Abstract
The changing nature of the threats confronting the international community and the growing internationalization of illicit activities necessitate a commensurate response in the crime control efforts of states and international organizations. While international crime control efforts are nothing new, the intensity and geographic reach of such cross-border efforts have transformed the landscape of crime control and have raised the profile of policing issues in international security. At the same time, this development has generated critical questions about the importance of international norms and rules as standards of legitimacy in such efforts. The Balkan region, which constitutes the focus of this book, is a key testing ground for the effectiveness of such efforts as well as for the relevance of the said norms and rules.
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50 USCS ξ402 (Title 50. War and National Defense; Chapter 15. National Security, Coordination for National Security).
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At the international level, reference should be made to the work of the United Nations Security Council Counterterrorism Committee, to the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and to several initiatives launched by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in cooperation with the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs (UNOLA), and, at the regional level, to initiatives derived from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism and from the Organization of American States (OAS) Convention against Terrorism, among others.
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I am referring, in particular, to the work of the UN Committee against Torture and of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture.
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This statement has to be somewhat qualified in light of post-9/11 developments and the US-led efforts to normalize “enhanced interrogation techniques.”
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The fear of exposure, due to more effective monitoring, has also contributed to a greater emphasis on what Rejali calls stealth torture, and explains why clean forms of torture “tend to cluster in democratic contexts” (Rejali 2007, p. 410).
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These are the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and the Convention on the Rights of the Child; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CoreInstruments.aspx
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- 8.
- 9.
Adopted by General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979; http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/codeofconduct.pdf.
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Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990; http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/firearms.pdf.
- 11.
Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council by its resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977; http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/treatmentprisoners.pdf.
- 12.
Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990; http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/basicprinciples.pdf.
- 13.
For more on RCC’s Justice and Home Affairs field, see Annual Report of the Secretary General of the Regional Cooperation Council on regional co-operation in South East Europe in 2010–2011; http://www.rcc.int/pubs/0/15/annual-report-of-the-secretary-general-of-the-regional-cooperation-council-on-regional-co-operation-in-south-east-europe-in-2010-2011; and Annual Report of the Secretary General of the Regional Cooperation Council on regional co-operation in South East Europe 2011–2012. Sarajevo, 15 May 2012; http://www.rcc.int/admin/files/docs/reports/RCC-Annual-Report-2011-2012-text.pdf
- 14.
SELEC replaced SECI in October 2011, with the entering into force of the Convention of the South East European Law Enforcement Center; Convention of the South East European Law Enforcement Center, http://www.selec.org/docs/PDF/SELEC%20Convention%20%5bsigned%20on%2009.12.2009%5d.pdf.
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For more info on this task force, see http://www.secicenter.org/p280/Task_Force_on_Human_Trafficking_and_Migrant_Smuggling.
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For more info on this task force, see http://www.secicenter.org/p263/Anti_Terrorism_Task_Force.
- 17.
For more information on the workshops and the participants, see the acknowledgments section in this volume.
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Andreopoulos, G. (2013). Policing Across Borders: Transnational Threats and Law Enforcement Responses. In: Andreopoulos, G. (eds) Policing Across Borders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9545-2_1
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