Abstract
In Western societies today, the issue of food consumption has evolved from a relatively short chain of trading between producer and consumer to a complex chain of different parties. Today, food consumption includes large-scale production, time-efficient handling, transport, and packaging of food. Before the different food items reach consumers, many different steps, persons, and industrial processes have occurred that in many respects may alter the composition of food. However, food is not only an industrial sector but a source of well-being, joy, and depending on the consumption pattern, a source of health or disease.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Antignac JP, Marchand P, Gade C, Matayron G, Qannari el M, Le Bizec B, Andre F (2006) Studying variations in the PCDD/PCDF profile across various food products using multivariate statistical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 384:271–279
Axmon A, Rylander L, Stromberg U, Hagmar L (2004) Altered menstrual cycles in women with a high dietary intake of persistent organochlorine compounds. Chemosphere 56:813–819
Bercovici B, Wassermann M, Wassermann D, Cucos S, Ron M (1980) Missed abortions and some organochlorine compounds: organochlorine insecticides (OCI) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Acta Med Leg Soc (Liege) 30:177–185
Bergman A (1999) Health condition of the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) during two decades. Gynaecological health improvement but increased prevalence of colonic ulcers. APMIS 107:270–282
Birnbaum LS, Weber H, Harris MW, Lamb JC,, McKinney JD (1985) Toxic interaction of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: increased incidence of cleft palate in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77:292–302
Burbach KM, Poland A, Bradfield CA (1992) Cloning of the Ah-receptor cDNA reveals a distinctive ligand-activated transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8185–8189.
Byard JL (1987) The toxicological significance of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related compounds in human adipose tissue. J Toxicol Environ Health 22:381–403
Crews ST, Thomas JB, & Googman CS (1988) The drosophila single-minded gene encodes a nuclear protein with sequence similarity to the per gene product. Cell 52(1):143–151.
Cuthill S, Wilhelmsson A, Poellinger L (1991) Role of the ligand in intracellular receptor function: receptor affinity determines activation in vitro of the latent dioxin receptor to a DNA-binding form. Mol Cell Biol 11:401–411
Dewailly E, Ryan JJ, Laliberte C, Bruneau S, Weber JP, Gingras S, Carrier G (1994) Exposure of remote maritime populations to coplanar PCBs. Environ Health Perspect 102 Suppl 1:205–209
Dolwick KM, Swanson HI, & Bradfield CA (1993) In vitro analysis of Ah receptor domains involved in ligand-activated DNA recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8566–8570
Dunlap JC (1999) Molecular basis for circadian clocks. Cell 96(2):271–290
Eadon G, Kaminsky L, Silkworth J, Aldous K, Hilker D, O’Keefe P, Smith R, Gierthy J, Hawley J, Kim N, DeCaprio A (1986) Calculation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent concentrations of complex environmental contaminant mixtures. Environ Health Perspect 70:221–227
Forste R, Weiss J, Lippincott E (2001) The decision to breastfeed in the United States: does race matter? Pediatrics 108:291–296
Goldstein LS and Safe (1998) Tumors and DNA adducts in mice exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and coal tars: implications for risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 106 Suppl 6:1325–1330
Graham JD, Rhomberg L (1996): How Risks are identified and Assessed. In: Kunreuther H, Slovic P (eds) Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 15–24
Grandjean P, Sandoe SH, Kimbrough RD (1991) Non-specificity of clinical signs and symptoms caused by environmental chemicals. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:167–173
Gu Y-Z, Hogenesch JB and Bradfield CA (2000) The PAS superfamily: sensors of environmental and developmental signals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40:519–561
Helander B, Olsson A, Bignert A, Asplund L, Litzen K (2002) The role of DDE, PCB, coplanar PCB and eggshell parameters for reproduction in the white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Sweden. Ambio 31:386–403
Hoffman EC, Reyes H, Chu FF, Sander F, Conley LH, Brooks BA, Hankinson O (1991) Cloning of a factor required for activity of the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Science 252:954–958
Isaac DD, Andrew DJ (1996) Tubulogenesis in Drosophila: a requirement for the trachealess gene product. Genes Dev 10:103–117
Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Humphrey HE (1990) Effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and related contaminants on cognitive functioning in young children. J Pediatr 116:38–45
King DP, Zhao Y, Sangoram AM, Wilsbacher LD, Tanaka M, Antoch MP, Steeves TD, Vitaterna MH, Kornhauser JM, Lowrey PL, Turek FW, Takahashi JS (1997) Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell 89:641–653
Kleman MI, Overvik E, Poellinger L and Gustafsson JA (1995) Induction of cytochrome P4501A isozymes by heterocyclic amines and other food-derived compounds. Princess Takamatsu Symp 23:163–171
Koppe JG, Olie K, van Wijnen J (1992) Placental transport of dioxins from mother to fetus. II. PCBs, dioxins and furans and vitamin K metabolism. Dev Pharmacol Ther 18:9–13
Kreuzer PE, Csanady GA, Baur C, Kessler W, Papke O, Greim H, Filser JG (1997) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and congeners in infants. A toxicokinetic model of human lifetime body burden by TCDD with special emphasis on its uptake by nutrition. Arch Toxicol 71:383–400
LaKind JS, Amina Wilkins A, Berlin CM Jr (2004) Environmental chemicals in human milk: a review of levels, infant exposures and health, and guidance for future research. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 198:184–208
Lemieux PM, Gullett BK, Lutes CC, Winterrowd CK, Winters DL (2003) Variables affecting emissions of PCDD/Fs from uncontrolled combustion of household waste in barrels. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 53:523–531
Leoni V, Fabiani L, Marinelli G, Puccetti G, Tarsitani GF, De Carolis A, Vescia N, Morini A, Aleandri V, Pozzi V and et al (1989) PCB and other organochlorine compounds in blood of women with or without miscarriage: a hypothesis of correlation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 17:1–11
Lucier GW, Nelson KG, Everson RB, Wong TK, Philpot RM, Tiernan T, Taylor M, Sunahara GI (1987) Placental markers of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ Health Perspect 76:79–87
McGuire J, Coumailleau P, Whitelaw ML, Gustafsson JA, Poellinger L (1995) The basic helix-loop-helix/PAS factor Sim is associated with hsp90. Implications for regulation by interaction with partner factors. J Biol Chem 270:31353–31357
Michalek JE, Pirkle JL, Caudill SP, Tripathi RC, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL (1996) Pharmacokinetics of TCDD in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand: 10-year follow-up. J Toxicol Environ Health 47:209–220
Nambu JR, Lewis JO, Wharton KA, Jr. and Crews ST (1991) The Drosophila single-minded gene encodes a helix-loop-helix protein that acts as a master regulator of CNS midline development. Cell 67:1157–1167
Perdew GH (1988) Association of the Ah receptor with the 90-kDa heat shock protein. J Biol Chem 263:13802–13805
Pines A, Cucos S, Ever-Handani P, Ron M (1987) Some organochlorine insecticide and polychlorinated biphenyl blood residues in infertile males in the general Israeli population of the middle 1980’s. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16:587–597
Rignell-Hydbom A, Rylander L, Giwercman A, Jonsson BA, Nilsson-Ehle P, Hagmar L (2004) Exposure to CB-153 and p,p’-DDE and male reproductive function. Hum Reprod 19:2066–2075
Rogan WJ, Miller RW (1989) Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Lancet 2(8673):1216
Rylander L, Stromberg U, Dyremark E, Ostman C, Nilsson-Ehle P, Hagmar L (1998) Polychlorinated biphenyls in blood plasma among Swedish female fish consumers in relation to low birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 147:493–502
Safe S and Krishnan V (1995) Chlorinated hydrocarbons: estrogens and antiestrogens. Toxicol Lett 82–83:731–736
Schantz SL, Levin ED, Bowman RE, Heironimus MP, Laughlin NK (1989) Effects of perinatal PCB exposure on discrimination-reversal learning in monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11:243–250
Schecter A, Quynh HT, Papke O, Tung KC, Constable JD (2006) Agent Orange, dioxins, and other chemicals of concern in Vietnam: update 2006. J Occup Environ Med 48:408–413
Silbergeld EK, Gasiewicz TA (1989) Dioxins and the Ah receptor. Am J Ind Med 16:455–474
Silbergeld EK, Mattison DR (1987) Experimental and clinical studies on the reproductive toxicology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Am J Ind Med 11:131–144
Sjödin A, Hagmar L, Klasson-Wehler E, Björk J, Bergman A (2000) Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in Latvian and Swedish men. Environ Health Perspect 108:1035–1041
Stachel B, Dougherty RC, Lahl U, Schlosser M, Zeschmar B (1989) Toxic environmental chemicals in human semen: analytical method and case studies. Andrologia 21:282–291
Swain WR (1991) Effects of organochlorine chemicals on the reproductive outcome of humans who consumed contaminated Great Lakes fish: an epidemiologic consideration. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:587–639
Tanabe S (1988) PCB problems in the future: foresight from current knowledge. Environ Pollut 50:5–28
Tenchini ML, Crimaudo C, Pacchetti G, Mottura A, Agosti S, De Carli L (1983) A comparative cytogenetic study on cases of induced abortions in TCDD-exposed and nonexposed women. Environ Mutagen 5:73–85
Van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld AT, Brunstrom B, Cook P, Feeley M, Giesy JP, Hanberg A, Hasegawa R, Kennedy SW, Kubiak T, Larsen JC, van Leeuwen FX, Liem AK, Nolt C, Peterson RE, Poellinger L, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tillitt D, Tysklind M, Younes M, Waern F, Zacharewski T (1998) Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ Health Perspect 106:775–792
Wallin E, Rylander L, Hagmar L (2004) Exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds through fish consumption and the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Scand J Work Environ Health 30(1):30–35
Wang GL & Semenza GL (1995) Purification and characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 270(3):1230-1237 Environ Health 30:30–35
Wilk R, Weizman I, & Shilo BZ (1996) Trachealess encodes a bHLH-PAS protein that is an inducer of tracheal cell fates in Drosophila. Genes & Dev. 10:93–102
Wittsiepe J, Furst P, Schrey P, Lemm F, Kraft M, Eberwein G, Winneke G, Wilhelm M (2007) PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in human blood and milk from German mothers. Chemosphere 67: S286–S294
Zimmermann HG, Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2001) The renowned cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Its natural history and threat to native Opuntia floras in Mexico and the United States of America. Florida Entomologist 84(4):543–551
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Glossary
- Bisphenol A:
-
A chemical often used in different plastics
- Chemical Contaminant:
-
Often referred to as trace amounts of man-made industrial or residual chemicals present in food
- Dioxin:
-
Highly toxic Environmental pollutant
- Furan:
-
Closely related to TCDD with similar properties
- Nuclear receptors:
-
Proteins that mediate the biological effects of hormones
- Plasticizer:
-
A chemical used in plastic
- Teratogenic:
-
A chemical compound capable of inducing birth defects
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pongratz, I., Pettersson, K., Faulds, M.H. (2011). Chemical Contaminants in Food. In: Safe or Not Safe. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7868-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7868-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7867-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7868-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)