machine learning for assigning indices to textual cases, in Proceedings of Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, RI, USA, 1997, pp. 303–314.
T. Acorn and S. Waiden, SMART: support management cultivated reasoning technology: Compaq customer service, in Proceedings of AAAI-92, AAAI Press/MIT Press, 1992.
B. Smyth and M.T. Keane, Adaptation-guided retrieval: questioning the similarity assumption in reasoning. Artificial Intelligence, 102: 249–293, 1998.
E. Simoudis, Using case-based retrieval for customer technical support. IEEE Expert, 7(5):7–12, 1992.
M. Adalier and C. Tsatsoulis, Redesigning for manufacturability using REINRED. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 6(3):285–302, 1992.
D.B. Leake and D.C. Wilson, Categorizing case-base maintenance: dimensions and directions, in Proceedings of Fourth European Workshop, EWCBR-98, 1998, pp. 197–207.
B. Smyth and E. McKenna, Modelling the competence of case-bases, in Proceedings of Fourth European Workshop, EWCBR-98, 1998, pp. 208–220.
K. Racine and Q. Yang, Maintaining unstructured case bases, in Proceedings of Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, RI, USA, 1997, pp. 553–564.
B.C. Jeng and T.P. Liang, Fuzzy indexing and retrieval in case-based systems, Expert Systems with Applications, 8(1): 135–142, 1995.
K.D. Ashley, Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.
A. Kowalski, Case-based reasoning and the deep structure approach to knowledge representation, in Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Oxford, UK, 25–28 June, 1991, pp. 21–30.
K. Nitta, Y. Ohtake, S. Maeda, M. Ono, H. Ohsaki and K. Sakane, HELIC-II: a legal reasoning system on the parallel inference machine, in FGCS’ 92: Proceedings of the International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems, Tokyo, Japan, 1–5 June 1992, Vol. 2, pp. 1115–1124. ICOT, IOS Press, Burke, VA, 1992.
W.M. Bain, Case-Based Reasoning: A Computer Model of Subjective Assessment. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 1986.
J. Zeleznikow, G. Vossos and D. Hunter, The JKBALS project: multi-modal reasoning in legal knowledge based systems. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 2:169–203, 1994.
K.A. Lambert and M.H. Grunewald, Legal theory and case-based reasoners: the importance of context and the process of focusing, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Oxford, UK, 25–28 June, 1991, pp. 191–195.
K.A. Lambert and M.H. Grunewald, LESTER: using paradigm cases in a quasi-precedential legal domain. in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1989, pp. 87–92. ACM Press, New York, 1989.
K. Hirota, H. Yoshino, M.Q. Xu, Y. Zhu and D. Horie, A fuzzy case based reasoning system for the legal inference, in Proceedings of Fuzzy Systems, 1998, World Congress on Computational Intelligence, pp. 1350–1354.
P.A. Egri and P.F. Underwood, HILDA: knowledge extraction from neural networks in legal rule based and case-based reasoning, in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, 1995, Vol. 4. pp. 1800–1805.
J. Hollatz, Neuro-fuzzy in legal reasoning, in Proceedings in Fuzzy Systems, International Joint Conference of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and the Second International Fuzzy Engineering Symposium, 1994, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 655–662.
P. Koton, Reasoning about evidence in causal explanation, in AAAI-88: Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Saint Paul, MN, 1988, Vol. 1, pp. 256–261. American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, Palo Alto, CA, 1988.
P. Koton, A medical reasoning program that improves with experience. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 30(2–3): 177–184, 1989.
R. Bareiss, Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition: A Unified Approach to Concept Representation, Classification and Learning. Academic Press, Boston, MA, 1989.
B. Lopez and E. Plaza, Case-based learning of strategic knowledge. in Y. Kodratoff (ed.), Machine Learning-EWSL-91: European Working Session on Learning Proceedings, Porto, Portugal, 6–8 March, 1991, pp. 398–411. Springer, Berlin, 1991.
B. Lopez and E. Plaza, Case-based planning for medical diagnosis, in J. Komorowski and Z.W. Ras (eds), ISMIS’93; Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, Trondheim, Norway, 15–18 June, 1993, pp. 96–105. Springer, Berlin, 1993.
J.L. Kolodner and R.M. Kolodner, Using experience in clinical problem solving: introduction and framework. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 17(3):420–431, 1987.
C.C. Hsu and C.S. Ho, A hybrid case-based medical diagnosis system, in Tools with Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference, 1998, pp. 359–366.
A.K. Goel, J.L. Kolodner, M. Pearce, R. Billington and C. Zimring, Towards a case-based tool for aiding conceptual design problem, in E.R. Bareiss (ed.), Proceedings of a DARPA Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, Washington, DC, 1991, pp. 109–120. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1991.
M.L. Maher and D.M. Zhang, Cadsyn: a case-based design process model. AI EDAM: Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 7(2):97–110, 1993.
A.G. de Silva Garza and M.L. Maher, An evolutionary approach to case adaptation. in Althoff et al. [75], pp. 162–172.
M. Kriegsman and R. Barletta, Building a case-based help desk application. IEEE Expert, 8(6): 18–26, 1993.
L. Lewis, A case-based reasoning approach to the management of faults in communications networks, in IEEE INFOCOM’ 93: Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Communications. Twelfth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Networking: Foundation for the Future, San Francisco, CA, 28 March-1 April, 1993, Vol. 3, pp. 1422–1429. IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
L. Lewis, A case-based reasoning approach to the management of faults in communications networks. in Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications, Orlando, FL, 1–5 March, 1993, pp. 114–119. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1993.
L. Lewis, A case-based reasoning approach to the resolution of faults in communications networks. IFIP Transactions C [Communication Systems], C-12, Integrated Network Management, III:671–682, 1993.
D.F. Schenker and T.M. Khoshgoftaar, The application of fuzzy enhanced case-based reasoning for identifying fault-prone modules, in Proceedings of Third IEEE International Conference on High-Assurance Systems Engineering Symposium, Washington DC, USA, 1998, pp. 90–97. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1998.
W.S. Mark, Case-based reasoning for autoclave management, in Proceedings of a DARPA Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, Pensacola Beach, FL, 1989 [79], pp. 176–180.
J. Main, T.S. Dillon, and R. Khosla, Use of neural networks for case-retrieval in a system for fashion shoe design, in G.F. Forsyth and M. Ali, (eds), IEA/AIE 95: Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference, Melbourne, Australia, June 6–8, 1995, pp. 151–158. Gordon Breach, 1995.
J. Main, T.S. Dillon, and R. Khosla, Use of fuzzy feature vectors and neural networks for case retrieval in case based systems, in M.H. Smith, M.A. Lee, J. Keller, and J. Yen (eds), NAFIPS: 1996 Biennial Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, Berkeley, CA, 19–22 June 1996, pp. 438–443. IEEE, New York, 1996.
J. Main and T.S. Dillon, A hybrid case-based reasoner for footwear design. in Althoff et al. [75], pp. 499–509.
D.W. Klinger, R. Stottler and S.R. LeClair, Manufacturing application of case-based reasoning, in NAECON 1992: Proceedings of the IEEE 1992 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference, Dayton, OH, 18–22 May 1992, Vol. 3, pp. 855–859. IEEE, New York, 1992.
B.W. Morris, SCAN: a case-based reasoning model for generating information system control recommendations. International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 3(1):47–63, 1994.
H. Jo and I. Han, Integration of case-based forecasting, neural network, and discriminant analysis for bankruptcy prediction, Expert Systems with Applications, 11(4): 415–422, 1996.
K. Miyashita and K. Sycara, CABINS: a framework of knowledge acquisition and iterative revision for schedule improvement and reactive repair. Artificial Intelligence, 76(1–2):377–426, 1995.
B.P. Kettler, J.A. Hendler, W.A. Anderson and M.P. Evett, Massively parallel support for case-based planning. IEEE Expert, 9(1):8–14, 1994.
P. Koton, SMARTplan: a case-based resource allocation and scheduling system. in Proceedings of a DARPA Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, Pensacola Beach, FL, 1989 [79], pp. 285–289.
K. Miyashita and M. Hori, A distributed architecture for planning and scheduling that learns through negotiation cases, in 1996 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, Kauai Marriott, Kauai, Hawaii, pp. 136–142. IEEE Industrial Electronic Society, 1996.
C.W. Stanfill, Memory-based reasoning applied to English pronunciation. in AAAI-87: Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seat-tie, WA, 1987 [76], pp. 577–581.
W.G. Lehnert, Case-based problem solving with a large knowledge base of learned cases, in AAAI-87: Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, 1987 [76], pp. 301–306.
W.G. Lehnert, Word pronunciation as a problem in case-based reasoning. in Program of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Seattle, WA, 1987 [78], pp. 120–130.
A. Kass, Adaptation-based explanation: explanation as cases, in Sixth International Workshop on Machine Learning, Ithaca, NY, 1989, pp. 49–51. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1989.
A. Kass, Adaptation-based explanation: extending script/frame theory to handle novel input, in IJCAI 89: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Detroit, MI, 20–25 August 1989, Vol. 1, pp. 141–147. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1989.
A.M. Kass and D.B. Leake, Case-Based reasoning applied to constructing explanations, in Kolodner [80], pp. 190–208.
K.J. Hammond, Case-Based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task. Academic Press, Boston, MA, 1989.
J.L. Kolodner, Capitalizing on failure through case-based inference. in Program of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Seattle, WA, 1987 [78], pp. 715–726.
J.L. Kolodner, Extending problem solver capabilities through case-based inference. in Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning, Irvine, 1987, pp. 167–178. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1987.
J.L. Kolodner, Extending problem solver capabilities through case-based inference, in Kolodner [80], pp. 21–30.
J.L. Kolodner, Understanding creativity: a case-based approach, in S. Wess, K.-D. Althoff, and M.M. Richter, (eds), EWCBR-93: Topics in Case-Based Reasoning. First European Workshop, Selected Papers, Kaiserslautern, Germany, November 1993, pp. 3–20. Springer, Berlin, 1993.
B. Liu, S.H. Choo, S.L. Lok, S.M. Leong, S.C. Lee, F.P. Poon and H.H. Tan, Finding the shortest route using cases, knowledge, and Dijkstra’s algorithm. IEEE Expert, 9(5):7–11, 1994.
B. Liu, S.H. Choo, S.L. Lok, S.M. Leong, S.C. Lee, F.P. Poon and H.H. Tan, Integrating case-based reasoning, knowledge-based approach and Dijkstra algorithm for route finding, in Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications, San Antonio, TX, 1–4 March 1994, pp. 149–155. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1994.
A.K. Goel, T.J. Callantine, M. Shankar and B. Chandrasekaran, Representation, organization, and use of topographic models of physical spaces for route planning, in Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Miami Beach, FL, 24–28 February 1991, pp. 308–314. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1991.
H. Li and M. Dahan, A case-oriented expert system for materials handling, in A. Croisier, M. Israel, and F. Chavand (eds), 1993 CompEuro Proceedings. Computers in Design, Manufacturing and Production, Pris-Evry, France, 24–27 May 1993, pp. 523–530. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1993.
K. Lee, S. Hwang, K. Urn and S. Park, An extraction method of analogical information for efficient knowledge processing, in Y. Baozang (ed.), TENCON’ 93. Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Region 10 Conference on’ Computer, Communication, Control and Power Engineering’, Beijing, China, 19–21 October 1993, Vol. 2, pp. 644–647. IEEE, New York, 1993.
L. Kopeikina, R. Brandau and A. Lemmon, Case based reasoning for continuous control. in Kolodner [80], pp. 250–259.
G.P. Lekkas, N.M. Avouris and L.G. Viras, Case-Based reasoning in environmental monitoring applications. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 8(3):359–376, 1994.
S. Krovvidy and W.G. Wee. Wastewater treatment systems from case-based reasoning. Machine Learning, 10(3):341–363, 1993.
S.T. Karamouzis and S. Feycock, An integration of case-based and model-based reasoning and its application to physical system faults, in F. Belli and F.J. Radermacher (eds), IEA/AIE 92: Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Paderborn, Germany, June 9–12 1992, pp. 100–108. Springer, Berlin, 1992.
Z.Q. Liu and F. Yan, Case-Based diagnostic system using fuzzy neural network, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 3107–3112.
K.D. Althoff, R. Bergmann and L.K. Branting (eds), 1CCBR-99: Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development: Proceedings of the Third Innational Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, Seeon Monastery, Germany, July 27–30 1999, Vol. 1650 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Springer, Berlin, 1999.
American Association for Artificial Intelligence, AAAI-87: Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, 1987. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1987.
Association for Computing Machinery, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Oxford, UK, 25–28 June 1991. ACM Press, New York, 1991.
Cognitive Science Society, Program of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Seattle, WA, 1987. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1987.
DARPA, Proceedings of a DARPA Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, Pen-sacola Beach, FL, 1989. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1989.
J. Kolodner (ed.), Proceedings of a DARPA Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, Clearwater Beach, FL, 1988. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1988.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Main, J., Dillon, T.S., Shiu, S.C.K. (2001). A Tutorial on Case Based Reasoning. In: Pal, S.K., Dillon, T.S., Yeung, D.S. (eds) Soft Computing in Case Based Reasoning. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0687-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0687-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-262-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0687-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive