Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Environmental Factors, Genes, and the Development of Human Cancers pp 253–276Cite as

Genetic Polymorphisms Predisposing Individuals to Breast Cancer Via Gene–Environment Interaction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 729 Accesses

Abstract

Breast cancer incidence varies considerably between Western and non-Western countries. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are highest in North America and Northern Europe, intermediate in Southern Europe and Latin America, and lowest in Asia and Africa. In recent years, however, a dramatic increase in breast cancer incidence has been reported in several Asian countries, including Korea. Immigrant studies have suggested that environmental rather than genetic factors are primarily responsible for the international variability and secular trend of breast cancer rates. This chapter presents current findings on environmental risk factors for breast cancer, specifically in terms of gene–environment interactions. The scope of environmental factors encompasses obesity, hormonal factors, including menstrual and reproductive history, and dietary factors, including alcohol, folate, fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins, and meats and their metabolic mutagens. For each environmental factor, we reviewed articles that assessed genetic polymorphisms that have a plausible biological mechanism for breast cancer risk modification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas, S., Nieters, A., Linseisen, J., Slanger, T., Kropp, S., Mutschelknauss, E. J., lesch-Janys, D., Chang-Claude, J. 2008. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and haplotypes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res 10(2):R31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, B. K., Justenhoven, C., Pesch, B., Harth, V., Weirich, G., Baisch, C., Rabstein, S., Ko, Y. D., Bruning, T., Fischer, H. P., Haas, S., Brod, S., Oberkanins, C., Hamann, U., Brauch, H. 2005. Investigation of genetic variants of genes of the hemochromatosis pathway and their role in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:1102–1107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, J., Gammon, M. D., Santella, R. M., Gaudet, M. M., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Terry, M. B., Neugut, A. I., Ambrosone, C. B. 2005a. No association between glutathione peroxidase Pro198Leu polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2459–2461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, J., Gammon, M. D., Santella, R. M., Gaudet, M. M., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Terry, M. B., Neugut, A. I., Eng, S. M., Zhang, Y., Garza, C., Ambrosone, C. B. 2006. Effects of glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) genotype and potential modifiers on breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 27:1876–1882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, J., Gammon, M. D., Santella, R. M., Gaudet, M. M., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Terry, M. B., Neugut, A. I., Josephy, P. D., Ambrosone, C. B. 2004. Myeloperoxidase genotype, fruit and vegetable consumption, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 64:7634–7639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, J., Gammon, M. D., Santella, R. M., Gaudet, M. M., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Terry, M. B., Nowell, S., Davis, W., Garza, C., Neugut, A. I., Ambrosone, C. B. 2005b. Associations between breast cancer risk and the catalase genotype, fruit and vegetable consumption, and supplement use. Am J Epidemiol 162:943–952.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahsan, H., Whittemore, A. S., Chen, Y., Senie, R. T., Hamilton, S. P., Wang, Q., Gurvich, I., Santella, R. M. 2005. Variants in estrogen-biosynthesis genes CYP17 and CYP19 and breast cancer risk: a family-based genetic association study. Breast Cancer Res 7(1):R71–R81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone, C. B., Ahn, J., Singh, K. K., Rezaishiraz, H., Furberg, H., Sweeney, C., Coles, B., Trovato, A. 2005. Polymorphisms in genes related to oxidative stress (MPO, MnSOD, CAT) and survival after treatment for breast cancer. Cancer Res 65:1105–1111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone, C. B., Coles, B. F., Freudenheim, J. L., Shields, P. G. 1999a. Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. J Nutr 129:565S–568S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone, C. B., Freudenheim, J. L., Thompson, P. A., Bowman, E., Vena, J. E., Marshall, J. R., Graham, S., Laughlin, R., Nemoto, T., Shields, P. G. 1999b. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genetic polymorphisms, dietary antioxidants, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Res 59:602–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone, C. B., Freudenheim, J. L., Sinha, R., Graham, S., Marshall, J. R., Vena, J. E., Laughlin, R., Nemoto, T., Shields, P. G. 1998. Breast cancer risk, meat consumption and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) genetic polymorphisms. Int J Cancer 75:825–830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone, C. B., McCann, S. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Marshall, J. R., Zhang, Y., Shields, P. G. 2004. Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone, C. B., Moysich, K. B., Furberg, H., Freudenheim, J. L., Bowman, E. D., Ahmed, S., Graham, S., Vena, J. E., Shields, P. G. 2003. CYP17 genetic polymorphism, breast cancer, and breast cancer risk factors. Breast Cancer Res 5(2):R45–R51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, L. B., Gregory, J. F., 3rd. 1999. Polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and other enzymes: metabolic significance, risks and impact on folate requirement. J Nutr 129:919–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, L. E., Van Landeghem, G. F., Sikstrom, C., Wahlin, A., Markevarn, B., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., Athlin, L., Stenling, R., Beckman, L. 1999. Interaction between haemochromatosis and transferrin receptor genes in different neoplastic disorders. Carcinogenesis 20:1231–1233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennermo, M., Held, C., Stemme, S., Ericsson, C. G., Silveira, A., Green, F., Tornvall, P. 2004. Genetic predisposition of the interleukin-6 response to inflammation: implications for a variety of major diseases? Clin Chem 50:2136–2140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard-Gallon, D., Bosviel, R., Delort, L., Fontana, L., Chamoux, A., Rabiau, N., Kwiatkowski, F., Chalabi, N., Satih, S., Bignon, Y. J. 2008. DNA repair gene ERCC2 polymorphisms and associations with breast and ovarian cancer risk. Mol Cancer 7:36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, J. R., Plowman, G. D. 1999. The Aurora/Ipl1p kinase family: regulators of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Trends Cell Biol 9:454–459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosron, W. F., Li, T. K. 1986. Genetic polymorphism of human liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, and their relationship to alcohol metabolism and alcoholism. Hepatology 6:502–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brentano, S. T., Picado-Leonard, J., Mellon, S. H., Moore, C. C., Miller, W. L. 1990. Tissue-specific, cyclic adenosine 3#,5#-monophosphate-induced, and phorbol ester-repressed transcription from the human P450c17 promoter in mouse cells. Mol Endocrinol 4(12):1972–1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton-Watt, D., Given-Wilson, R., Mansi, J. L., Thomas, V., Carter, N., Colston, K. W. 2001. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with breast cancer risk in a UK Caucasian population. Br J Cancer 85(2):171–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Q., Shu, X. O., Jin, F., Dai, Q., Wen, W., Cheng, J. R., Gao, Y. T., Zheng, W. 2003. Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene and risk of breast cancer: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:853–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Q., Shu, X. O., Wen, W., Cheng, J. R., Dai, Q., Gao, Y. T., Zheng, W. 2004. Genetic polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene, antioxidant intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res 6:R647–R655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko, P., Rajan, B., Mathew, B. S., Joseph, T., Pillai, M. R. 2004. CYP17 and SULT1A1 gene polymorphisms in Indian breast cancer. Breast Cancer 11(4):380–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraverty, R. K., Hickson, I. D. 1999. Defending genome integrity during DNA replication: a proposed role for RecQ family helicases. Bioessays 21:286–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, J. H., Gertig, D. M., Chen, X., Dite, G. S., Jenkins, M. A., Milne, R. L., Southey, M. C., McCredie, M. R., Giles, G. G., Chenevix-Trench, G., Hopper, J. L., Spurdle, A. B. 2005. CYP17 genetic polymorphism, breast cancer, and breast cancer risk factors: Australian Breast Cancer Family Study. Breast Cancer Res 7(4):R513–R521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, J. H., Gertig, D. M., Chen, X., Dite, G. S., Jenkins, M. A., Milne, R. L., Southey, M. C., McCredie, M. R., Giles, G. G., Chenevix-Trench, G., Hopper, J. L., Spurdle, A. B. 2005. CYP17 genetic polymorphism, breast cancer, and breast cancer risk factors: Australian Breast Cancer Family Study. Breast Cancer Res 7(4):R513–R521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. T., Choo, K. B., Hou, M. F., Yeh, K. T., Kuo, S. J., Chang, J. G. 2005b. Deregulated expression of the PER1, PER2, and PER3 genes in breast cancers. Carcinogenesis 26:1241–1246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Gammon, M. D., Chan, W., Palomeque, C., Wetmur, J. G., Kabat, G. C., Teitelbaum, S. L., Britton, J. A., Terry, M. B., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M. 2005a. One-carbon metabolism, MTHFR polymorphisms, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Res 65:1606–1614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Gammon, M. D., Teitelbaum, S. L., Britton, J. A., Terry, M. B., Shantakumar, S., Eng, S. M., Wang, Q., Gurvich, I., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M., Ahsan, H. 2008. Estrogen-biosynthesis gene CYP17 and its interactions with reproductive, hormonal and lifestyle factors in breast cancer risk: results from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Carcinogenesis 29(4):766–771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, T. C., Chen, S. T., Huang, C. S., Fu, Y. P., Yu, J. C., Cheng, C. W., Wu, P. E., Shen, C. Y. 2005. Breast cancer risk associated with genotype polymorphism of the catechol estrogen-metabolizing genes: a multigenic study on cancer susceptibility. Int J Cancer 113(3):345–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J. Y., Abel, J., Neuhaus, T., Ko, Y., Harth, V., Hamajima, N., Tajima, K., Yoo, K. Y., Park, S. K., Noh, D. Y., Han, W., Choe, K. J., Ahn, S. H., Kim, S. U., Hirvonen, A., Kang, D. 2003. Role of alcohol and genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and ALDH2 in breast cancer development. Pharmacogenetics 13:67–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, Y. C., Wu, M. H., Yu, J. C., Lee, M. S., Yang, T., Shih, H. L., Wu, T. Y., Sun, C. A. 2006. Genetic polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, plasma folate levels and breast cancer susceptibility: a case-control study in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis 27:2295–2300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coin, F., Marinoni, J. C., Rodolfo, C., Fribourg, S., Pedrini, A. M., Egly, J. M. 1998. Mutations in the XPD helicase gene result in XP and TTD phenotypes, preventing interaction between XPD and the p44 subunit of TFIIH. Nat Genet 20:184–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comings, D. E., Gade-Andavolu, R., Cone, L. A., Muhleman, D., MacMurray, J. P. 2003. A multigene test for the risk of sporadic breast carcinoma. Cancer 97:2160–2170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui, Y., Shu, X. O., Cai, Q., Jin, F., Cheng, J. R., Cai, H., Gao, Y. T., Zheng, W. 2005. Association of breast cancer risk with a common functional polymorphism (Asp327Asn) in the sex hormone-binding globulin gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(5):1096–1101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J. E., Lea, R. A., Rutherford, S., Weinstein, S. R., Griffiths, L. R. 2001. Association of estrogen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms with sporadic breast cancer. Int J Cancer 95:271–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J. E., Vaughan, T., Lea, R. A., Weinstein, S. R., Morrison, N. A., Griffiths, L. R. 1999. Association of A vitamin D receptor polymorphism with sporadic breast cancer development. Int J Cancer 83(6):723–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, Q., Cai, Q. Y., Shu, X. O., Ewart-Toland, A., Wen, W. Q., Balmain, A., Gao, Y. T., Zheng, W. 2004. Synergistic effects of STK15 gene polymorphisms and endogenous estrogen exposure in the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:2065–2070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Vivo, I., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J. 2003. A functional polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 63:5236–5238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deeb, S. S., Fajas, L., Nemoto, M., Pihlajamaki, J., Mykkanen, L., Kuusisto, J., Laakso, M., Fujimoto, W., Auwerx, J. 1998. A Pro12Ala substitution in PPARgamma2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity. Nat Genet 20:284–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deitz, A. C., Zheng, W., Leff, M. A., Gross, M., Wen, W. Q., Doll, M. A., Xiao, G. H., Folsom, A. R., Hein, D. W. 2000. N-Acetyltransferase-2 genetic polymorphism, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:905–910.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delfino, R. J., Sinha, R., Smith, C., West, J., White, E., Lin, H. J., Liao, S. Y., Gim, J. S., Ma, H. L., Butler, J., Anton-Culver, H. 2000. Breast cancer, heterocyclic aromatic amines from meat and N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype. Carcinogenesis 21:607–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, S. L., Yu, J. C., Chen, S. T., Hsu, G. C., Shen, C. Y. 2007. Genetic variation in the premature aging gene WRN: a case-control study on breast cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(2):263–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, A. M., Healey, C. S., Pharoah, P. D., Foster, N. A., Lipscombe, J. M., Redman, K. L., Easton, D. F., Day, N. E., Ponder, B. A. 1998. No association between a polymorphism in the steroid metabolism gene CYP17 and risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 77:2045–2047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, A. M., McBride, S., Gregory, J., Durocher, F., Foster, N. A., Healey, C. S., Smith, N., Pharoah, P. D., Luben, R. N., Easton, D. F., Ponder, B. A. 1999. No association between androgen or vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 20(11):2131–2135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, K. M., Cai, Q., Shu, X. O., Jin, F., Zhu, T. L., Dai, Q., Gao, Y. T., Zheng, W. 2004a. Genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 and the risk for breast cancer: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:197–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, K. M., Newcomb, P. A., Ambrosone, C. B., Trentham-Dietz, A., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Hampton, J. M., Kimura, M. T., Nagase, H. 2004b. STK15 polymorphism and breast cancer risk in a population-based study. Carcinogenesis 25:2149–2153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, K. M., Thompson, P. A., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Moore, J. H., Ambrosone, C. B. 2003. MnSOD polymorphism and breast cancer in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Lett 199:27–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egeberg, R., Olsen, A., Autrup, H., Christensen, J., Stripp, C., Tetens, I., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A. 2008. Meat consumption, N-acetyl transferase 1 and 2 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in Danish postmenopausal women. Eur J Cancer Prev 17:39–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Einarsdóttir, K., Darabi, H., Li, Y., Low, Y. L., Li, Y. Q., Bonnard, C., Sjölander, A., Czene, K., Wedrén, S., Liu, E. T., Hall, P., Humphreys, K., Liu, J. 2008. ESR1 and EGF genetic variation in relation to breast cancer risk and survival. Breast Cancer Res 10(1):R15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einarsdóttir, K., Rylander-Rudqvist, T., Humphreys, K., Ahlberg, S., Jonasdottir, G., Weiderpass, E., Chia, K. S., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Persson, I., Liu, J., Hall, P., Wedrén, S. 2005. CYP17 gene polymorphism in relation to breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 7(6):R890–R896.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelson, H. S., Coetzee, G. A., Kolonel, L. N., Ross, R. K., Henderson, B. E. 1997. A polymorphism in the CYP17 gene increases the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Res 57:1063–1065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, O., Johnson, N., Palles, C., dos Santos Silva, I., McCormack, V., Whittaker, J., Ashworth, A., Peto, J. 2006. Inconsistent association between the STK15 F31I genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(14):1014–1018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenheim, J. L., Ambrosone, C. B., Moysich, K. B., Vena, J. E., Graham, S., Marshall, J. R., Muti, P., Laughlin, R., Nemoto, T., Harty, L. C., Crits, G. A., Chan, A. W., Shields, P. G. 1999. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype modification of the association of alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 10:369–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Futaki, M., Liu, J. M. 2001. Chromosomal breakage syndromes and the BRCA1 genome surveillance complex. Trends Mol Med 7:560–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gago-Dominguez, M., Jiang, X., Castelao, J. E. 2007. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress genes and dietary factors in breast cancer protection: a hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res 9:201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudet, M. M., Gammon, M. D., Santella, R. M., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Eng, S. M., Terry, M. B., Bensen, J. T., Schroeder, J., Olshan, A. F., Neugut, A. I., Ambrosone, C. B. 2005. MnSOD Val-9Ala genotype, pro- and anti-oxidant environmental modifiers, and breast cancer among women on Long Island, New York. Cancer Causes Control 16:1225–1234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gertig, D. M., Hankinson, S. E., Hough, H., Spiegelman, D., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Kelsey, K. T., Hunter, D. J. 1999. N-acetyl transferase 2 genotypes, meat intake and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 80:13–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, J. E., Lavigne, J. A., Wu, K., Helzlsouer, K. J., Strickland, P. T., Selhub, J., Yager, J. D. 2001. COMT genotype, micronutrients in the folate metabolic pathway and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 22:1661–1665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guy, M., Lowe, L. C., Bretherton-Watt, D., Mansi, J. L., Colston, K. W. 2003. Approaches to evaluating the association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk. Recent Results Cancer Res 164:43–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habuchi, T., Suzuki, T., Sasaki, R., Wang, L., Sato, K., Satoh, S., Akao, T., Tsuchiya, N., Shimoda, N., Wada, Y., Koizumi, A., Chihara, J., Ogawa, O., Kato, T. 2000. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Japanese population. Cancer Res 60:305–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haiman, C. A., Bernstein, L., Berg, D., Ingles, S. A., Salane, M., Ursin, G. 2002. Genetic determinants of mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 4:R5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haiman, C. A., Hankinson, S. E., De Vivo, I., Guillemette, C., Ishibe, N., Hunter, D. J., Byrne, C. 2003. Polymorphisms in steroid hormone pathway genes and mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 77:27–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haiman, C. A., Hankinson, S. E., Spiegelman, D., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., Kelsey, K. T., Hunter, D. J. 1999. The relationship between a polymorphism in CYP17 with plasma hormone levels and breast cancer. Cancer Res 59:1015–1020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamajima, N., Iwata, H., Obata, Y., Matsuo, K., Mizutani, M., Iwase, T., Miura, S., Okuma, K., Ohashi, K., Tajima, K. 2000. No association of the 5ʹpromoter region polymorphism of CYP17 with breast cancer risk in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 91:880–885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, J., Hankinson, S. E., Zhang, S. M., De Vivo, I., Hunter, D. J. 2004b. Interaction between genetic variations in DNA repair genes and plasma folate on breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:520–524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, D. F., Zhou, X., Hu, M. B., Wang, C. H., Xie, W., Tan, X. D., Zheng, F., Liu, F. 2004a. Sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) polymorphism and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Toxicol Lett 150(2):167–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, D. F., Zhou, X., Hu, M. B., Xie, W., Mao, Z. F., Chen, D. E., Liu, F., Zheng, F. 2005. Polymorphisms of estrogen-metabolizing genes and breast cancer risk: a multigenic study. Chin Med J (Engl) 118(18):1507–1516.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannah, S. S., Norman, A. W. 1994. 1a, 25(OH)2 vitamin D3-regulated expression of the eukaryotic genome. Nutr Rev 52:376–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hefler, L. A., Tempfer, C. B., Grimm, C., Lebrecht, A., Ulbrich, E., Heinze, G., Leodolter, S., Helzlsouer, K. J., Huang, H. Y., Strickland, P. T., Hoffman, S., Alberg, A. J., Comstock, G. W., Bell, D. A. 1998. Association between CYP17 polymorphisms and the development of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:945–949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helzlsouer, K. J., Selmin, O., Huang, H. Y., Strickland, P. T., Hoffman, S., Alberg, A. J., Watson, M., Comstock, G. W., Bell, D. 1998. Association between glutathione S-transferase M1, P1, and T1 genetic polymorphisms and development of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:512–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, L. M., Hankinson, S. E., Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D., Kelsey, K. T., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J. 2000. A prospective study of the effect of alcohol consumption and ADH3 genotype on plasma steroid hormone levels and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:1099–1105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirota, T., Kunitoku, N., Sasayama, T., Marumoto, T., Zhang, D., Nitta, M., Hatakeyama, K., Saya, H. 2003. Aurora-A and an interacting activator, the LIM protein Ajuba, are required for mitotic commitment in human cells. Cell 114:585–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, M. F., Tien, Y. C., Lin, G. T., Chen, C. J., Liu, C. S., Lin, S. Y., Huang, T. J. 2002. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with sporadic breast cancer in Taiwanese patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 74(1):1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C. S., Chern, H. D., Chang, K. J., Cheng, C. W., Hsu, S. M., Shen, C. Y. 1999. Breast cancer risk associated with genotype polymorphism of the estrogen-metabolizing genes CYP17, CYP1A1, and COMT: a multigenic study on cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res 59:4870–4875.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer-Preventive Agents. 2002. Weight Control and Physical Activity, IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, Volume 6. Lyon, France: IARC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingles, S. A., Garcia, D. G., Wang, W., Nieters, A., Henderson, B. E., Kolonel, L. N., Haile, R. W., Coetzee, G. A. 2000. Vitamin D receptor genotype and breast cancer in Latinas (United States). Cancer Causes Control 11(1):25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwase, H., Greenman, J. M., Barnes, D. M., Hodgson, S., Bobrow, L., Mathew, C. G. 1996. Sequence variants of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene found in breast cancer patients with ER negative and progesterone receptor positive tumors. Cancer Lett 108:179–184; J Nutr 134:1134–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, S. Y., Mackay, A. G., Colston, K. W. 2006. Effects of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues on induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 58:395–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerevall, P. L., Ahmadi, A., Bergman, M., Stål, O., Wingren, S. 2005. Sulfotransferase1A1 and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Anticancer Res 25(3c):2515–2517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John, E. M., Schwartz, G. G., Koo, J., Wang, W., Ingles, S. A. 2007. Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population. Am J Epidemiol 166(12):1409–1419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallianpur, A. R., Hall, L. D., Yadav, M., Christman, B. W., Dittus, R. S., Haines, J. L., Parl, F. F., Summar, M. L. 2004. Increased prevalence of the HFE C282Y hemochromatosis allele in women with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:205–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, H. J., Kim, S. W., Kim, H. J., Ahn, S. J., Bae, J. Y., Park, S. K., Kang, D., Hirvonen, A., Choe, K. J., Noh, D. Y. 2002. Polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor-alpha gene and breast cancer risk. Cancer Lett 178:175–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawase, T., Matsuo, K., Suzuki, T., Hiraki, A., Watanabe, M., Iwata, H., Tanaka, H., Tajima, K. 2009. FGFR2 intronic polymorphisms interact with reproductive risk factors of breast cancer: results of a case control study in Japan. Int J Cancer 125:1946–1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey, J. L., Horn-Ross, P. L. 1993. Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 15:7–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. U., Lee, K. M., Park, S. K., Yoo, K. Y., Noh, D. Y., Choe, K. J., Ahn, S. H., Hirvonen, A., Kang, D. 2004. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase P1 and breast cancer risk. J Biochem Mol Biol 37:582–585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotsopoulos, J., Tworoger, S. S., De Vivo, I., Hankinson, S. E., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., Chen, W. Y. 2009. +331G/A variant in the progesterone receptor gene, postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 125:1685–1691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajinovic, M., Ghadirian, P., Richer, C., Sinnett, H., Gandini, S., Perret, C., Lacroix, A., Labuda, D., Sinnett, D. 2001. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer in French-Canadians: role of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and gene-environment interactions. Int J Cancer 92:220–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Marchand, L., Donlon, T., Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., Wilkens, L. R. 2005. Estrogen metabolism-related genes and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(8):1998–2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Marchand, L., Haiman, C. A., Wilkens, L. R., Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E. 2004. MTHFR polymorphisms, diet, HRT, and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:2071–2077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. M., Abel, J., Ko, Y., Harth, V., Park, W. Y., Seo, J. S., Yoo, K. Y., Choi, J. Y., Shin, A., Ahn, S. H., Noh, D. Y., Hirvonen, A., Kang, D. 2003. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 19 and 1B1, alcohol use, and breast cancer risk in Korean women. Br J Cancer 88:675–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. M., Choi, J. Y., Kang, C., Kang, C. P., Park, S. K., Cho, H., Cho, D. Y., Yoo, K. Y., Noh, D. Y., Ahn, S. H., Park, C. G., Wei, Q., Kang, D. 2005a. Genetic polymorphisms of selected DNA repair genes, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res 11:4620–4626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. A., Fowke, J. H., Lu, W., Ye, C., Zheng, Y., Cai, Q., Gu, K., Gao, Y. T., Shu, X. O., Zheng, W. 2008. Cruciferous vegetables, the GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism, and breast cancer risk. Am J of Clin Nutr 87:753–760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. A., Lee, K. M., Park, W. Y., Kim, B., Nam, J., Yoo, K. Y., Noh, D. Y., Ahn, S. H., Hirvonen, A., Kang, D. 2005b. Obesity and genetic polymorphism of ERCC2 and ERCC4 as modifiers of risk of breast cancer. Exp Mol Med 37:86–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S. J., Harbord, R. M., Harris, R., Smith, G. D. 2006. Meta-analyses of observational and genetic association studies of folate intakes or levels and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1607–1622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, B., Comai, L. 2000. Functional interaction between Ku and the werner syndrome protein in DNA end processing. J Biol Chem 275(37):28349–28352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilla, C., Koehler, T., Kropp, S., Wang-Gohrke, S., Chang-Claude, J. 2005. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genotype, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by age 50 years in a German case-control study. Br J Cancer 92:2039–2041.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lissowska, J., Gaudet, M. M., Brinton, L. A., Chanock, S. J., Peplonska, B., Welch, R., Zatonski, W., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Park, S., Sherman, M., Garcia-Closas, M. 2007. Genetic polymorphisms in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and breast cancer risk: a population-based case-control study and meta-analyses. Int J Cancer 120:2696–2703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, L. C., Guy, M., Mansi, J. L., Peckitt, C., Bliss, J., Wilson, R. G., Colston, K. W. 2005. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D receptor genotype and breast cancer risk in a UK Caucasian population. Eur J Cancer 41(8):1164–1169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, H., Ouyang, W., Huang, C. 2006. Inflammation, a key event in cancer development. Mol Cancer Res 4:221–233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundin, A. C., Söderkvist, P., Eriksson, B., Bergman-Jungeström, M., Wingren, S. 1999. Association of breast cancer progression with a vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism. South-East Sweden Breast Cancer Group. Cancer Res 59(10):2332–2334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunn, R. M., Helzlsouer, K. J., Parshad, R., Umbach, D. M., Harris, E. L., Sanford, K. K., Bell, D. A. 2000. XPD polymorphisms: effects on DNA repair proficiency. Carcinogenesis 21:551–555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. L., Stevens, V. L., Diver, W. R., Feigelson, H. S., Rodriguez, C., Bostick, R. M., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E. 2007. Vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms, diet, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 9(1):R9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R. C., Player, J., de Cotret, A. R., Moorman, P., Pittman, G., Vannappagari, V., Tse, C. K., Keku, T. 2004. Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala-9Val polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based case-control study of African Americans and whites. Breast Cancer Res 6:R264–R274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitrunen, K., Jourenkova, N., Kataja, V., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M., Benhamou, S., Vainio, H., Uusitupa, M., Hirvonen, A. 2000. Steroid metabolism gene CYP17 polymorphism and the development of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9(12):1343–1348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitrunen, K., Sillanpaa, P., Kataja, V., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M., Benhamou, S., Uusitupa, M., Hirvonen, A. 2001. Association between manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 22:827–829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohlig, M., Boeing, H., Spranger, J., Osterhoff, M., Kroke, A., Fisher, E., Bergmann, M. M., Ristow, M., Hoffmann, K., Pfeiffer, A. F. 2004. Body mass index and C-174G interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism interact in predicting type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1885–1890.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowell, S. A., Ahn, J., Ambrosone, C. B. 2004. Gene-nutrient interactions in cancer etiology. Nutr Rev 62:427–438.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. K., Kang, D., Noh, D. Y., Lee, K. M., Kim, S. U., Choi, J. Y., Choi, I. M., Ahn, S. H., Choe, K. J., Hirvonen, A., Strickland, P. T., Yoo, K. Y. 2003. Reproductive factors, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 78(1):89–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. K., Yim, D. S., Yoon, K. S., Choi, I. M., Choi, J. Y., Yoo, K. Y., Noh, D. Y., Choe, K. J., Ahn, S. H., Hirvonen, A., Kang, D. 2004. Combined effect of GSTM1, GSTT1, and COMT genotypes in individual breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 88(1):55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. K., Yoo, K. Y., Lee, S. J., Kim, S. U., Ahn, S. H., Noh, D. Y., Choe, K. J., Strickland, P. T., Hirvonen, A., Kang, D. 2000. Alcohol consumption, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 10:301–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piller, R., Verla-Tebit, E., Wang-Gohrke, S., Linseisen, J., Chang-Claude, J. 2006. CYP17 genotype modifies the association between lignan supply and premenopausal breast cancer risk in humans. J Nutr 136(6):1596–1603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravn-Haren, G., Olsen, A., Tjonneland, A., Dragsted, L. O., Nexo, B. A., Wallin, H., Overvad, K., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Vogel, U. 2006. Associations between GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, erythrocyte GPX activity, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. Carcinogenesis 27:820–825.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebbeck, T. R., Troxel, A. B., Norman, S., Bunin, G., DeMichele, A., Schinnar, R., Berlin, J. A., Strom, B. L. 2007b. Pharmacogenetic modulation of combined hormone replacement therapy by progesterone-metabolism genotypes in postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 166:1392–1399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebbeck, T. R., Troxel, A. B., Walker, A. H., Panossian, S., Gallagher, S., Shatalova, E. G., Blanchard, R., Norman, S., Bunin, G., DeMichele, A., Berlin, M., Schinnar, R., Berlin, J. A., Strom, B. L. 2007a. Pairwise combinations of estrogen metabolism genotypes in postmenopausal breast cancer etiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(3):444–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossner, P., Jr., Terry, M. B., Gammon, M. D., Zhang, F. F., Teitelbaum, S. L., Eng, S. M., Sagiv, S. K., Gaudet, M. M., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M. 2006. OGG1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:811–815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, E. L., Lee, M. K., Newman, B., King, M. C. 1999. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the estrogen receptor gene and breast cancer susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 71:21–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semenza, J. C., Delfino, R. J., Ziogas, A., Anton-Culver, H. 2003. Breast cancer risk and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism. Breast Cancer Res Treat 77:217–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seth, P., Lunetta, K. L., Bell, D. W., Gray, H., Nasser, S. M., Rhei, E., Kaelin, C. M., Iglehart, D. J., Marks, J. R., Garber, J. E., Haber, D. A., Polyak, K. 2000. Phenol sulfotransferases: hormonal regulation, polymorphism, and age of onset of breast cancer. Cancer Res 60(24):6859–6863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setiawan, V. W., Schumacher, F. R., Haiman, C. A., Stram, D. O., Albanes, D., Altshuler, D., Berglund, G., Buring, J., Calle, E. E., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Cox, D. G., Gaziano, J. M., Hankinson, S. E., Hayes, R. B., Henderson, B. E., Hirschhorn, J., Hoover, R., Hunter, D. J., Kaaks, R., Kolonel, L. N., Kraft, P., Ma, J., Le Marchand, L., Linseisen, J., Lund, E., Navarro, C., Overvad, K., Palli, D., Peeters, P. H., Pike, M. C., Riboli, E., Stampfer, M. J., Thun, M. J., Travis, R., Trichopoulos, D., Yeager, M., Ziegler, R. G., Spencer Feigelson, H., Chanock, S. J. 2007. CYP17 genetic variation and risk of breast and prostate cancer from the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(11):2237–2246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, L., Little, J., Schofield, A. C., Pavlidou, E., Cotton, S. C., Miedzybrodzka, Z., Baird, J. O., Haites, N. E., Heys, S. D., Grubb, D. A. 2002. Folate and breast cancer: the role of polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Cancer Lett 181:65–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shatalova, E. G., Loginov, V. I., Braga, E. A., Kazubskaia, T. P., Sudomoina, M. A., Blanchard, R. L., Favorova, O. O. 2006. Association of polymorphisms in SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 Genes with breast cancer risk and phenotypes in Russian women. Mol Biol (Mosk) 40(2):263–270.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, A., Kang, D., Nishio, H., Lee, M. J., Park, S. K., Kim, S. U., Noh, D. Y., Choe, K. J., Ahn, S. H., Hirvonen, A., Kim, J. H., Yoo, K. Y. 2003. Estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 80:127–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, M. H., Lee, K. M., Yang, J. H., Nam, S. J., Kim, J. W., Yoo, K. Y., Park, S. K., Noh, D. Y., Ahn, S. H., Kim, B., Kang, D. 2005. Genetic polymorphism of CYP17 and breast cancer risk in Korean women. Exp Mol Med 37(1):11–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrubsole, M. J., Gao, Y. T., Cai, Q., Shu, X. O., Dai, Q., Hebert, J. R., Jin, F., Zheng, W. 2004. MTHFR polymorphisms, dietary folate intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:190–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrubsole, M. J., Gao, Y. T., Cai, Q., Shu, X. O., Dai, Q., Jin, F., Zheng, W. 2006. MTR and MTRR polymorphisms, dietary intake, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:586–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sillanpää, P., Hirvonen, A., Kataja, V., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M., Uusitupa, M., Vainio, H., Mitrunen, K. 2004. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism as an important modifier of positive family history related breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 14(4):239–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sillanpää, P., Kataja, V., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M., Uusitupa, M., Vainio, H., Mitrunen, K., Hirvonen, A. 2005. Sulfotransferase 1A1 genotype as a potential modifier of breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15(10):749–752.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, S. N., Cabral, M. N., Bezerra de Castro, G., Pires, M., Azevedo, A. P., Manita, I., Pina, J. E., Rueff, J., Gaspar, J. 2006. Breast cancer risk and polymorphisms in genes involved in metabolism of estrogens (CYP17, HSD17beta1, COMT and MnSOD): possible protective role of MnSOD gene polymorphism Val/Ala and Ala/Ala in women that never breast fed. Oncol Rep 16(4):781–788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, R., Rothman, N. 1999. Role of well-done, grilled red meat, heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in the etiology of human cancer. Cancer Lett 143:189–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slanger, T. E., Chang-Claude, J., Wang-Gohrke, S. 2006. Manganese superoxide dismutase Ala-9Val polymorphism, environmental modifiers, and risk of breast cancer in a German population. Cancer Causes Control 17:1025–1031.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slattery, M. L., Curtin, K., Sweeney, C., Wolff, R. K., Baumgartner, R. N., Baumgartner, K. B., Giuliano, A. R., Byers, T. 2008. Modifying effects of IL-6 polymorphisms on body size-associated breast cancer risk. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:339–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slattery, M. L., Sweeney, C., Herrick, J., Wolff, R., Baumgartner, K., Giuliano, A., Byers, T. 2007a. ESR1, AR, body size, and breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women living in the Southwestern United States. Breast Cancer Res Treat 105:327–335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slattery, M. L., Sweeney, C., Wolff, R., Herrick, J., Baumgartner, K., Giuliano, A., Byers, T. 2007b. Genetic variation in IGF1, IGFBP3, IRS1, IRS2 and risk of breast cancer in women living in Southwestern United States. Breast Cancer Res Treat 104:197–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Southey, M. C., Batten, L. E., McCredie, M. R., Giles, G. G., Dite, G., Hopper, J. L., Venter, D. J. 1998. Estrogen receptor polymorphism at codon 325 and risk of breast cancer in women before age forty. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:532–536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, R., Ulrich, C. M., Bigler, J., Tworoger, S. S., Yasui, Y., Rajan, K. B., Porter, P., Stanczyk, F. Z., Ballard-Barbash, R., Yuan, X., Lin, M. G., McVarish, L., Aiello, E. J., McTiernan, A. 2004. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase polymorphisms, sex hormone concentrations, and tumor receptor status in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 6(5):R488–R498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steck, S. E., Gaudet, M. M., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Terry, M. B., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M., Gammon, M. D. 2007. Interactions among GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, cruciferous vegetable intake and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 28:1954–1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, R. G. 2005. Circadian disruption and breast cancer from melatonin to clocl genes. Epidemiology 16:254–258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, V. L., McCullough, M. L., Pavluck, A. L., Talbot, J. T., Feigelson, H. S., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E. 2007. Association of polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism genes and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1140–1147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Matsuo, K., Hirose, K., Hiraki, A., Kawase, T., Watanabe, M., Yamashita, T., Iwata, H., Tajima, K. 2008. One-carbon metabolism-related gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 29:2142–2147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamimi, R. M., Hankinson, S. E., Spiegelman, D., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J. 2004. Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, plasma antioxidants, cigarette smoking, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:989–996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, D., Cho, S., Rundle, A., Chen, S., Phillips, D., Zhou, J., Hsu, Y., Schnabel, F., Estabrook, A., Perera, F. P. 2002. Polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme XPD are associated with increased levels of PAH-DNA adducts in a case-control study of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 75:159–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, D., Rundle, A., Mooney, L., Cho, S., Schnabel, F., Estabrook, A., Kelly, A., Levine, R., Hibshoosh, H., Perera, F. 2003. Sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) polymorphism, PAH-DNA adduct levels in breast tissue and breast cancer risk in a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 78(2):217–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, M. B., Gammon, M. D., Zhang, F. F., Knight, J. A., Wang, Q., Britton, J. A., Teitelbaum, S. L., Neugut, A. I., Santella, R. M. 2006. ADH3 genotype, alcohol intake and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 27:840–847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, P. D., Goodman, M. 2006. Is the association between cigarette smoking and breast cancer modified by genotype? A review of epidemiologic studies and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:602–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, M. B., Knight, J. A., Zablotska, L., Wang, Q., John, E. M., Andrulis, I. L., Senie, R. T., Daly, M., Ozcelik, H., Briollais, L., Santella, R. M. 2007. Alcohol metabolism, alcohol intake, and breast cancer risk: a sister-set analysis using the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Breast Cancer Res Treat 106:281–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The MARIE-GENICA Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility for Menopausal Hormone Therapy Related Breast Cancer Risk. 2010. Postmenopausal estrogen monotherapy-associated breast cancer risk is modified by CYP17A1_-34_T>C polymorphism. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(3):737–744.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Hel, O. L., Peeters, P. H., Hein, D. W., Doll, M. A., Grobbee, D. E., Ocke, M., Bueno de Mesquita, H. B. 2004. GSTM1 null genotype, red meat consumption and breast cancer risk (The Netherlands). Cancer Causes Control 15:295–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasconcelos, A., Medeiros, R., Veiga, I., Pereira, D., Carrilho, S., Palmeira, C., Azevedo, C., Lopes, C. S. 2002. Analysis of estrogen receptor polymorphism in codon 325 by PCR-SSCP in breast cancer: association with lymph node metastasis. Breast J 8:226–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verla-Tebit, E., Wang-Gohrke, S., Chang-Claude, J. 2005. CYP17 5ʹ-UTR MspA1 polymorphism and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer in a German population-based case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 7(4):R455–R464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visvanathan, K., Crum, R. M., Strickland, P. T., You, X., Ruczinski, I., Berndt, S. I., Alberg, A. J., Hoffman, S. C., Comstock, G. W., Bell, D. A., Helzlsouer, K. J. 2007. Alcohol dehydrogenase genetic polymorphisms, low-to-moderate alcohol consumption, and risk of breast cancer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:467–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, U., Christensen, J., Nexo, B. A., Wallin, H., Friis, S., Tjonneland, A. 2007. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 Pro12Ala, interaction with alcohol intake and NSAID use, in relation to risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of Danes. Carcinogenesis 28:427–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WCRF/AICR. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR.

    Google Scholar 

  • WCRF/AICR. 2007. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedren, S., Magnusson, C., Humphreys, K., Melhus, H., Kindmark, A., Stiger, F., Branting, M., Persson, I., Baron, J., Weiderpass, E. 2007. Associations between androgen and Vitamin D receptor microsatellites and postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(9):1775–1783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedrén, S., Lovmar, L., Humphreys, K., Magnusson, C., Melhus, H., Syvänen, A. C., Kindmark, A., Landegren, U., Fermér, M. L., Stiger, F., Persson, I., Baron, J., Weiderpass, E. 2004. Oestrogen receptor alpha gene haplotype and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a case control study. Breast Cancer Res 6(4):R437–R449.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinshilboum, R. M., Otterness, D. M., Aksoy, I. A., Wood, T. C., Her, C., Raftogianis, R. B. 1997. Sulfation and sulfotransferases 1: sulfotransferase molecular biology: cDNAs and genes. FASEB J 11:3–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weston, A., Pan, C. F., Bleiweiss, I. J., Ksieski, H. B., Roy, N., Maloney, N., Wolff, M. S. 1998. CYP17 genotype and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:941–944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, S. L., Bosnoyan-Collins, L., Pinnaduwage, D., Andrulis, I. L. 2007. Expression of the circadian clock genes Per1 and Per2 in sporadic and familial breast tumors. Neoplasia 9:797–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, A. H., Seow, A., Arakawa, K., Van Den Berg, D., Lee, H. P., Yu, M. 2003. HSD17B1 and CYP17 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. Int J Cancer 104:450–457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaich, L., Dupont, W. D., Cavener, D. R., Parl, F. F. 1992. Analysis of the PvuII restriction fragment-length polymorphism and exon structure of the estrogen receptor gene in breast cancer and peripheral blood. Cancer Res 52:77–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G., Gao, Y. T., Cai, Q. Y., Shu, X. O., Cheng, J. R., Zheng, W. 2005. Modifying effects of sulfotransferase 1A1 gene polymorphism on the association of breast cancer risk with body mass index or endogenous steroid hormones. Breast Cancer Res Treat 94(1):63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, K. Y., Kang, D., Park, S. K., Kim, S. U., Kim, S. U., Shin, A., Yoon, H., Ahn, S. H., Noh, D. Y., Choe, K. J. 2002. Epidemiology of breast cancer in Korea: occurrence, high-risk groups, and prevention. J Korean Med Sci 17:1–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S. M., Willett, W. C., Selhub, J., Hunter, D. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Holmes, M. D., Colditz, G. A., Hankinson, S. E. 2003. Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:373–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, M., Lewis, R., Gustafson, D. R., Wen, W. Q., Cerhan, J. R., Zheng, W. 2001. No apparent association of GSTP1 A(313)G polymorphism with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal Iowa women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:1301–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, W., Deitz, A. C., Campbell, D. R., Wen, W. Q., Cerhan, J. R., Sellers, T. A., Folsom, A. R., Hein, D. W. 1999. N-acetyltransferase 1 genetic polymorphism, cigarette smoking, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:233–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, T., Holford, T. R., Zahm, S. H., Owens, P. H., Boyle, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Wise, J. P., Sr., Stephenson, L. P., Ali-Osman, F. 2003. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 88:58–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, W., Wen, W. Q., Gustafson, D. R., Gross, M., Cerhan, J. R., Folsom, A. R. 2002. GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 74:9–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, W., Xie, D., Cerhan, J. R., Sellers, T. A., Wen, W., Folsom, A. R. 2001. Sulfotransferase 1A1 polymorphism, endogenous estrogen exposure, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:89–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Kwang-Pil Ko, M.D., Ph.D., Eun Ha Lee, M.D. and Eorin Cho, Ph.D. for their contributions to the literature review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

    Keun-Young Yoo

  2. Department of Preventive Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

    Sue K. Park

  3. Cancer Epidemiology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea

    Aesun Shin

Authors
  1. Keun-Young Yoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sue K. Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aesun Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Keun-Young Yoo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Stempel School of Public Health, Dept. Environmental & Occupational Healt, Florida International University, SW. 8th Street 11200, Miami, 33199-0001, Florida, USA

    Deodutta Roy

  2. Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupati, Florida International University, Miami, 33199-0001, Florida, USA

    M. Tevfik Dorak

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yoo, KY., Park, S.K., Shin, A. (2010). Genetic Polymorphisms Predisposing Individuals to Breast Cancer Via Gene–Environment Interaction. In: Roy, D., Dorak, M. (eds) Environmental Factors, Genes, and the Development of Human Cancers. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6752-7_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation