Abstract
Brazilian higher education institutions (HEIs) have been established since the first half of the nineteenth century under the format of colleges of medicine, law, or engineering. Brazilian universities (HEIs with a poly-disciplinary structure), however, were established more recently. The first university was created in 1920, in Rio de Janeiro, by the Federal Government and, in 1934, the State of São Paulo created its own university, which remains a Brazilian landmark of teaching and research.
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- 1.
I, II Plan for Scientific and Technological Development (PBDCT), II National Development Plan (PND).
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In the Political Arena, this period coincided with the return to democracy most salient characteristics include indirect election although a civilian present on and the adoption of the new constitution in 1988.
- 3.
Automobile, pharmaceutical, capital goods and equipment and cement industries.
- 4.
Between 1980 and 1994 the annual rate was above 100% with rates greater than 1,000% per year between 1988 and 1994 and reaching 2,700% in 1993 (see http://www.ipea.gov.br/ipeadata, accessed 21/11/2006).
- 5.
According to Decree Law no. 719 of July 31, 1969
- 6.
Guimarães, 1995.
- 7.
PINTEC is the Brazilian Technological Innovation Survey.
- 8.
According to the Survey of Business (Cadastro Central de Empresas) by the IBGE, in 2004, Brazil had 5,371,291 active businesses; that is private businesses, government agencies and other private not-for-profit entities. Of this total, 9.2% correspond to transformation industries.
- 9.
Opinion no 977/65, C.E.Su, approved. December 3, 1965. Definitions of graduate courses published 03/12/1965.
- 10.
See Sinopse da Educação Superior – 2004 http://www.inep.gov.br/superior/censosuperior/default.asp e www.edudatabrasil.inep.gov.br.
- 11.
http://www.capes.goc.br: National Plan for Graduate Studies 2006–2010.
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A rate much lower than that of Germany which graduates an average of 30 PhDs per 100,000 population, South Korea with 13.6 or Japan with 12.1. In 2003, the number for South Korea was three times that of Brazil.
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The Government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, was inaugurated in 2003 and reelected in 2006.
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Medida Provisória no. 213/2004 e Lei no. 11.096 January 13, 2005.
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The State University of Rio de Janeiro was one of the first to introduce reservation of places for black students.
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A multiplication of corporate universities established by major corporations or banks is also occurring.
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CAPES 2004b.
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At the University of São Carlos in the State of São Paulo and at the Federal University of Santa Catarina.
- 19.
USPTO – United States Patent and trademark Office.
- 20.
The same proportion of the beginning of the nineties.
- 21.
Law No. 10.973, enacted in December 2004.
- 22.
From the statement of reasons for the draft of Law 2001.
- 23.
FORPROEX – Public Universities Extension Pro-rectors Forum.
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de Mello, J.M.C., Maculan, AM., Renault, T.B. (2011). Brazilian Universities and Their Contribution to Innovation and Development. In: Göransson, B., Brundenius, C. (eds) Universities in Transition. Insight and Innovation in International Development. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7509-6_4
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