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Toward an Integrated Science of Morality

Linking Mind, Society and Culture

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Book cover Handbook of the Sociology of Morality

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

This chapter constructs a sociological mantle for morality and the mind by specifying broad theoretical traditions in the sociological literature on structure, culture, and interaction amenable to neuropsychological models of morality. Moral action does not take place in a vacuum; people are embedded in culture and social structure. We belong to families, groups, organizations, societies that shape and are shaped by our actions, thoughts and feelings. Research in sociology is well established to provide the essential links between human mind – extensively focused on within moral psychology – with society and culture. A comprehensive science of morality not only tests the neurological mechanisms involved in morality in artificial settings but is anchored in sociological understandings about how morality is shaped and activated in everyday human life.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in several important affective and cognitive tasks including but not limited to autonomic activity, conditioned emotional learning, internal emotional responses, motivation, motor activity and goal directed behavior (Bush et al. 2000, Devinsky et al. 1995), selective attention (Casebeer and Churchland 2003), and social cooperative action (Rilling et al. 2001).

  2. 2.

    Warfield-Rawls (1987) suggests that it is the unexpected in basic interaction that makes up the moral (see her chapter, this volume).

  3. 3.

    We do not advocate for an approach that perilously constructs an over-socialized perspective of persons. Wrong’s (1961) point is quite clear, and just, and socialization is but a reduced-form construct explaining how social information is acquired and retained.

  4. 4.

    In Alexander and Smith’s (1993) terms, binaries are dualistically organized: good versus bad, right versus wrong, clean versus dirty. We suggest that the world is a far more complex place. This approach does not reflect gradations of evaluation.

  5. 5.

    Interested parties might look to New Institutionalism in organizational sociology, which has long investigated culture as shaping and directing lines of action (see Powell and DiMaggio 1991, Friedland and Alford 1991 for theoretic orientation; Thornton and William 1999, Haveman and Rao 1997, Rao et al. 2003). More recently, new institutional scholarship has loosened the constraints of theory, acknowledging discursive processes between culture and interpretation by organizational actors. Persons filter, construct and strategically utilize this cultural information to direct action and pursue interests (see Hallett 2003, Hallett and Ventresca 2006a, b, Binder 2007, Hallett 2010).

  6. 6.

    Only suggestively, and guided by Turner and Stets (2006): dramaturgical theories are rooted in capturing how culture acts to define which emotions should be both experienced and expressed in a given situation (e.g., Goffman 1959, 1967, Hochschild 1983, Scheff 1988). Symbolic interactionist theories are rooted in understanding the relation of the self and identity to emotions through interaction. The self and identity are embedded in, constructed and reproduced through interaction (e.g., Mead 1934, Burke 1991, McCall and Simmons 1978, Stryker 1980, Turner 2002). Power and status theories generally connote the effects of status processes and power dynamics in the evocation of emotions or emotional states (Kemper and Collins 1990, Bianchi 2004, Ridgeway and Johnson 1990, Ridgeway 1994). Finally, exchange theories focus on exchange processes between actors (necessary acts in social life), in which exchange can be conceptualized in a bevy of manners. Importantly, each of these theories of exchange examines how exchange processes evoke or construct emotions and feeling states (e.g. Lawler 2001, Molm 1997, Cook and Emerson 1978, Kollack 1994, Lawler and Yoon 1998).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA

    Rengin Firat & Chad Michael McPherson

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  1. Rengin Firat
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  2. Chad Michael McPherson
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Correspondence to Rengin Firat .

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  1. Dept. Sociology, University of Iowa, Seashore Hall W. 124, Iowa City, 52242-1401, Iowa, USA

    Steven Hitlin

  2. , Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Barrows Hall #1980 410, Berkeley, 94720, USA

    Stephen Vaisey

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Firat, R., McPherson, C.M. (2010). Toward an Integrated Science of Morality. In: Hitlin, S., Vaisey, S. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6896-8_19

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