Key Points
Children with clinically suspected IBD should have both upper and lower endoscopies as part of the initial workup (strong evidence). Fluoroscopic small bowel follow-through (SBFT) studies are typically performed as part of the initial diagnosis (limited evidence). Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a safe, moderately sensitive test for the detection of small bowel inflammatory changes and should be utilized in patients without small bowel obstruction and when other diagnostic small bowel exams are negative. However, the specificity and positive predictive value need to be further established (limited evidence). MRI is superior to CT and is the preferred initial diagnostic and follow-up imaging exam of perirectal and perianal disease in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients (moderate–strong evidence). About 70–80% of CD patients and 30–40% of UC patients will require surgery for disease refractory to medical therapy, or severe disease with complications, or risk of malignancy (UC) (moderate evidence). Repeat imaging with SBFT and CT results in significant ionizing radiation exposure and risk of later cancer induction so that alternative imaging methods, MRI and US, should be used (limited evidence).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, Heikenen J, Telega G et al. J Pediatr 2003;143(4):525–531.
Loftus EV Jr. Gastroenterology 2004;126(6):1504–1517.
Baldassano RN, Piccoli DA. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1999;28(2):445–458.
Saeed S, Kugathasan S. In Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Baldassano RN (eds.): Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, 2008;45–49.
Yu AP, Cabanilla LA, Wu EQ, Mulani PM, Chao J. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(2):319–328.
Hay AR, Hay JW. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;14(4):318–327.
Goldfarb NI, Pizzi LT, Fuhr JP Jr, Salvador C, Sikirica V et al. Dis Manag 2004;7(4):292–304.
Cohen RD, Thomas T. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2006;35(4):867–882.
Bassi A, Dodd S, Williamson P, Bodger K. Gut 2004;53(10):1471–1478.
Hugot JP, Bellaiche M. Pediatr Radiol 2007;37(11):1065–1070.
Gupta SK, Fitzgerald JF, Croffie JM, Pfefferkorn MD, Molleston JP et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10(3):240–244.
Rabizadeh S, Oliva-Hemker M. In Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Baldassano RN (eds.): Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, 2008;94–95.
Solem CA, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11(8):707–712.
Papp M, Norman GL, Altorjay I, Lakatos PL. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13(14):2028–2036.
Dubinsky MC, Seidman EG. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2000;16(4):337–342.
Canani RB, de Horatio LT, Terrin G, Romano MT, Miele E et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42(1):9–15.
Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Gold BD, Ferry G, Baldassano R et al. J Pediatr 2005;146(1):35–40.
Mamula P, Telega GW, Markowitz JE, Brown KA, Russo PA et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(8):2005–2010.
Batres LA, Maller ES, Ruchelli E, Mahboubi S, Baldassano RN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;35(3):320–323.
Anupindi S, Perumpillichira J, Jaramillo D, Zalis ME, Israel EJ. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35(5):518–524.
Abdullah BA, Gupta SK, Croffie JM, Pfefferkorn MD, Molleston JP et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;35(5):636–640.
Castellaneta SP, Afzal NA, Greenberg M, Deere H, Davies S et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;39(3):257–261.
Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink RJ, Stoker J. Radiology 2008;247(1):64–79.
De Matos V, Russo PA, Cohen AB, Mamula P, Baldassano RN et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46(4):392–398.
Russo P. In Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Baldassano RN (eds.): Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, 2008;245–248.
Deangelis GL, Fornaroli F, Deangelis N, Magiteri B, Bizzarri B. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(8):1749–1757; quiz 8, 58.
Hara AK, Leighton JA, Heigh RI, Sharma VK, Silva AC et al. Radiology 2006;238(1):128–134.
Arguelles-Arias F, Caunedo A, Romero J, Sanchez A, Rodriguez-Tellez M et al. Endoscopy 2004;36(10):869–873.
Maglinte DD, Sandrasegaran K, Chiorean M, Dewitt J, McHenry L et al. Am J Roentgenol 2007;189(2):306–312.
Guilhon de Araujo Sant’Anna AM, Dubois J, Miron MC, Seidman EG. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3(3):264–270.
Hara AK. Abdom Imaging 2005;30(2):179–183.
Maglinte DD. Radiology 2005;236(3):763–767.
Taylor GA, Nancarrow PA, Hernanz-Schulman M, Teele RL. Pediatr Radiol 1986;16(3):206–209.
Lipson A, Bartram CI, Williams CB, Slavin G, Walker-Smith J. Clin Radiol 1990;41(1):5–8.
Applegate KE, Maglinte DD. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(suppl 2):S272–S274.
Bernstein CN, Greenberg H, Boult I, Chubey S, Leblanc C et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100(11):2493–2502.
Jabra AA, Fishman EK, Taylor GA. Radiology 1991;179(2):495–498.
Jabra AA, Fishman EK, Taylor GA. Am J Roentgenol 1994;162(4):975–979.
Bodily KD, Fletcher JG, Solem CA, Johnson CD, Fidler JL et al. Radiology 2006;238(2):505–516.
Paulsen SR, Huprich JE, Fletcher JG, Booya F, Young BM et al. Radiographics 2006;26(3):641–657; discussion 57–62.
Laghi A, Borrelli O, Paolantonio P, Dito L, Buena de Mesquita M et al. Gut 2003;52(3):393–397.
Pilleul F, Godefroy C, Yzebe-Beziat D, Dugougeat-Pilleul F, Lachaux A et al. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2005;29(8–9):803–808.
Borthne AS, Abdelnoor M, Rugtveit J, Perminow G, Reiseter T et al. Eur Radiol 2006;16(1):207–214.
Brown S, Applegate KE, Sandrasegaran K, Jennings SG, Garrett J et al. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(5):497–510.
Bender GN, Timmons JH, Williard WC, Carter J. Invest Radiol 1996;31(1):43–49.
Barloon TJ, Lu CC, Honda H, Berbaum KS. Abdom Imaging 1994;19(2):113–115.
Darbari A, Sena L, Argani P, Oliva-Hemker JM, Thompson R et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10(2):67–72.
Alison M, Kheniche A, Azoulay R, Roche S, Sebag G et al. Pediatr Radiol 2007;37(11):1071–1082.
Bremner AR, Griffiths M, Argent JD, Fairhurst JJ, Beattie RM. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36(9):947–953.
Carucci LR, Levine MS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002;31(1):93–117; ix.
The Key Complications of Crohn’s Disease. http://www.ccfa.org [last accessed November 2008].
Maconi G, Sampietro GM, Parente F, Pompili G, Russo A et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(7):1545–1555.
Potthast S, Rieber A, Von Tirpitz C, Wruk D, Adler G et al. Eur Radiol 2002;12(6):1416–1422.
Ryan ER, Heaslip IS. Abdom Imaging 2008;33(1):34–37.
Gasche C, Moser G, Turetschek K, Schober E, Moeschl P et al. Gut 1999;44(1):112–117.
Essary B, Kim J, Anupindi S, Katz JA, Nimkin K. Pediatr Radiol 2007;37(2):201–208.
Sahni VA, Ahmad R, Burling D. Abdom Imaging 2008;33(1):26–30.
Feldstein AE, Perrault J, El-Youssif M, Lindor KD, Freese DK et al. Hepatology 2003;38(1):210–217.
Allmen D. In Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Baldassano RN (eds.). Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, 2008;455–465.
Mattei P, Rombeau JL. In Mamula P, Markowitz JE, Baldassano RN (eds.): Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, 2008;469–481.
Hurst RD, Molinari M, Chung TP, Rubin M, Michelassi F. Surgery 1997;122(4):661–667; discussion 7–8.
Patel HI, Leichtner AM, Colodny AH, Shamberger RC. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32(7):1063–1067; discussion 7–8.
Dokucu AI, Sarnacki S, Michel JL, Jan D, Goulet O et al. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2002;12(3):180–185.
Jabra AA, Fishman EK. Abdom Imaging 1997;22(5):466–470.
Otterson MF, Lundeen SJ, Spinelli KS, Sudakoff GS, Telford GL et al. Surgery 2004;136(4):854–860.
Jabra AA, Eng J, Zaleski CG, Abdenour GE Jr, Vuong HV et al. Am J Roentgenol 2001;177(2):431–436.
Maglinte DD, Sandrasegaran K, Lappas JC. Radiol Clin North Am 2007;45(2):289–301.
Maglinte DD, Sandrasegaran K, Lappas JC, Chiorean M. Radiology 2007;245(3):661–671.
Masselli G, Brizi MG, Menchini L, Minordi L, Vecchioli Scaldazza A. Radiol Med (Torino) 2005;110(3):221–233.
Gaca AM, Jaffe TA, Delaney S, Yoshizumi T, Toncheva G et al. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(3):285–291.
Jamieson, DH et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180(5):1211–1216.
Spalinger J, Patriquin H, Miron MC, Marx G, Herzog D et al. Radiology 2000;217(3):787–791.
Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink RJ et al. Radiology 2008;247(1):64–79.
CT and Radiation Dose. http//:www.imagegently.com/CT [last accessed September 2008].
Schaefer O, Oeksuez MO, Lohrmann C, Langer M. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004;28(2):174–179.
Schwartz DA, Wiersema MJ, Dudiak KM, Fletcher JG, Clain JE et al. Gastroenterology 2001;121(5):1064–1072.
Darge K, Anupindi SA, Jaramillo D. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008;16(3):467–478; vi.
Makowiec F, Jehle EC, Starlinger M. Gut 1995;37(5):696–701.
Maglinte DD, Reyes BL, Harmon BH et al. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167(6):1451–1455.
Maglinte DD, Gage SN, Harmon BH. Radiology 1993;188(1):61–64.
Walsh SE, Bender GN, Timmons JH. Emerg Radiol 1998;5:29–37.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anupindi, S.A., Ayyala, R., Kelsen, J., Mamula, P., Applegate, K.E. (2011). 35 Imaging of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children. In: Medina, L., Blackmore, C., Applegate, K. (eds) Evidence-Based Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7777-9_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7777-9_35
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7776-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7777-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)