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Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies pp 113–135Cite as

Viruses as Tracers of Fecal Contamination

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Abstract

In assessments of water quality, determining the source of fecal ­contamination is of paramount importance for mitigating contamination, maintaining­ and restoring healthy ecosystems, and protecting public health. Historically, attention has focused on the use of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to indicate the level of fecal contamination, but over the past decade some attention has shifted to the use of pathogenic viruses to determine source(s) of fecal contamination and to assess risks to human health. Initially, viral detection methodologies were used to examine drinking water quality; however, the power of those methodologies has been recognized by those concerned with environmental water quality. Efforts have been made to apply these methods to natural water systems, including recreational waters, stormwater, and shellfishing areas. This chapter addresses the use of viruses in microbial source tracking (MST), specifically the application of quantitative tests for specific types of human pathogenic viruses, and how to choose the most appropriate assay for a particular study. Examples of studies utilizing a range of human pathogenic viruses, concentration and quantification approaches, successful case ­studies, and challenges associated with the use of viral MST methods are discussed.

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  1. Natural Sciences, St. Petersburg College, 2465 Drew St., Clearwater, FL, 33765, USA

    S. M. McQuaig

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  1. S. M. McQuaig
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  2. R. T. Noble
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  1. Dept. Crop & Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Prince Hall 401, Blacksburg, 24061, Virgin Islands, USA

    Charles Hagedorn

  2. Fac. Biologia, Depto. Microbiologia, Universitat Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 645, Barcelona, 08028, Spain

    Anicet R. Blanch

  3. Dept. Biology, Div. Integrative Biology (IB), University of South Florida, E. Fowler Ave. 4202, Tampa, 33620, Florida, USA

    Valerie J. Harwood

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McQuaig, S.M., Noble, R.T. (2011). Viruses as Tracers of Fecal Contamination. In: Hagedorn, C., Blanch, A., Harwood, V. (eds) Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9386-1_5

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