Abstract
A mangled extremity is an extremity that has sustained severe traumatic injury to at least three of the systems of a limb (soft tissue, bone, nerves, and vasculature). Management of mangled extremities in children poses a difficult challenge to the treating surgeon, as decisions must be made quickly to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient. The most difficult decision is whether limb salvage should be attempted or amputation should be performed. This chapter reviews the presentation, evaluation, treatment, and outcomes of mangled extremities in children.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wolinsky PR, Webb LX, Harvey EJ, Tejwani NC. The mangled limb: salvage versus amputation. Instr Course Lect. 2011;60:27–34.
Limb deficiencies. In: Herring JA, editor. Tachdjian’s pediatric orthopaedics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.
Letts M, Davidson D. Epidemiology and prevention of traumatic amputations in children. In: Herring J, Birch J, editors. The child with a limb deficiency. Rosemont, Illinois: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1998. p. 235.
Loder RT. Demographics of traumatic amputations in children. Implications for prevention strategies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:923–8.
Can M, Yildirimcan H, Ozkalipci O, et al. Landmine associated injuries in children in Turkey. J Forensic Leg Med. 2009;16:464–8.
Stover E, Keller AS, Cobey J, Sopheap S. The medical and social consequences of land mines in Cambodia. JAMA. 1994;272:331–6.
Lubicky JP, Feinberg JR. Fractures and amputations in children and adolescents requiring hospitalization after farm equipment injuries. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29:435–8.
Costilla V, Bishai DM. Lawnmower injuries in the United States: 1996 to 2004. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:567–73.
Johansen K, Daines M, Howey T, Helfet D, Hansen Jr ST. Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma. J Trauma. 1990;30:568–72 (Discussion 72–3).
Helfet DL, Howey T, Sanders R, Johansen K. Limb salvage versus amputation. Preliminary results of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;256:80–6.
Fagelman MF, Epps HR, Rang M. Mangled extremity severity score in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:182–4.
Lange RH. Limb reconstruction versus amputation decision making in massive lower extremity trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;243:92–9.
Bernstein ML, Chung KC. Early management of the mangled upper extremity. Injury. 2007;38 Suppl 5:S3–7.
Loder RT, Herring JA. Disarticulation of the knee in children. A functional assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:1155–60.
Rab G. Principles of amputation in children. In: Chapman M, editor. Operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1993. p. 2469.
Younge D, Dafniotis O. A composite bone flap to lengthen a below-knee amputation stump. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75:330–1.
Byrd HS, Cierny 3rd G, Tebbetts JB. The management of open tibial fractures with associated soft-tissue loss: external pin fixation with early flap coverage. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;68:73–82.
Byrd HS, Spicer TE, Cierney 3rd G. Management of open tibial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:719–30.
Oakes R, Urban A, Levy PD. The mangled extremity. J Emerg Med. 2008;35:437–44.
Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J. Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;243:36–40.
Abraham E, Pellicore RJ, Hamilton RC, Hallman BW, Ghosh L. Stump overgrowth in juvenile amputees. J Pediatr Orthop. 1986;6:66–71.
Hertel R, Strebel N, Ganz R. Amputation versus reconstruction in traumatic defects of the leg: outcome and costs. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10:223–9.
Georgiadis GM, Behrens FF, Joyce MJ, Earle AS, Simmons AL. Open tibial fractures with severe soft-tissue loss. Limb salvage compared with below-the-knee amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:1431–41.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gandhi, S.D., Abzug, J.M., Herman, M.J. (2012). The Mangled Extremity in Children. In: Abzug, J., Herman, M. (eds) Pediatric Orthopedic Surgical Emergencies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8005-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8005-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-8004-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8005-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)