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Quality pp 91–119Cite as

The Role of Objective or Subjective Indicators

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Abstract

The role objective and/or subjective indicators play in a qualitative assessment is central to the process whereby a quality indicator is transformed into a quantity. This chapter attempts to clarify the issues involved in this transformation, with a particular emphasis on reviewing the various models that have been proposed to deal with this issue. This discussion is continued in Chaps. 5 and 12.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This quotation comes from a paper by Gawronski (2009).

  2. 2.

    It is possible that a computer monitor the pills a person consumes, and this information could indicate if an “error” has occurred. However, to determine that the “error” was not due to a lost pill or a request by the patent’s physician will involve a review and the judgment about whether the drug protocol has or has not been violated. This evaluative process is considered a subjective assessment.

  3. 3.

    The methods here have been described as transforming the qualitative to the quantitative, but making something quantitative doesn’t necessarily mean that it has been transformed into something objective.

  4. 4.

    Dr. David Feeny contributed to the creation of this Table.

  5. 5.

    Campbell et al. (1976) reported a similar finding some 25 years prior to Sen’s report.

  6. 6.

    I am aware that in some countries the notion that the government is interested in assessing the well-being of its population is an inappropriate assumption. However, I believe my point remains even in the face of this reality.

  7. 7.

    I have not discussed measures such as environmental factors, crime rates, work status, and so on. Each of which’s positional dependence can be determined.

  8. 8.

    Psychosocial measures, such as coping with stress, can be monitored objectively by cortisol levels and subjectively by self-reports. Both indicators can be quantitatively measured.

  9. 9.

    According to Averill et al. (1998), the widespread use of the term aesthetics occurred after Baumgarten’s publication, in 1750, of his monograph entitled Aesthetica. Prior to this, topics considered to be aesthetic were referred to as different aspects of beauty.

  10. 10.

    I say this even though Aristotle’s notion of Eudaimonia predated modern applications of quality-of-life research by several thousand years. The difference in these two approaches is reflected in the difference between aesthetic and functional quality.

  11. 11.

    Dr. Carol Ferrans (personal communication; November 2, 2005) pointed out that when discussing social welfare, Pigon (1920) used the phrase “quality-of-life.” She suggested that this may have been one of the earliest modern usages of the phrase.

  12. 12.

    Note the contributions of Florence Nightingale also in this regard.

  13. 13.

    The reader should note that while the two correlations are significantly different, the higher correlation accounts for only 6.5% of the variance in a study that compares over 30 studies.

  14. 14.

    Simpson (1961) defines a hierarchy as a systematic classification framework, and a taxonomy as the theoretical study of classification.

  15. 15.

    Please note that hierarchical models simulate the cognitive process of classifying information Chap. 3 (35). Thus, a superordinate concept, such as health, can be disaggregated into basic concepts, such as symptoms, stamina, well-being, and these basic concepts can be further disaggregated into subordinate domains, such as depression, miles run per week, happiness. I will refer to this relationship as I proceed, because it reinforces the statement that I made in Chap. 1 which is that it will be important to understand how I understand, which in this case is reflected by the concordance between a hierarchical model I use to theorize how I think.

  16. 16.

    Lawton’s (1991) discussed his conceptualization of behavioral competence, but he also included measures of psychological well-being, perceived quality-of-life, and the objective environment in a total description of the quality of a person’s existence.

  17. 17.

    For example, if a respondent is asked how many rooms he lives in, and this objective indicator is entered into an equation that includes some subjective qualitative assessment (e.g., how satisfied he is with his life) the resulting statistic would be less likely to be informative then if the person was asked how satisfied he was with the number of rooms he lives in and this was included with their life satisfaction estimate. My point here is that assessing data which has been scaled on a common subjective denominator is more likely to be meaningful and useful then if the data consists of heterogeneous concepts and content.

  18. 18.

    You may have noticed that in the Comments section of Table 4.10, I quote Sullivan et al. (2000) as claiming that, “The Linear Model did not satisfactorily account for the observed data…” (p. 81). This statement should be interpreted as meaning that the Wilson and Cleary model did not fit the data, not that some other linear models would not fit the data.

  19. 19.

    A discerning reader might have noticed that I used the phrase “production rules” in Fig. 3.1 to refer to the relationship between the antecedent and consequential conditions of a cognitive model of a qualitative assessment. The reader who interprets this to mean that I am suggesting that an algorithm underlies how the production rules operate would be correct. However, in this book I am emphasizing the role that a neural network can play in accounting for various phenomenon, one example of which is of interested is the relationship between capacity and performance (Chapter 10).

  20. 20.

    This statement by Kahneman implies that an investigator is capable of simulating the cognitive processes, in this case a logic, that a respondent may also have engaged in when they reconstructed (recalled) their most recent experiences.

Abbreviations

ADL:

Activities of daily living

CHF:

Congestive heart failure

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

EQ-5D:

EuroQoL -5D (Kind 1996)

HUI:

Health Utility Index (Torrance 1976)

ORHQoL:

Oral health-related quality-of-life

PGI:

Patient Generated Index (Ruta et al. 1994)

QWB:

Quality of Well-being Scale (Kaplan and Anderson 1990)

SEIQoL-DW:

Schedule for individual quality-of-life-direct weighting (O’Boyle et al. 1993)

WHO:

World Health Organization

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  1. Quality of Life Institute, East Sandwich, MA, 02537, USA

    Ivan Barofsky

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Barofsky, I. (2012). The Role of Objective or Subjective Indicators. In: Quality. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9819-4_4

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