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A Digitally Controlled FBAR Frequency Reference

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MEMS-based Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communication

Part of the book series: Integrated Circuits and Systems ((ICIR))

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Abstract

Crystal oscillators have been the primary frequency reference sources used in communication circuits. However, their size, frequency of operation, and cost are hard to scale. Push toward miniaturization and low cost demands smaller form factor and crystal-oscillator alternatives, and MEMS frequency references have been manufactured recently. In this chapter, a digitally controlled FBAR (freestanding bulk acoustic resonator)-based oscillator is presented as an alternative frequency reference.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The actual equation is \(\bar{{i}_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}} = 4kT\gamma {g}_{\mathrm{ds}}\), where g ds is the drain-source conductance with V ds = 0 [14]. Equation (11.2) is for long-channel devices in a saturation region; however, we use it for simple discussion.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

    Hiroyuki Ito

  2. Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA

    Hasnain Lakdawala & Ashoke Ravi

Authors
  1. Hiroyuki Ito
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  2. Hasnain Lakdawala
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  3. Ashoke Ravi
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Correspondence to Hiroyuki Ito .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. CSEM SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, Neuchâtel, 2002, Switzerland

    Christian C Enz

  2. IEMN, Département ISEN, Boulevard Vauban 41, Lille, 59046, France

    Andreas Kaiser

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Ito, H., Lakdawala, H., Ravi, A. (2013). A Digitally Controlled FBAR Frequency Reference. In: Enz, C., Kaiser, A. (eds) MEMS-based Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communication. Integrated Circuits and Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8798-3_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8798-3_11

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

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  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8798-3

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