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Investigating Archaeological Cultures pp 245–270Cite as

Steps Towards Operationalising an Evolutionary Archaeological Definition of Culture

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Abstract

This paper examines the definition of archaeological cultures/techno-complexes from an evolutionary perspective, in which culture is defined as a system of social information transmission. A formal methodology is presented through which the concept of a culture can be operationalised, at least within this approach. It has already been argued that in order to study material culture evolution in a manner similar to how palaeontologists study biological change over time, we need explicitly constructed “archaeological taxonomic units”. In palaeontology, the definition of such taxonomic units – most commonly species – is highly controversial, so no readily adoptable methodology exists. Here, it is argued that “culture”, however defined, is a phenomenon that emerges through the actions of individuals. In order to identify “cultures”, we must therefore construct them from the bottom up, beginning with individual actions. Chaîne opèratoire research, combined with the formal and quantitative identification of variability in individual material culture behaviour allows those traits critical in the social transmission of cultural information to be identified. Once such traits are identified, quantitative, the so-called phylogenetic methods can be used to track material culture change over time. Phylogenetic methods produce nested hierarchies of increasingly exclusive groupings, reflecting descent with modification within lineages of social information transmission. Once such nested hierarchies are constructed, it is possible to define an archaeological culture at any given point in this hierarchy, depending on the scale of analysis. A brief example from the Late Glacial in Southern Scandinavia is presented, and it is shown that this approach can be used to operationalise an evolutionary definition of “culture” and that it improves upon traditional, typologically defined techno-complexes. In conclusion, the benefits and limits of such an evolutionary and quantitative definition of “culture” are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Archaeology, Institute of Anthropology, Archaeology and Linguistics, Aarhus University, Moesgård, Denmark

    Felix Riede

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Prehistory & Europe, British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom

    Benjamin W. Roberts

  2. , School of Archaeology and Ancient Histor, Leicester University, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom

    Marc Vander Linden

Appendix 13.1

Appendix 13.1

List of all traits measured and calculated. For similar attempts at describing Late Glacial armature shape see Fischer (1985), Burdukiewicz and Schmider (2000), Ikinger (1998), Szymczak (1987), Madsen (1992, 1996), Hahn (1993), and Beckhoff (1967).

  1. I.

    Maximum length

  2. II.

    Maximum width

  3. III.

    Maximum thickness

  4. IV.

    Body/tang ratio

  5. V.

    Percussion bulb presence and morphology

  6. VI.

    Tang orientation vis-à-vis bulb of percussion

  7. VII.

    Tang retouch direction, right

  8. VIII.

    Tang retouch direction, left

  9. IX.

    Tang retouch length, right

  10. X.

    Tang retouch length, left

  11. XI.

    Hafting notch (presence/absence)

  12. XII.

    Tang symmetry

  13. XIII.

    Tang alignment vis-à-vis midline

  14. XIV.

    Shoulder angle, right

  15. XV.

    Shoulder angle, left

  16. XVI.

    Tip angle

  17. XVII.

    Tip retouch intensity, right

  18. XVIII.

    Tip retouch intensity, left

  19. XIX.

    Tip retouch direction, right

  20. XX.

    Tip retouch direction, left

  21. XXI.

    Tip retouch length, right

  22. XXII.

    Tip retouch length, left

  23. XXIII.

    Tip alignment

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Riede, F. (2011). Steps Towards Operationalising an Evolutionary Archaeological Definition of Culture. In: Roberts, B., Vander Linden, M. (eds) Investigating Archaeological Cultures. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6970-5_13

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